Social Studies Final

Stone Age

10,000 BCE

-Divided into the Paleolithic(old stone age), Mesolithic(middle stone age), and Neolithic(new stone age)

Neolithic Revolution

8000 BCE

-Hunter gatherers began to settle down into villages
-They began to farm and domesticate animals

Ancient Greece

8000 BCE

-8000-30 BCE
-Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
-Athens vs Sparta
-Alexander the Great

Catalhoyuk

7400 BCE

-7,500-5,700 BCE

Faiyum

7200 BCE

-7,200-4,000 BCE

Farming Emerges

7000 BCE

-Pakistan, China, New Guinea, Catalhouyek, Turkey

Mesopotamia

4500 BCE

-Land between the rivers
-Settled around 4,500 BCE

Mesopotamia- Sumerian Empire

4500 BCE

-4,500-1,900 BCE

Fertile Crescent

4000 BCE

-4,000-1,750 BCE
-This area becomes fertile when the rivers flood and make the soil good for planting

Egyptian Empire

3100 BCE

-3,100- 30 BCE
-Lasted 4000 years
-Khufu(4,600 years ago)-Built the Great Pyramid
-Hatshepsut(1508-1458 BCE)- Longest reigning queen, reigned for more than 20 years
-Akhenaten(1352-1336 BCE)-Father of King Tut
-Tutankhamun(1332-1323 BCE)
-Nefertiti(1353-1336 BCE)
-Hyksos Expulsion( 1650 BCE)
-Cleopatra VII was the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt

Mohenjo Daro/ Harappa

2600 BCE

-Part of the Indus River Valley
-the city flourished in 2,600-1,900 BCE

Mesopotamia- Babylonian Empire

2300 BCE

-2,300-539 BCE
-Hammurabi became King of Babylon in 1792 BCE and defeated all of the Sumerian city states

The Mayan Empire

2000 BCE

-established in 2000 BCE
-art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems
-reached highest state of development around 250 CE-900 CE

Mycinians

1600 BCE

-1600-1450 BCE
-Mycinians attack the city of Troy with the Trojan Horse

The Greek Dark Ages

1100 BCE

-1100-750 BCE

Yangtze River Valley

770 BCE

-770-476 BCE

Mesopotamia- Persian Empire

550 BCE

-550-334 BCE
-Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated the Babylonians in 539 BCE

Mound Builders

500 BCE

-500 BCE-1000 CE
-mounds were built in North America
-they served as burial mounds, temple mounds, or platforms for religious structures

Palenque

226 BCE

-Mayan city in Southern Mexico
-226 BCE-799 CE

Teotihuacan

100 BCE

-Aztec city near modern day Mexico City
-100 BCE-1521 CE

Dark Ages

455

-455 CE-1492 CE
-only happened in Europe
-almost a complete loss of education
-no building
-no progress
-the plague helped end it

Fall of Rome

455

-Visgoths invaded Rome and sacked the city in 410 CE
-Vandals invaded Rome and sacked the city in 455 CE
-Rome had been declining for 150 years

Mesa Verde

550

-southwest Colorado
-ancestral Pueblo people
-550 CE-1200 CE
-the built villages of stone under overhanging cliffs

Muhammad

570

-born in Mecca in 570 CE
-he was the prophet of Islam
-in 630 CE, he and his followers seized the city of Mecca and made it the shrine of Islam
-he died in 632 CE

Battle of Tours

732

-Moors in France

Vikings

793

-793-1066 CE
-wanted to find money and land
-first invaded Britain in 793 CE and last invaded in 1066 CE

Charlemagne

800

-first emperor to rule Western Europe since the fall of the Western Roman Empire
-the height of his power in 800 CE
-called the "Father of Europe"
-he died in 814 CE

The Quepoa

950

-came to the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica
-about 950 CE

The Crusades

1095

-1095-1270 CE
-Pope wanted to take the Holy Land back from the Empire of Islam

Chan Chan

1100

-Peru
-1100-1470 CE

The Aztecs

1300

-were wanderers
-migrated from south to central Mexico
-settled in central Mexico
-founded capital city in about 1325 CE
-by 1426 CE they achieved supremacy in the area

The Incas

1300

-the Incas founded their capital city of Cuzco in 1300 CE
-ruled over most of Peru and parts of Chile, Ecuador, Bolivia and northwest Argentina
-empire continued until about 1520

The Black Plague

1346

-1346-1353 CE
-10 years to cross Asia
-in 1349 it crosses Europe
-kills over 50 million people in Asia and Europe in 14 years

Renaissance

1440

-means "rebirth"
-de Medici family(produced 4 Popes of the Catholic church, discovered artists and geniuses)
-began in Florence
-rise of the arts(architecture, performing arts, and visual arts)
-rise of learning
-rise of capitalism
-increase in trade and commerce

Spanish Inquisition

1478

Columbus' First Voyage

1492

-spurred exploration

The Columbian Exchange

1500

-1500s
-Spain, Portugal, France, and England sent explorers to the New World
-exchange of food, plants, animals, and illnesses

The Reformation

1517

-Martin Luther posted his list of 95 complaints about the activities of the Catholic Church

St Augustine, Florida

Aug 28, 1565

-first and oldest permanent settlement in the New World

Roanoke-1st Attempt

1584

-117 soldiers and noblemen
-wanted to find gold
-they took 2 of their native guides back to England

Roanoke-2nd Attempt

1585

-"bad luck voyage"
-brought the 2 native guides back
-again it was mainly soldiers wanting to find gold
-in 1856 they abandoned the colony

Roanoke-3rd Attempt

1587

-families started to come
-showed up too late to plant crops
-John White went back to England to get supplies but England was at war so the ship was detained for 3 years
-when John White returned to Roanoke in 1590 the colony was abandoned

Jamestown, Virginia

May 14, 1607

-created in 1607
-abandoned by the colonists in 1610

First Slaves in America

1619

-first documented slaves were in Jamestown, Virginia
-in 1619
-they were indentured servants for 7-14 years and then they would get freed
-people started "owning" slaves in the 1650s

Plymouth

1621

-founded in 1621
-Puritan Separatists
-merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691

Pennsylvania

1680

-founded by William Penn

Salem

1692

-witch trials between Feb 1692 and May 1693

Carolina Splits

1729

-Carolina splits into North Carolina and South Carolina

French and Indian War

1754

-the American part of the Seven Years War that was going on in Europe
-the war began in 1754 and ended in 1763 when the colonies became all British

Boston Massacre

Mar 5, 1770

-began the Revolution

Boston Tea Party

Dec 16, 1773

-dumped the tea into Boston harbor because they were mad about the taxation

First Continental Congress

1774

-meeting of delegates from the colonies

The Second Continental Congress

1775

-selected George Washington as the commander of the colonial army

Revolutionary War

Apr 19, 1775

-battles of Lexington and Concord began the war on April 19,1775

Battle of Bunker Hill

Jun 17, 1775

-George Washington's armies first battle
-British lost more than 40% of their force

Battle of Saratoga

1777

-Washington victory

Winter at Valley Forge

1777

-in Pennsylvania
-1777-1778

Battle of Yorktown

1781

-The British were surrounded and then surrendered

Articles of Confederation

1781

-passed by The Continental Congress in 1781

United States Constiution

1787

-signed in 1787
-became law in 18788
-three branches(executive, legislative, and judicial) that all work together

Cotton Gin

1795

-invented by Eli Whitney
-helped remove seeds from cotton

The Louisiana Purchase

1803

-large territory bought from France

Lewis and Clark Expedition

May 14, 1804

-1804-1806
-Lewis, Clark, 21 soldiers, 18 rivermen, an interpreter, Clark's slave, and a dog =43 men total
-reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805

War of 1812

1812

-James Madison was the president
-United States declared war on the British
-White House was burned
-Star Spangled Banner was written
-Treaty of Ghent ended the war on December 24, 1814

Missouri Compromise of 1820

1820

-Missouri wanted to join the Union
-it upset the balance of free states and slave states

Indian Removal Act

1830

-signed by Andrew Jackson
-moved then to "Indian Territory" in present day Oklahoma
-1830-1839

Trail of Tears

1831

-the Choctaw were removed from their land
-winter of 1831

Creeks forced to "Indian Territory"

1836

-Creeks were forced of their land
-3,500 of the 15,000 Creeks didn't survive the trip

The Gold Rush

1845

-1845-1855
-California
-about 300,000 people rushed to California
-very few got rich

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

1854

-every state decides if they are going to be free or slave
-called it popular soverignty

Harpers Ferry

Oct 16, 1859

-Harpers Ferry, Virginia
-John Brown wanted to start a slave revolt but was hung

Abraham Lincoln Became President

1860

-a catalyst for the start of the Civil War

The Civil War

1861

-1861-1865
-650,000 died
-slaves were freed

Fort Sumter

Apr 12, 1861

-the event that triggered the war

First Bull Run

Jul 21, 1861

-first battle of the war
-southern victory

Homestead Act of 1862

1862

-who gets to own land in the west
-how to get land in the west
-many immigrants from Europe came to get their own land

Shiloh

Apr 6, 1862

-13,000 Union troops died
-11,000 Confederate troops died

Chattanooga/Chickamauga

1863

-tried to starve out the Union Army but Grant arrived and sent in supplies
-Sept-Nov 1863

Turning Point in the Civil War

Jul 4, 1863

-Vicksburg surrendered
-Lee tried to attack North at Gettysburg
-big win for the North

March to the Sea

1864

-began in March of 1864
-a chain of battles
-organized by Sherman
-Battle for Atlanta was a big battle on Sept 1, 1864

Appomattox

1865

-April 7-Lee's troops were surrounded by Grant's troops and Lee surrendered
-April 9-they met at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia and Lee officially surrendered

Reconstruction

1865

-1865-1877
-Lincoln died and Andrew Johnson became president
-"black codes" were introduced

Civil War Ended

May 10, 1865

-resistance collapsed and the war ended

Radical Reconstruction

1867

-gave former slaves rights

Jim Crow

1890

-legal racial segregation
-"separate but equal"