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Period: 1276 to
Russia Principality Of Muscovy
This is a turning point because this principality stretched for vast areas in Europe, Asia, and North America. They created and used the path in Siberia. They battled the Golden Horde, annexed territories of Novgorod. -
Period: 1450 to 1550
Breakup of Golden Horde
The Golden Horde was a a very strong and successful group of Mongols. This breakup led to the weakening of the Mongols in general. They began to fail to conquest other territories and take over communities. For instance, in 1480, the Horde was not able to take over the Mughal dynasty of Muscovy. This breakup created many different fragmented Khanates, which led to decentralization
, and general weakening of Mongols. -
Period: 1502 to 1524
Shah Ismail Established Safavid rule in Iran
Shah Ismail established the imposition of Shi'ite Islam in Iran. This is a turning point since this act practically isolated Iran. This was the first time that Iran was truly and completely isolated. It led to the increased use of Persian as a language, and educational institutions being established. -
1514
Ismail defeated at Chāldirān
The capital had to be moved to Eṣfahā, which caused Iran to weaken under the later rule of Ismail's successor Shah Ṭahmāsp I. Under his rule attacks from Turkmen also increased. -
Period: 1516 to 1517
Selim conquering Syria and Egypt
This conquest led to the Ottoman Empire gaining control of the Red Sea. This became the Ottoman's southern battle frontier. -
1519
First revolt in Celali Rebellions
This revolt occurred during Selim I's reign, and was led by bandits and warlords of the Ottoman Empire. They revolted in reaction to social and economic based in the following factors: unusually high populations, challenges with the climate (caused by the Little Ice Age), and a depreciation of the currency, -
1521
Sulieiman conquering Belgrade
This turning point led to the expulsion of the Knights of the Hospital of St. John, and then let them start the siege of Vienna. -
1526
The Battle of Panipat
The Battle of Panipat marks the beginning of the Mughal Empire. The forces of Babur, defeated the Lodi Empire of Northern India. This is one of the earliest battles to involve gunpowder, firearms, and field artillery. -
Period: 1526 to 1571
Ottoman attack on Hapsburg Empire
Charles V became the emperor of the powerful Austrian. Hapsburg family. He led a battle against the Ottomans at Vienna. He did this so that he could reduce the advance of Islam into Europe, but the Ottomans defeated the Hapsburg family and continued to push on through the territories to take over ports and various cities. -
1529
1st Ottoman siege of Vienna
This turning point is important because it gave them a leverage to push deeper into Mediterranean Europe giving them access to ports and European power. -
Period: 1537 to 1540
Ottoman-Venetian War
A war waged between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. The war began with the Ottomans invading Cyprus, and throughout all of it, the Ottomans conquered other lands and territories. Many empires fell and the spread of Christianity was hindered. -
1543
First Portuguese contacts with Japan
Portugese warlords (known as daimyo) arrived in Japan. These contacts between the Japanese citizens were welcomed, but closely regulated by the Japanese. As more and more European traders followed Portugal's lead, Japan became more and more Christian. In the early 1700's, there were over 100,000 Japanese Christians on the island. This was a turning point because Portugal's relations led to a large conflict/schism between the Japanese religion and Christianity. -
1547
Ivan IV adopts title of tsar
With Ivan IV as tsar, he expanded the Mughal Empire greatly. He pushed south and east, destroying the Khanates of Kzan and Astrakhan. -
1555
Humayun reclaims the Empire
Humayun takes advantage of the deaths of both Sher Shah Suri and his son and successor, Islam Shah, to march and attempt to conquest India. He puts the army under the leadership of Bairam Khan, who proves himself a much more skilled tactician. He retakes Delhi for Humayun and restores the Mughals to power. This is a turning point because it showed how strong the Mughals are, and helped to expand the empire. -
1556
Akbar the Great comes to power
Akbar, succeeds Humayun under a regent, Bairam Khan, the general who had won victory for his father. The rival Sur Dynasty once again attempts to seize power. This is a turning point because Akbar ruled during the peak of the empire. -
Period: 1556 to
Akbar's Rule
This is a turning point, because Akbar was a very tolerant and efficient ruler. Under his rule, trade boomed through the use of cotton cloth, and through European trade in the Northwest corner. Also, Akbar was very religiously and socially tolerant. He incorporated Muslim and Hindu traditions into legal disputes and educational institutions. Hindus and Muslims were able to coexist peacefully, and Akbar himself married a Hindu woman. Akbar brought Muslims and Hindus into one harmonious community. -
1557
Portugese Trade From Macao
This was a turning point, because the Portugese was declined trade with Japan many times prior to 1557. Once the Portugese was granted permission to trade from Macao, the trade of Spain and Portugal was changed, as well as the trade of Japan. The Dutch Spanish both conducted their trade from islands on Japan, so Japan's economy was boosted. However, not just their economy was affected. The religious and ethnic makeup of the region was also changed drastically. -
1561
Bairam Khan is assassinated
This assassanation leads to the reign of Akbar. Once again, this is a turning point because it leads to the reign of Akbar which was the peak of the Mughal Empire. -
1565
Spanish conquer Japanese ports in Phillipines
This is an important event in history because it eventually allowed them to create the Sulu empire based in southern Philipines one of the strongest states in south east Asia. -
Period: 1566 to 1574
Ottoman Empire declines
Because of the military corruption, governmental decentralization, maritime setbacks, commercial and agricultural failures, and cultural and religious stagnation under Selim II, citizens (especially the Christians) began to look to Russia and Europe for liberation from Ottoman control -
1571
The Crimean Tatars sacked Moscow
This invasion and loot performed by the Crimeans not only gave them a foothold in the expansion of the Muscovy Principality, but it showed how strong and powerful they were. It created fear towards the Mughals, which helped them to push on through Siberia and conquest a large amount of Russia. -
1571
Battle Of Lepanto
This was a battle that the Ottoman Empire fought, and, eventually, lost. This is important because it was one of the first most detrimental losses. The Ottoman Empire lost almost its entire navy. This loss of a battle was the first stepping stone to the decline of the Ottoman Empire and its power. -
1582
Destruction of Sibir
This conquest of Sibir was led by the Strogonovs, a very wealthy Russian trading family. When trailblazing the path into Siberia, the Strognovs' troops came across the only political power in the region: The Khanate of Sibir. They destroyed them by using their rifles, and were able to continue to explore even deeper into Siberia. The exploration of Siberia led to the business of trapping and trading fur, and the establishment of Russian political powers in Siberia, and the areas surrounding it. -
ʿAbbās I was brought to throne
He recognized how little military power the Safavid Empire had and made peace with the Ottomans on unfavorable terms. Seeing little success in his plan he also had a military reform by the Englishman Sir Robert Sherley. He managed to expel both the Portuguese and Turks who were holding land that rightfully belonged to the Safavid Empire. -
Japanese invasion of Korea
The Japan invasion of Korea was the catalyst for the Imjin War. The Imjin War lasted for seven years and drastically changed relations between Japan and other countries (specifically Korea), changed the quality of life for both Koreans and Japanese, and led to the fall of the Ming Empire. -
Period: to
Imjin War
This war was a turning point because the lasting effects seen in Korea were devastating, it led to the eventual fall of the Ming Empire, and it established bad relations between Japan and Korea. These bad relations have survived to this day, and still affect the two countries even now. -
Shah Abbas 1 allows for Isfahan to become Iran's capital
This is an important event because it allowed for one of the greatest populations in the world to grow. Isfahan allowed for Safavid's peoples to gain prosperity throughout artistic movements. -
Jahangir revolts against Akbar
Jagangir, leads a revolt against his father while Akbar is occupied in a foreign military campaign. While he is defeated, he still has enough political support from the women in Akbar's harem, including Akbar's mother, to retain his role as successor. This is a turning point because it adds on to the demise of the Mughal Empire- caused by internal revolts. -
Labor protest in Jingdezhen
The labor protest in Jingdezhen was when workers threw themselves into the kiln producing pottery and ceramics. This rebellion added to the bigger problems of the Ming Empire. It eventually led to the demise of the Ming Empire, which fell because of internal rebellions, among other things. -
Russian famine kills one million
This leads to the intense decrease of population in Russia. This is a turning point because this led to a fail in economy and trade, which also resulted in the fall of Muscovy. -
Matteo Ricci resides in Beijing
Matteo Ricci was a Jesuit from the Ming Empire. He learned Chinese and took Confucian classes. He then traveled to China to convert people to Catholicism and to adapt it to Chinese cultural traditions. Under his leadership it was accepted and followed and led the way in artistic and technological advancements in Japan. As time went on, Jesuits, not unlike Ricci, became heads of the offices of astronomy and issued the official calendar. -
Tokugawa Shogunate formed
The Tokugawa Shogunate was a new military regime established by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Along with the shogunate, new administrative capitals were built, and trade along the road between Edo an Kyoto flourished. This increase in trade led to the promotion of the development of the Japanese economy and the creation of many other trading centers. the Tokugawa Shogunate oversaw all of these developments and advancements, so therefore, the formation of said shogunate is a turning point in history. -
Period: to
Growth of Japanese economy.
Not only did the economy grow substantially, but it grew larger and faster than the Japanese population. Amenities and cultural resources that were usually only in China showed up in the Japanese countryside. Merchants had freedom and a vivid culture of their own was produced. -
The Arrival of False Dmitriy in Russia
He had arrived in Moscow with his army, and within a month he was on the throne. HIstorians believe that he was one of the first westernisers of Russia, especially by those who fear that he was going to try and convert Muscovy to Catholicism ( he married a Catholic woman during his reign). -
The Muscovite army defeats Shakhovskoy's rebels
This is a turning point because once the Muscovites defeat the rebels, it demonstrates the strength they have, and helps them conquest other empires (specifically Siberia) and expand their territories drastically. -
Period: to
Hong Kiltong Chôn is written
The Hong Kiltong Chôn was written by author Hô Kyun. It was considered the first "Korean veracular novel", and was written in the Korean alphabet. The book follows the story of Hong Kiltong, and it led to a social critique of the inequities seen by the Chosôn court. This book created awareness, and eventually resulted in rebellions, so therefore it is a turning a point. -
Chosôn Court enters official diplomatic relations with Japan
This event takes places after Korea was invaded by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. This relations with Japan somewhat repaired the trauma and destruction caused by the previous invasion. Subsequent visits from Japan created political and cultural exchange between the two regions. These exchanged included figures who led literary and artistic groups in their own regions. -
Ch’angdok Palace is rebuilt
After the original destruction of the palace, it is rebuilt and continues to house the thirteen kings of the Chosôn court. This is a turning point, because the rebuilding of the palace showed the unity and strength in the court, and made the citizens see it in a new, respectable light. -
Period: to
Rule of Mikhaul, the 1st Romanov tsar
The Romanovs were a very powerful and rich Russian trading family. They led the conquest through Siberia and the subsequent expansion of the Muscovy Principality. -
Christianity is banned in Japan
A decree was issued to stop Christianity from being practiced by the Japanese. After the Portugese started to make contacts with and convert the Japanese, the decrees were created. The followers of Christianity were charged with "seeking to overthrow true doctrine, change the government, and seize the country". Many missionaries either left Japan or started to work underground. This ban eventually led to persecutions in 1617 and almost all of the Christian community was wiped out or killed. -
The first Russian envoy reaches the court of China
This helps to create contact and political relations with China, and allows trade to be created. This is a turning point because it increased economy and commerce in Russia. -
Period: to
Manchu Invasions
The Manchus invaded the peninsula of Korea because of the difference in the two regions' policies. the invasion was ended with the surrender of King Injo to the Manchus. This results in the Chosôn court being forced to recognize the Manchus as the superior ruler. Eventually, war breaks out. This war reinforces the hostility between Korea and the Northern Barbarians. It also solidifies the belief that the Chosôn are the one true Confucian state. Therefore, the invasions are a turning point. -
Shah Abbas Dies
The silk monopoly that was held by the Safavid Empire was soon mismanage, which then led to the inability of the shahs to pay their armies and bureaucracy. This was a large catalyst for the end of the Safavid rule in 1722. -
Construction on the Taj Mahal begins
Shah Jahan starts construction on the Taj Mahal in memory of his third wife, Mumatz Mahal. The mausoleum is seen as the best example of Mughal architecture. This is a turning point because it demonstrates the artistic and technological advancements of the Mughal Empire. -
Russia builds a fort at Lakurst
This is a turning point because it creates protection and and strength against other empires/territories. -
Period: to
Smolensk War
The Smolensk war was when the Muscovite army attacked the Polish–Lithuanian city of Smolensk. After a long time of fighting and battling, the Muscovite army eventually won, and Smolensk was forced to surrender. -
Period: to
Japanese end trade with Europe
In order to stop Christianity from overpowering the region's own religion, the Japanese issued a series of decrees that stopped trade with Europe. It stated that Europeans who illegally entered the country were sentenced to the death penalty, and the Japanese had to strictly follow Buddhism. This is a turning point because these decrees sharply decreased interactions/relations with Europe, and created an obvious exclusion. This in itself led to bad relations between Japan and European countries. -
Period: to
The Second Manchu Invasion
The Manchu Qing Dynasty had invaded Korea through the winter that spanned from 1636 to 1637. This would cause a lot of Manchu influence to enter Korea, but the Joseon Dynasty would flourish back into its normal self by the 1700s. -
Establishment of Pulsan kiln
The Pulsan kiln was created at the port of Pulsan. This kiln manufactured many ceramic products, mainly dishes, that were then used when trading. This kiln earned a measurable amount of wealth for the region. The primary beneficiary of all the wealth and success of the kiln was the warlord family on Tushima Island. -
Acheh Sultanate Created
This sultante is created as a force to counter Christianity. This is an important event becuase the Sultanate eventually ended up succeeding Malacca as the main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia. -
Manchu conquest of Beijing
After the continuous invasions, China was weakened, as was the Ming Empire. The Ming Empire was greatly struggling, and the conquest of their capital was their final blow, leading to their demise. This was a turning point because the conquest destroyed the empire. -
Ming general joins Manchu leaders
As a result of this, the Manchu claimed China for their own and began a forty-year conquest of the rest of the Ming territories as well as Taiwan and parts of Mongolia and Central Asia. -
Great Wall Gates Opened to The Manchus
This is a turning point because it led to the contact between other empires (like the Manchus) and the Mings. This led to greater economic prosperity and growth in the Ming Empire. -
The Hairstyle Massacre
In 1645, Dorgon decreed that Ming men must shave away their hair apart from Manchu-style pigtails. This started the hairstyle that is stereotypical of the Qing Empire. This is a turning point because it was humiliating, and helped to identify resisters, leading to a quick fight against protests. -
Period: to
Little Ice Age in China
Large agricultural distress and famine caused by the Little Ice Age brought about the end of the Ming Empire. The devastation of the changing climate, as well as the spread of epidemic diseases resulted in steep declines of populations in China. -
Moscow Salt Revolts
The people of Moscow revolts when a tax on salt is introduced. This is a turning point because it is one of the factors leading to the fall of the Muscovy Principality. -
Law changes peasants into serfs
This event eliminated the period when they could change masters and ordering runaways to return to their masters. This turning point is significant because it later caused a drastic population change throughout Russia. In 1795 serfs made up over half of the population. Additionally, it is a turning point because it built up Russia's civil bureaucracy and created armies with serfs who wanted to remain in the Tsar state. -
Arabs of Oman capture Musqat
This turning point is significant because the empire showed the Portuguese they could cause a severe blow to their power. The Omanis eventually created an maritime empire of their own; one that worked with the African population. -
Russia's expansion reaches Lake Bajkal
The Russian conquest of Siberia not only gained them a lot of land, but also caused the spread of many diseases such as Smallpox. This caused high death rates of the natives of Siberia -
Period: to
Russo-Polish War
This war was a conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Tsardom defeated the Commonwealth, resulting in a failed Polish economy. They were not able to fund their army, and thus were eventually defeated. This is a turning point for Russia, because, as an affect of this victory, they were able to gain a significant amount of territory. Russia began to rise as an incredibly powerful entity in the eyes of Eastern Europe. -
Period: to
Aurangzeb's Rule
After his grandfather's death, Aurangzeb repealed the social harmony and the religious tolerance found in Akbar's Mughal Empire. He instituted many restrictions on Hindus. This was a turning point, because many linguistic and religious communities were excluded, and the integration of Hindus and Muslims that lasted for so many years was erased. -
Spanish and Dutch concede control of trade to Qing
Previous to the concession of trade, the Spanish and Dutch both held trading posts on the island of Taiwan, but they were forced to give it up. When they let go of control, Taiwan was, for the first time incorporated into China, and they gained the wealth earned by the post. -
Period: to
Rule of Emperor Kangxi
This is a turning point, because under the reign of Kangxi, the Qing Empire, not unlike the rule of Qianlong, experienced major economic, military and cultural achievements in China. Roads and waterworks had repairs done, transit taxes were lowered, interest/rates cut, and areas that were destroyed and abandoned during rebellions were resettled through the use of incentives. Foreign trade was encouraged, and Chinese fashions and traditions were distributed through said trade. -
Qing attacks Russian forts
The Qing Empire did this in order to curtail the alliance that was being formed between the Galdan Mongols and the Russians along the Amur River. Neither of the empires sent any large armies to fight, so the attack was more seen as a fight for the local people of the riverbanks. -
Period: to
Life of Yi Ik
Yi Ik was one of the most prominent scholars of his time. He led the sirhak movement which was a philosophy of the Chosôn elite. This philosophy is spread about the region, and people start to believe that education is important, and start reading and writing many different works. -
The Mestnichestvo is abolished
Because the Mestnichestvo was abolished, this made it much easier for Peter the great to reform and govern the state. This also ensured loyalty from the elite members of society, which created political stability and cohesion. -
Negotiation of Treaty of Manchuria (Qing and Russia)
This resulted in the fixing of the border along the Amur River and it regulated trade across the river. -
Period: to
Rule of Peter the Great
This was a turning point because Peter The Great was an important ruler and created much change and innovation. He secured a port on the Black Sea, and built a small navy. He thought himself the protector of Orthodox Christianity, and he traveled across western Europe in disguise in order to find the secret to European wealth and success. He also made St. Petersburg the capital of Russia. He eventually was able to reduce the rule of the boyars and bring the Orthodox Church under firm control. -
Qing control of Inner Mongolia
The control of Mongolia gave the Qing empire a serious leg-up in terms of their expansion. After Mongolia, they were able to capture many other states: including former Ming territories, Taiwan, the lower Amur River basin, eastern Turkestan, and Tibet. At the end of their rule, the Qing Empire was over twice the size of the Ming. -
Period: to
Peter the Great traveled across Europe
Peter the Great went undercover and traveled through Europe in order to discover how Western European societies were becoming so powerful and wealthy. This is a turning point because he applied these techniques to the society of Russia. -
Period: to
Great Northern War
This war was led by the Tsardom of Russia against the Swedish Empire. They were victorius in the war and were able to fight against the supremacy that was the Swedish Empire. They were located in Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, so Russia by association, had influence over those areas. -
Period: to
"Forty-Seven Ronin" incident
In 1701, a senior minister provoked a daimyo into drawing his sword while in front of the shogun court. Because of this, the boy was forced to commit suicide and the senior minister and his family was killed. This exemplified and demonstrated the transformation that Japan experienced. They changed from a strictly militarial society, into a partly civil society. -
Trial of the Forty-Seven Ronin incident
This is an important long-lasting event because it demonstrated the necessity of making the difficult decision to force the military to obey the civil law in the interests of building a centralized standardized system of law. This gave the Japanese elite organization. -
Aurangzeb's death
The additions to India that the Mughal empire had started to fail. They weren't integrated well into the imperial structure, and this led to strong powers challenging, and ultimately defeating Mughal Empire. -
The School of Medicine opens in Moscow
This is a turning point because it demonstrated the educational and intellectual advancements of the Russian Empire. -
St. Petersburg is Russia's capital
European powers began to recognize Russia as a major power for the first time. Peter the Great also pushed European life style upon his people, including giving women more rights and bring them to social events. A new society was formed because of all these changes and for the better. -
Russian conquers most of Finland from Sweden
Not unlike their conquest of Alaska, this addition of territory added power, land and resources to the Muscovy Principality. -
Decree for Tsars created
This decree that was created stated that the tsar was "not obliged to answer to anyone in the world for his doings, but possesses power and authority over his kingdom and land..." This decree is a turning point because it led to Peter the Great reducing the roles of the Russian elite, and making the Russian Orthodox Church and Orthodox Christianity more widespread. -
Period: to
Tulip Period
These were the last years of the reign of Ahmed III, an Ottoman sultan. During this period, European styles, attitudes, and artistic and militarial techniques were adopted by the Ottomans in Istanbul. These attitudes and styles became more and more popular, and eventually influenced the design of much of Istanbul's contents in the city. Istanbul became a very cosmopolitan capital. -
Afghans captured Isfahan
When the Afghans were able to capture Isfahan, it led to the end of Safavid rule -
Fall of Isfahan
The fall of Isfahan led to the end of the rule of the Safavid Empire. This is a turning point, because the Safavids were an incredibly strong and powerful empire. The end of their rule symbolized the fall of a great power, and led other empires to rise up and become as powerful as them. -
Pyotr defeats Persia
This defeat dealt by Russia during the Russo-Persian Wars was a great advantage to the Principality. It added a large amount of territory to the Principality. Including some of the Safavid Iran. -
Establishment of state in Hyderabad
Nizam al-Mulk established this state which was very similar to the Mughal Empire. This independence was copied by rulers (nawabs) in Benghal and Oudh in the northwest the Hindu Maraths in the center, along with many others. These breakouts prompted by the creation of Hyderbad created a Mughal weakness and allowed the Afghans to establish a kingdom. This eventually led to the fall of the Mughal Empire. Because of all the events following it, Hyderabad was a turning point. -
Russia and Austria sign a treaty of alliance
This is a turning point because the treaty assured protection and support for Russia. This made the Principality of Muscovy much stronger and more powerful. -
Janissary Revolts
Janissaries was the name for the infantry of Christians enslaved by the Ottoman Empire. They were enlisted into their army and navy, and forced to fight. In 1730, they rose up and revolted because there wasn't fair treatment, nor was there enough funding. This is a turning point, because these revolts led to the deposition of Sultan Selim III. He stepped down as sultan, and someone new took his place, and ruled with different ideas. -
Alaska is discovered
Alaska was a great addition to Russia's territory. This is a turning point because it was a detrimental addition to the Muscovy Principality, and it gave them more control over the Western Hemisphere, and also access to resources and ports. -
Russia and Austria fight against the Ottoman Empire and France
This is a turning point because it was the point which started the Russo-Turkish Wars were a series of wars that led to a great addition to Russia's territory and power. -
Period: to
Rule of Emperor Qianlong
Under the rule of Emperor Qianlong, the Qing Empire went through serious artistic developments and advancements. Jesuit writings were beginning to be spread, wallpaper was being used, calligraphy scrolls were popular. In fact, in the late 1770's, poems written by Qianlong were translated into French and information about the Qing culture was spread all through Europe. -
Nadir Shah Invades Mughal Capital
This is a turning point because it drastically impaired the Mughal Empire. He stole the symbol of Mughal grandeur "The Peacock Throne". In addition to other factors, this loot of the throne was the final blow to the great empire that were the Mughals. -
Joseph François Dupleix took over French Presidency
As he took over the French presidency, Joseph began a new phase of European involvement in India. Through the expansion, he captured the English trading center in Madras and became a power breaker in India. -
Russia orders the deportation of all Jews
This is a turning point because it changed the ethnic compilation of Russia, which changed the social stratus of the principality. -
Catherine the Great became empress
As a result of the empress Catherine, Austria, Prussia, and Russia divided Poland amongst themselves. Also, Russia received Belarus, Lithuania, and Ukraine from Poland -
Period: to
The First Russo-Turkish Wars
This was an armed conflict between the Russians and the Turkish. It brought the lands of Crimea and Kabardia under Russian control. This territorial gain that occurred gave the Russians some leverage and they were eventually able to overpower and take advantage of the Ottoman Empire. The defeat put Russia in a position to greatly expand their territory, and the influence of Orthodox Christianity. -
Kyujanggak library established
King Chongjo established the library Ch’angdôk Palace. The library existed in order to house the works and writings of Chosôn kings, but it also published and acquired other important books. -
Period: to
King Chôngjo’s reign
During King Chôngjo’s reign, Christianity (Catholicism specifically) is actually tolerated. Its tolerated despite a banning of the religion in 1785 and a death sentence to a yangban in 1791 for accepting it and neglecting his Confucian duties. This is a turning point because it showed a change in ideals of Korea. Confucian was seen as something that could be pushed to the side in exchange for Christianity. -
Baptism of Yi Sûng-hun
During a trip to Beijin, Yi Sûng-hun was baptized by a Western Catholic priest. This baptism led to a large increase in the amount of of Korean converts. This is a turning point, because Christianity was presented a large challenge to the Confucian ideology and practices. -
Persecution of Catholicism
The people of Korea had begun to persecute Catholicism during this time period, keeping it out of the country. -
Lord George Macartney is dispatched
This is a turning point, because the dispatchment of Macartney led to the Macartney mission. This missions was led by the British and it showed their interest in the Qing Empire, and its trade and culture. The Qing dynasty refused Britain's intervention in their trading network. China stayed strong and fought back against Dutch, French, and Russian missions who tried to finish Macartney's job. -
Russian ships spotted off the coast of Japan
A Russian named Adam Laxman led a fleet of ships to Japan's coast. He was attempting to create a Russian trade deal with the Japanese. He wanted to break the exclusively Dutch and Japanese trade that was seen. The Japanese at first resisted, but eventually created a document allowing limited trade between the Russians and Japanese. -
Period: to
British Diplomatic mission is led
This mission was led by Lord George Macartney. This mission ended up opening up diplomatic relations with China and the revision of their trade system. This in turn drastically changed the way Britain conducted their trade and commerce. -
Construction of Suwon castle
This castle was a hotspot for scientific, artistic and technological advancements never before seen in Korea. It mixed Korean and Chinese techniques of castle construction and debuted the newest pulley mechanism. A lot of the wall still exists, and it's an important early example of modern castle construction. -
Ekaterina the Great dies and is succeeded by her son Pavel
This is a turning point because his reign lasted five years, ending with his assassination by conspirators. During his reign he adopted and enforced the laws of succession to the Russian throne—rules that lasted until the end of the Romanov dynasty and of the Russian Empire.
