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Jim Crow Laws
A set of codes are established in the south to marginalize African Americans. Codes establish how free African Americans may work and live. The laws extended into the civil rights movement as segregation and discrimination became increasingly prominent -
Plessy V. Ferguson
A landmark court case which ruled that racial segregation was not unconstitutional so long as the facilities were deemed equal. Although this was later partially overturned in Brown V. Board, this case marked a significant event in African American education as educational facilities became segregated by race -
NAACP created
The National Associate for the Advancement of Colored people was established by a group of white and black activists whose goal was to end the Anti-black violence and prejudice occurring across the country. -
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Brown V. Board of Education
In Toepeka, Kansas, Linda Brown had to walk over a mile to attend an all black school. The principal at the white school closer to her home refused entrance to Brown. The NAACP helped Brown's parents sue and the supreme court eventually ruled that schools could not be segregated based on race. Many schools did not abide by this fully until the 1970s -
Little Rock Nine
In the aftermath of Brown V. Board, Central High School in Little Rock, AR, asked for volunteers to attend the newly desegregated school. The nine black students who attempted to attend the school were met with an onslaught of violence and opposition. -
Executive Order 10925
This order marked the introduction of affirmative action. With affirmative acton employers were to put into place different actions which would ensure nondiscrimination in the workplace. When it came to education, many post-secondary schools began to use affirmative action practices which gave priority or preference to minority students -
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Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement encompasses various significant events which eventually led up to the end of racial discrimination. This is often attributed to Rosa Parks refusing to move from her seat on a bus in Montgomery Alabama, and leads up to the march in Washington D.C. where Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ensured that educational programs which received federal funding would not be able to deny education to a student based on their race, color, or nation of origin. -
Milliken V. Bradley
Milliken V. Bradley marked a set back in African American educational rights as a school in Detroit ruled that they could not redraw district lines which would require inner city students to move to schools in the suburbs in order to balance inequities. -
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Grutter V. Bollinger and Gratz V. Bollinger
These two cases addressed the admissions process of the University of Michigan School of Law whose application process was meant to give prior to students who came from disadvantage and predominately minority high schools. -
Educational Excellence for African Americans Initiative
President Barack Obama implements his executive order meant to combat the obstacles that African American students still face in education. This includes lack of access to adequate resources and institutionalized racism.