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School Museums
The first school museum opened in St. Louis in 1905. Shortly after, school museums were opened in Reading, PA, and Cleveland, OH. These gave students opportunities to learn through different media. -
Instructional Films
The first catalog of instructional films was published in the US and Rochester, NY was the first place to adopt them for instructional use. -
Visual Instruction Movement
Five national professional organizations for visual instruction were established, five journals, focusing on visual instruction began publication, more than 20 teacher-training institutions began offering courses in visual instruction. -
Instructional Radio
Many believed that the radio would be revolutionary to education though at first it failed to succeed and didn’t have much impact instructional use. Through the increase in the use of the radio led to interest in other instructional technologies. -
Behavioral Objectives
Ralph Tyler became the father of behavioral objectives movement. -
World War II
Increased need for rapid training of troops. New training techniques were created, such as training films for soldiers. Slowed the growth of audiovisual instruction movements in schools. Audiovisual devices were used extensively in military services and in industries. -
Instructional Films
Cornet Films released short documentaries to be viewed in public schools. -
Programming Instruction
Researched based instruction to help people learn how to work more efficiently. -
Media Research
Compares how much students have learned after receiving a lesson presented via a particular medium versus how much students have learned from live instruction on the same topic. Often referred to as media comparison studies. -
Television
Television was a popular tool for instructional use even before Instructional Television in the 1950s. -
Instructional Television
Instructional television became an extremely popular tool for instructional use. TV used to display shorter messages usually in schools. The most important factor to affect the audiovisual movement. -
Early Computers
Researchers at IBM developed the first CAI (Computer Assisted Instruction) author language and designed one of the first CAI programs to be used in public schools. The impact of computers on instructional practices until 1995 was very minimal. -
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Benjamin Bloom’s revised version of behavioral objectives. These are fundamental questions in today's educational system. -
Programmed Instruction
The programmed instruction movement was a key factor in the development of the systems approach. -
Sputnik
The first orbiting space satellite launched by the Soviet Union. This event made the United States government pour millions of dollars into improving the math and science education in the United States. -
Criterion-Referenced Testing
A test is intended to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors irrespective of how well others perform. Can be used to asses student entry-level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. -
Instructional Design Models
Concepts were being developed in the 1960s for designing instructional materials. Ex// ADDIE model. The concepts that were being developed in such areas as task analysis, objective specification, and criterion-referenced testing, were linked together to form processes or models for systematically designing instructional materials. -
Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne’s The Conditions of Learning was an important event in the history of instructional design. He describes the five domains or types of learning outcomes (verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies) each of which require a different set of conditions to promote learning. -
Events of Instruction
There are nine events of instruction, as told by Robert Gagne, that he deems are essential for promoting the attainment of any type of learning outcome. -
Formative Evaluation
Michael Scriven pointed out a need to try out drafts of instructional materials with learners prior to the time the materials were in their final form and if necessary make changes. His trial and error or revision process is named formative evaluation which contrasts summative evaluation. -
Summative Evaluation
The testing of instructional materials after they are in their final form as stated by Michael Scriven. -
Cognitive Psychology
Interest in cognitive psychology significantly increased at this time. Specifically, interest in how the principles of cognitive psychology could be applied in the instructional design process. -
Internet
Led to a rapidly increasing interest in, and use of, these media for instructional purposes, particularly in training and in business. Using the internet of instructional purposes has also been rapidly growing in higher education and the military. -
Michelle's Birthday
The birth of Michelle. -
Constructivism
People construct understanding through experiences.
