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Period: 401 to 1500
The Middle Ages
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991
Birth of Guido D'Arezzo
Italian who developed Solfege -
1033
Death of Guido D'Arezzo
Italian who developed Solfege -
1098
Birth of Hildegard Von Bingen
From Holy Roman Empire (modern day Germany); composer and Doctor of the Church -
1100
Ibn al-’Awwam writes first botanical encyclopedia
Ibn al-’Awwam wrote on hundreds of crop and flower species including details on soil quality -
1135
Birth of Léonin
French composer of Organum -
1179
Death of Hildegard Von Bingen
From Holy Roman Empire (modern day Germany); composer and Doctor of the Church -
1200
St. Francis of Assisi becomes well-known
St. Francis of Assisi emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with nature and wants to understand nature. -
1200
Birth and Death of Pérotin
was the French composer, Anonymous IV -
1201
Death of Léonin
French composer of Organum -
1240
Frederick II writes on avian biology
Frederick II writes a six volume work on ecology of birds. He compares their anatomy and other characteristic habits. -
1273
King Edward I of England enacts first air pollution law
King Edward I of England bans use of "sea coal" for fuel, because it produced a lot of smoke. It was the first air pollution law. -
1300
Birth of Machaut
French composer who wrote the first Mass setting -
Period: 1301 to
The Renaissance
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1377
Death of Machaut
French composer who wrote the first Mass setting -
1450
Birth of Josquin
French or possibly Belgium Renaissance master; composer of sacred and secular music -
1493
Christopher Columbus brings new plants to Old World
Christopher Columbus brings corn, peppers, bananas, pineapples, and other staple plants to the Old World for consumption from the West Indies. -
1506
Birth of Jacques Arcadelt
Italian composer of many secular madrigals -
1521
Death of Josquin
French or possibly Belgium Renaissance master; composer of sacred and secular music -
1525
Birth of Palestrina
Italian composer of Renaissance polyphony music during Counter-Reformation -
1543
Andreas Vesalius founds anatomy
Andreas Vesalius establishes the discipline of anatomy which is integral in understanding ecology. -
1567
Birth of Monteverdi
Italian composer who wrote the first operas still performed regularly today -
1568
Death of Jacques Arcadelt
Italian composer of many secular madrigals -
Andrea Cesalpino publishes De Plantis Libri XVI
De Plantis Libri XVI is the first botany textbook written. It uses binomial nomenclature, two years before Linnaeus. -
Death of Palestrina
Italian composer of Renaissance polyphony music during Counter-Reformation -
Period: to
The Baroque Era
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Birth of Cozzolani
Italian nun composer who wrote in a time where it was unusual for women to be writing music -
The Lincean Academy is founded
It is one of the first scientific communities established with Galileo Galilei focusing on entomology and paleobiology. -
Death of Monteverdi
Italian composer who wrote the first operas still performed regularly today -
Birth of Purcell
English composer who was the first great hope of the English musical world -
John Evelyn publishes Fumifugium
Fumifugium is the first book published on air pollution suggesting alternative energy sources other than coal. -
Robert Hooke discovered the cell
Robert Hooke published Micrographia, a book that describes him discovering cells. -
Nicholas Steno discovers fossils
Nicholas Steno determines that solid objects in a rock are shark teeth, which is the first recognized fossil. -
Jan Swammerdam discovers life stages of insects
Jan Swammerdam discovers that insects have multiple life stages like the egg, larvae, pupa, and adult stages, proving they are all the same organism. -
Death of Cozzolani
Italian nun composer who wrote in a time where it was unusual for women to be writing music -
Birth of Vivaldi
Italian composer who wrote The Four Seasons -
Birth of Scarlatti
Italian composer, part of the class of 1685, who wrote music not just for the opera -
Birth of Handel
German; Composed first work ("Messiah") to be put considered permanent repertoire by being performed year after year -
Birth of Bach
German composer whose music demands attention and is considered one of the greatest of Western music -
Death of Purcell
English composer who was the first great hope of the English musical world -
Birth of Haydn
Austrian (from Rohrau) composer who was witty and beautiful in his compositions. He was also a really nice guy. -
Carolus Linnaeus publishes "Systema naturae"
"Systema naturae" is the first to consistently use a system of binomial nomenclature, and Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy. -
Death of Vivaldi
Italian composer who wrote The Four Seasons -
"Histoire naturelle" is published
George-Louis Leclerc defines concept of a species on basis of reproductive exclusivity -
Death of Bach
German composer whose music demands attention and is considered one of the greatest of Western music -
Period: to
The Classical Era
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Birth of Mozart
Austrian composer who was naturally gifted, a child prodigy, aware of the human condition in his music. -
Death of Scarlatti
Italian composer, part of the class of 1685, who wrote music not just for the opera -
Death of Handel
German; Composed first work ("Messiah") to be put considered permanent repertoire by being performed year after year -
Birth of Beethoven
German composer who was angry but redefined symphonies -
Georg Foster notes species invasion
Georg Foster describes canary grass and its invasion on an island- the first description of species invasion -
Joseph Priestly describes oxygen
First description of oxygen and noted that plants covert carbon dioxide to oxygen -
Linnaeus states a balance-of-nature concept
A balance-of-nature concept details that natural things are connected and balanced. -
Gilbert White publishes "The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne"
Becomes the most widely read book of natural history ever published -
Death of Mozart
Austrian composer who was naturally gifted, a child prodigy, aware of the human condition in his music. -
Georges Cuvier establishes extinction
Based on comparison of elephant and mammoth skulls, Cuvier establishes the concept of extinction -
Lamarck proposes concept of evolution
The concept of evolution Lamarck proposes is that complex life forms evolve from simple organisms -
Death of Haydn
Austrian (from Rohrau) composer who was witty and beautiful in his compositions. He was also a really nice guy. -
Death of Beethoven
German composer who was angry but redefined symphonies