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English Civil War
Lasted from 1642–1651
was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists.
War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England, under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. -
Louis XIV Comes to Power
Louis Rap
Known as the "sun King or the Absolute ruler, he claimed divine right. He centralized the government, and brought everything to depend on his rule from the run of his palace. His palace of Versallies became a symbol of his absolute power. -
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The Age of Absolutism
Absolutism is a type of national monarchy in which the monarch has great power, the government controllsnthe right to make war, tax, and judge. Rulers forced evryone to have the same religion, no religion toleration. The idea of one king, one law, and one faith. -
Charles I Executed
Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish Churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent which grew to be seen as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. Was later exucuted for his belief in Divine Right of Kings. -
Charles the II Crowned King
After being exiled, Oliver Cromwell was ruller, brought nation to a common wealth. In April 1660 Charles issued the Declaration of Breda, promising a general amnesty and freedom of conscience. Later Cromwell died, and Charles II was invited back and was crowned King. -
Revocation of Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes and ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches, as well as the closing of Protestant schools. This policy forbided Huguenots to leave France but 200,000 fled to other places in Europe and America. -
Glorious Revolution
Known as the Bloodless Revolution , was the overthrow of James II . William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England gained control and rulled together with the rights to trial by jury, habas corpus, and thr right to worship freely -
Bill of Rights
William & Mary had to sign off on the Bill of rights, the law established life, liberty, and property. Sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament. Waters down the sovereignty of the King and Queen and focuses on natrual rights and puts the power in the people. -
Creation of “Party for Humanity"
Many philosophy Enlightenment thinkers brought their beliefs to the table and created the Party for Humanity that advocated human rights, liberty and freedom. -
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The Enlightenment Period
Was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state. This period created philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Pierre Bayle, mathematician Isaac Newton and Voltaire. -
War Of Spanish Succession
Fought among Holy Roman Empire, Great Britian, the Ducth Republic, Portugal, and the Duchy of Savoy against the kingdoms of France and Spain and the Electorate of Spain over the possible unification of Spain and France under a single Burbon monarch. -
Treaty of Utrecht
established the Peace of Utrecht, comprises a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of Spanish Succession. The treaty registered the defeat of French ambitions expressed in the wars of Louis XIV and preserved the European system based on the balance of power. -
The Pragmatic Sanction
A royal decree by Charles VI having the force of law by which Europe's rulers promised not to divide the Hapsburg lands and to accept a female succession. This led Maria Theresa to make war with Prussia . -
Voltaire publicizes Philosophical Letters
Voltaire writes this publication and popularizes Newton’s work in France. He opposed religious bigotry, and sought to rescue mortality. He argued that common sense and simplicity would bring out the goodness in humanity. -
Invention of the Flying Shuttle
John Kay invented the flying shuttle which speeded the process of weaving. By kay creating the shuttle he eliminated the need for two or more workers to manually throw the shuttle. Now one operator could throw a lever that would activate the flying shuttle and create a wide piece of cloth. -
The War of Austrian Succession
Fredrick The Great waned to expand Prussi into great power, invaded Austrian territory of Silesia. He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction which justified Maria Theresa's power. The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle was created & recognized Prussia's rise as an imporant European nation. -
Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of Laws
This was a very influential piece written on the theories of government and laws on society. He broke them into three different groups: Republican, Monarchial, and Despotic. Republican was where the people as a unity ran the government. Monarchial was where there was a specific power put into rule. Despotic was the worst of them all and that was where a signed ruler ruled unchecked by other powers, and sought corruption. He devoted two chapters to how he admired the British government and their -
The Encyclopedia
Was created by Diderot. These collections were created with the intent to summarize all the most advanced contemporary philosophical, scientific, and technical knowledge. It demonstrated how scientific analysis could be applied in nearly all realms of thought. It aimed to reconsider an enormous range of traditions and institutions and to put reason to the task of bringing happiness and progress to humanity. The Encyclopedia sought to change the general way of thinking. -
The Seven Years War ; The French & Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. Two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them. the conflict,between France and Great Britain, resulted in the British conquest of Canada. The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict. -
Maximilien Robespierre was born
He was born of Irish descent. In 1789 he was elected to the Estates General and Public Accuser, which he later resigned from in 1792. In April of 1793 the Committee of Public Safety was formed, to which he was elected in the following July. Having the power he did over the Committee and making it what it was, he had a large part in the beheading of Louis XVI. Soon thereafter he was declared an outlaw and beheaded. -
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The Industrial Revolution
Econmics, politics, and culture transformed. Industry changed the European landscape, and even humanity's relationship to the environment. The revolution transformed communications, transportations, and economics. It altered global power, west was industrialized. -
Humanitarian Antislavery Movements
With the belief of human dignity and human’s rights, almost all Enlightenment thinkers disagreed with slavery and stated that slaves must be free of their chains and be entitled to human freedom. They stated that slavery defied natural law. Although it was not a largely pushed issue during this time, it was the first step to abolishing slavery. -
The Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract. In this published item, it states that everyone will be free because they will forfeit the same amount of rights and adhere to their specific duty in the community. They are agreeing with a contract given to society to allow everyone to be equal and work towards the “common good” and the “general will”. It stated that all men are born equal, and it should stay that way, and that slavery and inequality go against a man’s born free-will. -
The Steam Engine
Another big invention was the steam engine by James Watts. While repairing an engine in 1763 was asked to repair a model of Newcomen’s engine and devised a way to improve it. He made a separate chamber to condense the steam reducing the need to cool the engine. This could possibly be one of the largest inventions of the 18th century, with this engine being used in the steam locomotive. -
Invention of The Spinning Jenny
James Hargraves invented possibly one of the most important inventions of the time, the spinning jenny. It could spin 16 threads at one time. Even though the jenny’s threads were not strong enough to use for cotton applications it would be the precursor for the invention of the water frame. -
Cesare Beccaria wrote On Crimes and Punishment.
Italian writer Cesare Beccaria wrote On Crimes and Punishment.This writing opposed torture, the death penalty and punishment. Through this piece, the only legitimate rationale for punishment was to maintain social order and to prevent other crimes. This writing caused many countries by 1800 to abolish torture, branding, whipping and various forms of mutilation and reserved the death penalty for capital crimes. -
Louis-Anne de Bougainville to the South Pacific
The French sent Louis-Anne de Bougainville to the South Pacific for the first scientific mission.- This was the start of the many scientific missions that expanded the knowledge of different lands which vastly expanded the knowledge of zoology and geology. Due to the extreme importance on humanity, these trips brought back understandings and studies of the effects of a culture and environment on people and their human nature. -
Invention of The Water Frame
Richard Arkwright invented the water frame ,This new machine could warp (longitudinal fibers) and woof (latitudinal fibers). This invention was such a large milestone because that is what give the cloth its strength, and this method of crossing fibers is still used in clothing manufacturing today. -
The Pugachev Rebellion
Rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762. It began as an organized insurrection by Yemelyan Pugachev, he was against a background of profound peasant unrest and war with the Ottoman Empire. Pugachev assumed leadership of an alternative government in the name of the assassinated Tsar Peter III and proclaimed an end to serfdom. -
Louis XVI's Reign
Louis XVI married Austrian emporer and empress, intended to create an aliance between the powers. Started the American Revolution in which they supported the colonists, the king called a meeting of the Estates General to discuss raising taxes. shortly thereafter he and his queen were caught fleeing their revolting nation and were beheaded for treasonous acts. -
Wealth of Nations
Adam Smith wrote Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations- During this time, more enlightenment thinkers believed the real wealth came from land and agricultural production. They also were opposed to mercantilism, which was where the government interfered with the trading of manufactured and natural goods. Although Adam Smith did not agree with the importance of agriculture, he did oppose mercantilism as well. -
The Invention of the Spinning Mule
Samuel Compton invented the spinning mule which combined the water frame and the spinning jenny together. The spinning mule made threads more durable and practical for use so that textiles being produced were also of a higher quality, thus improving industry. -
Revolution of Communication
Britons could read 150 different magazines and thirty-seven English towns had local newspapers. Cheaper printing and better distribution allowed the people to be able to read more and become more educated on different topics. Although certain publications could be banned by the government, people were becoming more and more educated on social topics going on. -
Jacobins
Formed in Versailles during the Estates General meetings of 1789 the Jacobins first held secret meetings to which the records were lost to time. However we do know that among their ranks was the young lawyer, Maximilien Robespierre. The Jacobins were the most powerful political party of the time. They were given the name "Jacobins", the French name for Dominicans. The club officially adopted this intended insult as their name in 1791. -
Estates General- May and June 1789
Representatives of the three Estates (nobility, Church, and everyone else) were summoned by King Louis XVI to discuss his government's financial issues. The three Estates could not come to an agreement due to their very different financial standings. They met over several weeks from May into June, and they still found themselves in an impasse. Due to this impasse, several member of the Estates General broke off and formed the National assembly, thus jump starting the French Revolution. -
National Assembly of France was created
The National Assembly was created and were now representing all the people, they were the voice of the nation and Louis XVI wasn't happy. Composed and defined by the delegates of the Third Estate. The National assembly met on the indoor tennis courts to complete their business of forming and signing what is now considered the French Declaration of Independence. -
The Fall of Bastille
The first popular revolt, the French people stormed the prison/ armory The Bastille to tell their government that they weren't just going to let anymore of their kinsmen die because of Louis XVI and his Queen, Marie Antionette. The French people took the armory and proceded to take it apart brick by brick. -
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The French Revoltuion
The most violent, radical revolution. It was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups. Gave emergance of popular movements, political clubs representing people previously excluded from politics. -
Girodins
The moderate Republican Party during the French Revolution, named such because many of its leaders hailed from the Gironde region of France. The Girodins controlled the Legislative Assembly from 1791 through 1792 until the radical Montagnards, under the control of Jean Paul Marat, overthrew them. Many of the Girodin leaders were executed during the Jacobin Reign of Terror. -
Jean Paul Marat
An unrecognized doctor, he published Physical Essay on Man (1773), which was attacked by Voltaire for being overly materialistic. Due to this attack he developed a bitter hatred and suspicion of all people in power, which he later vented in his newspaper entitled L'aime du peuple, or the friend of the people. His newspaper later served an important part of the August 10, 1792 uprising and the September massacres. -
A Vindication of the Rights of Women
Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Just as Rousseau wrote that all men are created equal at birth, Wollstonecraft argued that women should have just as many rights as men. She fought against inequality and that a person should not be judged or have less freedom due to the distinctions at birth. This was published in a culture where women were produced to be vulnerable and dependent upon their men. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
It was originally written to be attached to the republican constitution of 1793, but was never put into operation. Instead it was suspended for the entire duration ion of the war at which point it was replaced by the new constitution of 1795. -
The Committee of Public Safety
was developed to react quickly and extremely to any and all acts against the monarchy. The nine people involved in the Committee spared no one; even people who were just voicing what they thought about what was going in politics on would get them killed. The Committee had "undercover officers", as we would say today, who would eavesdrop and report anyone they heard conspiring against the crown or the Committee. -
Invention of The Cotton Gin
Created the largest economic boom was the cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney. This machine was capable of picking the seeds out of cotton where as it had to be picked out manually by hand. The cotton gin had many effects on the economy especially in the slave trade. -
The Directory of The French Revolution
The directory has a history of making good decisions as far as making positive monetary changes such as boosting agriculture and trade. However, it was also full of inefficient and corrupted men over the years. Luckily, each year one man would be removed from his seat and replaced; one could say this was good, a one in five chance of the corrupted man being replaced with a possible better man, or the go -
Vaccination for Small Pox
Edward Jenner made the small pox vaccination more accepted and practiced. This made the disease less fatal thus along with other measures in the medical and sanitation world, people began to live longer and population increased. Along with population increase, the demand for goods increased as well. The economy at this point in time is now more import rather than export. -
New Era of Music
18th Century Music was the era for the beginning of “pure” music. It brought Bach, Handel, and Mozart; many composers that we still listen to today and greatly have influenced our classical music. During this era of music also brought Operas into society. Operas created a mixture of music and dramatic intensity towards an audience. Operas produced entertainment for more privileged and allowed more expression for society. -
The Irish Potato Famine
A large potato famine struck and caused turmoil throughout Ireland. A fungus infected the potatoes in 1845 then again in 1846 and 1847 causing fatal outcomes. About one million Irish died from starvation, dysentery, and fever. By this time many Irish were on their way to America which accounted for one third of immigrants coming in at that time. -
The start of the Trans-Atlantic cable
The start of the Trans-Atlantic cable could now connect 2 worlds into one. The cable could now take communication to the next level. Before the Trans-Atlantic cable one would have to wait months for a message to be brought across seas. Now messages could be transferred in seconds. -
The Telephone was invented
Alexander Graham bell invented the telephone. The telephone is an inention that transfers voice frequencies through metal wire and sends then to a receptacle telephone and trnsfers the frequency back into a recognizable voice. Not only did telephones make communication easier in set the base for the communication technology we have today.
