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Acadians Exiled
The forced removal by the British of the Acadian people from parts of an area known as Acadia. The main reason for the exiling of the Acadians was because the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of loyalty to become British subjects. The British first deported Acadians to the Thirteen Colonies, and after 1758, transported additional Acadians to Britain and France. This strongly opposes the view that Canada is a kind multicultural country. -
Battle Of The Plains of Abraham
It was apart of the big Seven Years' War. The battle was the French against the British. The French leader was Louis de Montcalm, and the British leader was James Wolfe. When the British arrived, the French were not prepared, and they did not have all their troops with them. They attacked anyway. Montcalm and Wolfe both died. The French retreated, and Quebec surrendered on September 18, 1759. This took Canada away from France and made it part of the British Empire. -
Royal Proclamation
The Royal Proclamation explicitly states that Aboriginal title has existed and continues to exist, and that all land would be considered Aboriginal land until ceded by treaty. The Proclamation forbade settlers from claiming land from the Aboriginal occupants, unless it has been first bought by the Crown and then sold to the settlers. The Royal Proclamation further sets out that only the Crown can buy land from First Nations. Respect was being shown to the First Nations for the first time. -
Lord Durham's Report
Lord Durham, a British politician, was sent to North America in 1838 to investigate the causes of the twin rebellions the previous year in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada. Durham's famous Report led to a series of reforms and changes including the union of the two Canada's into a single colony. This report went against the view that Canada is Multicultural as he requested the assimilation of the Francophones so that Canada would be one single homogenous country. -
The Indian Act
An act of Parliament that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves. It is the primary document which defines how the Government of Canada interacts with the 614 First Nation bands in Canada and their members. Throughout its long history the Act has been an ongoing subject of controversy and has been interpreted in different ways by both Aboriginal Canadians and non-Aboriginal Canadians. This showed the Canadian government working towards multiculturalism. -
Founding of the first women's voting rights organization in Canada
After attending a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Women, Dr. Emily Stowe, a well-known women's rights activist, establishes Canada's first organization dedicated to the advancement of women. The group provides space for women interested in intellectual activities, most of which relate to emancipation. One of the first stepping stones in Canada's widely known welcoming and accepting ideology. -
Creation of Residential Schools
Amendments to the Indian Act of 1876 provided for the creation of Indian residential schools, funded and operated by the Government of Canada and Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian and United churches. The Canadian government also banned traditional Indigenous ceremonies. This showed the opposite of welcoming and multicultural ideal that Canada is seen as now. -
Chinese Head Tax
Responding to anti-immigration sentiment in British Columbia, the federal parliament passed in 1885 the Chinese Immigration Act, which stipulated that all Chinese entering Canada must first pay a $50 fee, later referred to as a head tax. This made many people question the so called 'Multicultural' country of Canada as this was incredibly discriminating against the Chinese immigrants. -
Manitoba Schools Question
A political crisis in the Canadian Province of Manitoba that occurred late in the 19th century, involving publicly funded separate schools for Roman Catholics and Protestants. Because of the close linkage at that time between religion and language, the Schools Question raised the deeper question whether French would survive as a language or a culture in Western Canada. -
Conscription Crisis
It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in the war, but also brought out many issues regarding relations between French Canadians and English Canadians. Almost all French Canadians opposed conscription; they felt that they had no particular loyalty to either Britain or France. This put a wedge between the unity of Canada as the Francophones and Anglophones disagreed on this issue. -
The Story of a National Crime Published
Dr. Peter Henderson Bryce published The Story of a National Crime, exposing the government’s suppression of information on the health of Indigenous peoples. Bryce argued that Duncan Campbell Scott and the ministry of Indian Affairs neglected Indigenous health needs, and noted a “criminal disregard for the treaty pledges.” This gave the suffering Aboriginal people a voice, so they could be heard. -
Quiet Revolution
a period of intense socio-political and socio-cultural change in the Canadian province of Québec, characterized by the effective secularization of government, the creation of a state-run welfare state (état-providence), and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigntist (or separatist) factions and the eventual election of a pro-sovereignty provincial government in the 1976 election.The views of the separatists involve them breaking from Canada, which the rest of Canadians disagree. -
White Paper
A proposal set forth by the Government of Canada. The White Paper's lead purpose was to abolish all legal documents that had previously existed, including (but not limited to) the Indian Act, and all existing treaties within Canada. Under the legislation of the White Paper, Indian Status would be eliminated. First Nations Peoples would be incorporated fully into provincial government responsibilities as equal Canadian citizens. This included all Aboriginal people into the vision of Canada. -
Gay Alliance Toward Equality (GATE) is Founded
Formed by Maurice Flood in Vancouver, GATE is one of the first Canadian Gay liberation groups. This widened the acceptance of Canada from just different races to sexualities. -
Official Multiculturalism
The Government of Canada, under Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, declared in 1971 that Canada would adopt a multicultural policy. The Government of Canada would recognize and respect its society including its diversity in languages, customs, religions, and so on. Officially adopting this policy helped strengthen the view that Canada is a country made up of different people which can help us feel united even though there is a lot that can separate us. -
Bill 101
A law in the province of Quebec in Canada defining French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of the provincial government. It is the central legislative piece in Quebec's language policy. This strengthen and assured the survival of the Francophone culture within Canada. -
National Energy Program
NEP was a sweeping attempt by the federal government to gain greater control over the Canadian petroleum industry, secure Canadian oil supplies, and redistribute Alberta's oil wealth to the rest of the country. This made Albertans angry as they wanted sovereignty over their own resources, resulting in the feeling of unity across Canada to weaken in the province of Alberta. -
Founding of Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO)
Since its inception, UQO has contributed to the dissemination and advancement of knowledge among francophones in the region — a community with distinct characteristics and needs resulting from its proximity to Ottawa. Over the years, UQO has supported the economic, social and cultural development of the Outaouais and the surrounding area by increasing its program offerings and forging many local and international partnerships. This helped Francophones to affirm their culture in Canada. -
Quebec Refuses to Sign the Constitution
Quebec Premier Rene Levesque, who is determined to force an independent future for his province, refused to sign the agreement and warned that the ''consequences could be incalculable'' for Canada. "Never will we accept that our traditional and fundamental powers be removed without our consent,'' he said. ''We will take all means left to us to ensure that does not happen.'' This weakened the unity that all Canadians felt as Quebecois were refusing to agree to the Constitution. -
Turbans were Allowed to be worn with RCMP uniforms
In March 1990, the Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announced several changes to the RCMP dress code, including the introduction of trousers for female officers, and most importantly the freedom to wear beards and turbans for Sikhs.This helped promote Multiculturalism in Canada by showing acceptance of other ethnicities. -
Oka Crisis
At the heart of the crisis was the proposed expansion of a golf course and development of condominiums on disputed land that included a Mohawk burial ground. Tensions were high, the army was called in and the protest ended. The golf course expansion was cancelled, and the land purchased by the federal government; however, it has not yet been transferred to the Kanesatake community. This gave First Nations the courage to stand up to mistreatment and discrimination across Canada. -
Second Referendum on the Separation of Quebec from Canada
Asked voters in the Canadian French-speaking province of Quebec whether Quebec should proclaim national sovereignty and become an independent country, with the condition precedent of offering a political and economic agreement to Canada. The result was that Quebec was to stay apart of Canada just by a small margin, as the 'No' option had 50.58% of the votes. -
Canada Apologizes for Residential Schools
Prime Minister Stephen Harper stood in the House of Commons to offer, on behalf of the Government of Canada, an apology to Aboriginal peoples in Canada for the abuse, suffering, and generational and cultural dislocation that resulted from assimilative, government-sanctioned residential schools. This greatly assisted in mending the relationship between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Canadian, leading to a more united Canada.
