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10,000 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
During the Ice Age, many individuals from East Asia moved into the Americas through this bridge that was made connecting Alaska to Russia. Three different major waves of people past thru the Bering Land Bridge due to them more than likely following the herd of animals since the people of the time were hunter & gatherers. -
Period: 10,000 BCE to
Beginnings to Exploration
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2000 BCE
The Mayans
The Mayans were located in now today Central America and southern Mexico. The Mayans continued many customs from the Olmecs like bloodletting, the mesoamerican ballgame and the calendar. They as well advanced human sacrifice, had a caste system and had a written language. -
476
Fall of Rome
Rome processed a decline due to failing to enforce its rule, and its territory was divided into many different other countries. Their was a variety of factors that led to the fall, but most historians agree it was the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the strength of their economy, and the health and numbers of the Roman population. After, its fall a Dark Age fell upon Europe since their was no form of education after the Roman Empire collapsed. -
1095
The Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims. The Crusades however were relatively unsuccessful and mostly religious massacres. -
1300
The Renaissance
The renaissance, also known as "rebirth", was a cultural movement. New ideas and technology was imported. Classical ideas were also reborn. The renaissance was a time period where artists such as Leonardo DaVinci and Michelangelo rose in popularity. Johann Gutenberg introduced the printing press and interest in science and modern medicine will advance. -
1346
Dark Ages
Medieval warfare is the European warfare of the Middle Ages. Technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. -
1347
The Black Death
From there, it was most likely carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships. Spreading throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, the Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60% of Europe's total population. -
1400
Mesoamerica
One aspect which distinguishes the Aztec period sacrifices was an escalation of ritual human sacrifice. We see the escalation of sacrifice from about 1440 to about 1521 beginning when the first Moctezuma comes into power. He reigned for many years, and during his time the empire expanded. -
1440
Invention of Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg was the inventor of the printing press. Before, people had to write books by hand, which made the books very expensive. But after, the printing press had helped make mass production possible, making books affordable! It had bridged a gap between the rich and the poor as the poor could buy books and learn so they can get jobs. Millions printed within first 50 years, ideas spread faster, poems and novels were created, and it had divided the world into literate and illiterate. -
1452
Leonardo DaVinci
Leonardo DaVinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, military engineer, and draftsman. DaVinci had a curious mind with keen intellect and studied the laws of science and nature, which informed his work greatly. His ideas and work influenced many artists making DaVinci an important person in the Italian renaissance. -
1475
Michelangelo
Michelangelo was a painter, sculptor, architect and poet. Considered one of the most famous artists of the Italian renaissance. Michelangelo became an appearance to a painter before studying in the sculpture gardens of the Medici family. Following this was a remarkable career as an artist. -
1492
Conquest of the New World
The Spanish Conquest of America, in the 15th century Christopher Columbus began the conquest of America. Was the first coming to the Americas in 1492. Beginning with Columbus in 1492 and continuing for nearly 350 years, Spain conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the American Southwest. -
1492
Colombian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life. they exchanges items such as pineapples, corn, peanuts, chili peppers, and many more foods. -
1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was created to settle disputes over territory with Spain and Portugal. The Pope will divide new lands between them. By drawing a line the treaty divided lands with the two countries giving Brazil to Portugal and all lands west to Spain. -
1506
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was a Italian-born explorer, navigator, and colonizer. Born in the Republic of Genoa, under the name of the Monarchs of Spain, Columbus completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. The voyages and his efforts helped establish the island of Hispaniola which initiated the European colonization of the New World. He died not knowing he had discovered a new world. -
1513
Reformation
Pope Leo X (1513-1521) His original name was Giovanni de' Medici. Pope Leo was born in Florence in 1475 and died in Rome in 1521. He was perhaps the most important of the Renaissance popes, made Rome a center of European culture and raised the papacy to significant political power in Europe. -
1518
Caribbean Colonies Foods
European colonists introduced many foods now synonymous with Caribbean cuisine such as breadfruit, oranges, limes, mangoes, rice, coffee, and sugar cane. -
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English Colonial Societies
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Colonial Economies New England
A large influx of Puritans populated New England during the Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640), largely in the Boston and Salem area. Farming, fishing, and lumbering prospered, as did whaling and sea trading. -
John Winthrop
John Winthrop was the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the chief figure among the puritans in the New England Colonies. In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Company obtained a royal charter to settle in New England. John Winthrop joined the company taking his family to Massachusetts if the company government and charter also transferred to America. Other members agreed with his terms and soon elected Winthrop governor. -
Slavery The Atlantic Slave Trade
The transatlantic slave trade began in the 15th century, after the Portuguese started exploring the coast of West Africa. At first the number of enslaved Africans taken was small. In about 1650, however, with the development of plantations on the newly colonised Caribbean islands and American mainland, the trade grew. -
Buffer Colonies
Buffer Colonies were used by Britain to protect the other colonies from potential danger from other nations. They would usually store goods in these nations since they were closer to the Caribbeans. Examples of these buffer colonies include Georgia with its sole purpose at first being a land shield between the English Colonies and Spanish-owned Florida -
Issues Nathanial Bacon
The numerous problems that hit the colony before the Rebellion gave rise to the character of Nathaniel Bacon. Due to the nature of the uprising, Bacon's Rebellion does seem at first glance to be the beginnings of America's quest for Independence. -
Proprietary Colonies
A type of colony from Britain in which the King would give away the land to his closest allies and people he owed in which they would control all the land and also how they would split it up meaning it didn't technically belong to the British. Examples of these colonies was when King Charles II gave the New Netherlands charter to his younger brother the Duke of York and named it New York. Another example would be when William Penn received a charter and he named it Pennsylvania. -
New England Colonies
Quakers in North America. ... Many Quakers settled in Rhode Island, due to its policy of religious freedom, as well as the British colony of Pennsylvania which was formed by William Penn in 1681 as a haven for persecuted Quakers. -
Proprietary Colonies New York, New Jersey
Under the proprietary system, individuals or companies were granted commercial charters by the monarchs of the Kingdom of England to establish colonies. These proprietors then selected the governors and other officials in the colony. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution also known as the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James the 2nd of England by a union of English parliament. Replaced with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. It was the keystone of the Whig(those opposing to a Catholic succession). -
Salam Witch Trials Causes
The infamous Salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. -
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was a statesman, author, publisher, scientist, inventor, and diplomat. Franklin had little formal education and was born into a Boston family. He went on to start a printing press in Philadelphia and soon grew wealthy. During the American Revolution, Franklin served in the Second Continental Congress and helped draft the Declaration of Independence as well as negotiating the 1783 Treaty of Paris to end the war. -
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Colonial America
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Triangular Trade
trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that involved shipping goods from Britain to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves, these slaves being shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar, rum, and other commodities, which were in turn shipped back to Britain. -
Chesapeake Colonies
There were 3 Propriety colonies: Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. There were 3 Charter Colonies: Connecticut and Rhode Island. Massachusetts was a royal province while operating under a charter. There were 7 Royal Colonies: New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. were know for crops such as tobacco, indigo, and rice. -
The Great Awakening John Edwards
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seven-Years War/ French and Indian War Treaty of Paris-1763
French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, 1754–63. The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War. The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. -
Virtual Representation Militias
Virtual representation stated that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the district that elected them or for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway. (No taxation without representation) -
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The Revolutionary War
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Boston Massacre No Taxation without Representation
The phrase had been used for more than a generation in Ireland. By 1765, the term was in use in Boston, and local politician James Otis was most famously associated with the phrase, "taxation without representation is tyranny." -
Boston Tea Party Drunk “Indians”
The Sons of Liberty and the Boston Tea Party. In 1771, a group of colonists protest thirteen years of increasing British oppression, by attacking merchant ships in Boston Harbor dressed as Indians. In retaliation, the British close the port, and inflict even harsher penalties. -
1st continental congress Patrick Henry
On September 5, 1774, delegates from each of the 13 colonies except for Georgia (which was fighting a Native-American uprising and was dependent on the British for military supplies) met in Philadelphia as the First Continental Congress to organize colonial resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts. -
Olive Branch Petition
The Olive Branch Petition, 1775. The Olive Branch Petition, drafted on July 5, 1775, was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain. -
Dunmore’s Proclamation
This historic proclamation, dated November 7, 1775 and issued from on board a British warship lying off Norfolk, Virginia, by royal governor and Scottish aristocrat John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, offered the first large-scale emancipation of slave and servant labor in the history of colonial British America. -
Militias
It was also known as the American War of Independence. The Revolutionary War began with the confrontation between British troops and local militia at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on 19 April 1775. Throughout the war, state troops and local militias supplemented the Continental (Federal) Army. -
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine was a political philosopher and writer with ideas that helped shape the Age of Revolution. In 1776, Paine wrote the pamphlet "common sense" which was used to advocate American independence. Paine later returned to Europe after writing "crisis" during the revolutionary war. -
Common Sense Thomas Paine
Common Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Written in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government. -
Saratoga
The battle of Saratoga was a major turning point of the war and a major victory for the Americans. The Americans denied British the merging of armies. The French will now support the American effort and commit troops and navy. Spain will also join the war attacking the British in the Mississippi valley. The Revolution is now global so countries like Holland will go to war with Britain dividing their resources. -
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The Constitution
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Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris 1783 ended the revolutionary war between the United States and Great Britain and recognized American independence. John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens were the five men that the Continental Congress selected to negotiate the treaty. -
Virginia Plan
The Virginia plan was intended for larger, more populated states. The plan abandons the Articles of Confederation (AOC) and gives the government power when given authority by document. The Virginia plan was single executive with a two house legislature. The two house legislature had a lower house where people voted, upper house, and senate. -
New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey plan was intended for the smaller states. The New Jersey plan was a modified version of the Articles of Confederation (AOC). With a single legislature, the legislature was the supreme law of the land. The executive was elected by congress and had a less powerful judiciary. -
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The New Republic
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Bank of the United States
The Bank of the United States was created by Alexander Hamilton to serve as a depository. This was the first bank of the United States. The Bank made loans, stabilized currency and economy, and has private investors. However, the Bank set off constitutionality issues and was not constitutional, giving the government too much authority. -
Bill of Rights
The Founding Fathers turned to the composition of the states’ and then the federal Constitution after declaring independence. At first the Bill of Rights to protect the citizens was not initially deemed important, the Constitution’s supporters realized it was crucial to achieving ratification. James Madison played a major role in having the Bill of Rights officially becoming a part of the Constitution in December 1791. -
The Iron Plow
The Iron plow is a farm implement consisting of a strong blade at the end of a beam, usually hitched to a draft team or motor vehicle and used for breaking up soil and cutting furrows in preparation for sowing. This is important for the timeline because this helped with industrialization. -
XYZ Affair
Jays Treaty caused problems limiting trade with France. The French ignored American envoys. Word got out and an undeclared naval war began. France wanted $250,000 per diplomat along with $10,000,000 loan for France and a personal apology from John Adams. -
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The Age of Jefferson
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis was a secretary to Jefferson and will lead the expedition. Clark was an army officer with map making experience. Lewis and Clark will sail up the Missouri river in kneel boats. Along the way, they negotiated treaties with Natives. The expedition will last three years. -
The Louisiana Purchase
Thomas Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers. Fortunately, Spain will cede Louisiana back to France. France needed money and Jefferson wanted a nation of farmers Jefferson buys Louisiana for less than 3 cents an acre. Buying Louisiana will secure the Mississippi river and double the size of nation. -
War of 1812
The British attempted to restrict U.S. trade and impressed American seamen along with Americas Desire to expand its territory. After many defeats and casualties the Americans were finally able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans. These victories boosted the national confidence and fostered a new spirit of patriotism. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe used his annual message to Congress for a bold assertion: ‘The American continents … are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.’ The ‘Monroe Doctrine’ became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams had played the most important role in developing the wording of the declaration, and he also influenced the doctrine’s overall shape. -
Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson, John Q. Adams, William Crawford, and Henry Clay were the 4 candidates for the presidency. Andrew Jackson won the people's vote however, John Quincy Adams won the electoral vote. Adams won including his election by the House of Representatives. He became president because Jackson failed to gain majority. -
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Jacksonian America
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Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson new strategy was to humble origins and better the military career (battle of new Orleans). Democratic-Republicans faded, second party system, and a modern democratic party. People attack each other as womanizers and attacks Jackson's wife Rachel because of bigamy. People accused Jackson of being a pimp and the election was very nasty. Jackson wins overwhelmingly, first elected by common man. The inauguration was very rowdy. -
The Spoils System
The spoil system is a method still used today. This is the process where you replace bureaucracy with your own supporters. Used by Jackson-he supported this method because it was his way of of rewarding his loyal. Also used by current president Donald J. Trump when he moved into office. -
The Telegraph
Samuel Morse developed the telegraph which helped revolutionize long distance communication The telegraph transmitted electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In addition to helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code that assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines. -
Cherokee Trail of Tears
Indian Removal Act of 1830, gave power to president to exchange Indian land. In Worcester vs. George Cherokees have the right to govern for sovereign nation. Scotus gets involved and Jackson refuses to enforce decision under orders from President Jack the U.S. Army began enforcement of the Removal Act. Cherokees were forced to leave and rounded up to go to Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi and Arkansas Rivers into Indian territory. Many died of starvation and diseases along the way. -
Bank Veto Speech
This is the speech on the bank of the United States veto and its aftermath. In the Bank Veto Speech Andrew Jackson explains the reason why he vetoed the bank. The bank was not compatible with the constitution, sound of policy, and justice. by using the Pocket Veto tactic, he was able to veto the bank. This was an indirect veto of a legislative bill by the president or governor: retaining the bill unsigned until dealth with. -
The Whig Party
Originally formed in opposition to the policies of president Andrew Jackson and his democratic party. Guided by leader Henry Clay formed the Whig party. The Whig Party is a political Party that stood for protective tariffs, national government, and federal aid for internal improvements. They believed in a strong federal government, similar to the Federalist party that proceeded it. -
Election of 1840
Democrat vs. Whigs) Van Buren runs for re-election against an economic depression (democrat). General William Henry Harrison(Whig). Whigs spread rumors about Van Buren and will get women to influence the vote of their husbands. William Harrison will win by a landslide, but he only makes it a month before John Tyler(VP) becomes the President. -
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Westward Expansion
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Annexation of Texas
The colonist that were in Texas we upset with the Mexican government for trying to restrict them from slavery and making them comply with rules that were put in place for Americans coming to Mexico for land. they rebelled, separating themselves and declaring Texas was an independent state. After the War Texas asked to be admitted into the United States. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmot Proviso was created with the purpose of banning slavery in the land that was acquired by the United States after the Mexican American War. It was called the Wilmot Proviso because it was proposed by David Wilmot, a Pennsylvania Congressman. This created even more controversy about union states adn slavery, adding to tensions that let to the civil war. -
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Sectional Crisis
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Chinese Migration
By 1849, people were coming to California from all over the world to look for gold. At that time, war, famine, and a poor economy in southeastern China caused many Chinese men to come to America. Most of them hoped to find great wealth and return to China. Chinese immigrants soon found out that many Americans did not welcome them. High monthly taxes were placed on all foreign miners. Chinese had no choice but to pay the tax -
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush occurred when gold was discovered in California leading to an influx of miners, and settlers coming in hopes of getting rich. A total of $2 billion worth of expensive metal was extracted from the area during the Gold Rush.It helped with the expanision in the west and aided in te process of claifornia becomgn a state. -
Navigation Acts Limiting of Foreign Trade
The Navigation Acts were repealed in 1849 under the influence of a free trade philosophy. The Navigation Acts were passed under the economic theory of mercantilism, under which wealth was to be increased by restricting colonial trade to the mother country rather than through free trade. -
The Enlightenment Secularism
In political terms, secularism is a movement towards the separation of religion and government (often termed the separation of church and state). ... Secularism is most often associated with the Age of Enlightenment in Europe and it plays a major role in Western society. -
Bleeding Kansas
Because Kansas is allowed to choose whether it wants to a free or slave state many people pro-slavery and anti-slavery rushed to Kansas to vote to make it favor their side. This will upset both sides and will cause an outbreak of violence. The first will be by pro-slavery vigilantes on Lawrence, Kansas. And Abolitionist will attack Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas and kill 5 people. This will continue on from 1854-1856 and a total of 200 people will die from it. -
South: Military Leadership
During the Civil War, the South had some of the greatest military leaders of all time. All of their leaders were able to work coherently, unlike the Union leaders, who could not work together and/or with Abraham Lincoln. The coherency also allowed for the South to be able to hold off the Union as long as they did. They had many great leaders such as General Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and J.E.B Stuart. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a series of paths that lead to the north to help slaves escape from slavery in the south. Many abolitionists would help the movement by making their homes a safe house so that runaway slaves can have a place to stay as they wait for the coast to clear so that they can make their way north either to cities or into Canada where slavery did not exist. -
North: Industrialization
The north was much more industrialized than the south. The north had nearly 110,000 factories and 1.5 billion industries. They occupied 97% of weapons manufacturing, 94% of clothing manufacturing, and 90% of shoe and boot manufacturing.By having this much industrialization, helps the north a lot during the Civil War because it will give them money to allow them to take care of their troops during the war. -
Nurses
With all the men at war and in the army, women had to fill in the job slots that were missing. One of these jobs was nursing. this was important because nurses like Clara Barton would move on to be some of the most famous nurses, or like her move on to create the AAmerican Red Cross. -
Union Blockade
The Union ordered a blockade of southern ports to stop the export of cotton. They did this because the south mostly depended on the export of cotton and gained most of its profit from it. Without it, they wouldn't have any more money and wouldn't be able to gain resources and materials for the war. Also they could be gettign supplies smuggled in through the ports. -
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THE CIVIL WAR
The Civil War is the central event in America's History. While the revolution of 1776 to 1783 created the U.S, the Civil War determined a nation's future and what kind of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental unresolved questions by the revolution: whether the U.S was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government. -
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American Civil War
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Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest and bloodiest battle ever to be fought in North America. According to numerous historians, Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War. Although more than 50,000 men fell as casualties, general George G. Meade led the union army to victory against Robert E Lee's confederate army. -
Northern Cotton Embargo
Cotton diplomacy refers to the diplomatic methods employed by the Confederacy during the American Civil War to coerce the United Kingdom and France to support the Confederate war effort by implementing a cotton trade embargo against the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe. The president of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis, strongly supported the King Cotton diplomacy wanting Great Britain, the most powerful nation in the world's support. -
The Black Codes
The black codes were a series of restrictive laws which were designed to restrict freed blacks' activity and ensure their availability as a labor force now that slavery had been abolished. Many states required blacks to sign yearly labor contracts; if they refused, they risked being arrested as vagrants and fined or forced into unpaid labor. -
Abraham Lincoln's Death
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. Booth was an actor and had planned to kill Lincoln while the men he was working with were to kill Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward. Abraham was the only one to die. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
After the Civil War Lincoln's 10 percent plan for reconstruction proposed that any southern state could be readmitted into the union once10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the union. Many believed the plan was too lenient, and it was unsucesseful with being put inot effect. -
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RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction, the time period following the American Civil War, attempted to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy. Also attempted to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. -
KKK
The KKK, or Ku Klux Klan, was an extremist group that promoted and believed in white supremacy and white nationalism. It used violent means of promoting its ideas and is one of the oldest hate groups in America. It was established December 24, 1865. -
Scalawags
White southern Republicans, known to their enemies as "scalawags," made up the biggest group of delegates to the Radical Reconstruction-era legislatures. Some scalawags were established planters who thought that whites should recognize blacks' civil and political rights while still retaining control of political and economic life. Many were former Whigs. The majority of scalawags were non-slave holding small farmers as well as merchants and artisans who remained loyal to the Union. -
The Compromise of 1877
The Compromise of 1877 pulled federal troops out of the south and put Rutherford Hayes into office. This was important because he agreed to end recconstruction and began and era of total suppression of southern blacks. -
Jim Crow
The Jim crow laws were a series of laws established sometime around 1877 that was intended to segregate people in the south much like the black codes. It promoted rasicm and led to violence. It was important because it led into the civil rights movement.
