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Period: 1500 to
Modern History
Period of time in history that began in the 16th century and finished with the beggining of the French Revolution in 1789. -
John Kay's flying shuttle
It increased the speed of production and made it possible to weave wider fabrics -
Period: to
First Industrial Revolution
Interconnected changes in the late 18th century, pioneered by Great Britain. It transformed the agrarian and artisan-based economy of the Ancien Régime into a predominantñy industrial economy. Also, a new economic organisation called capitalism was created and class society. -
James Watt's steam engine
It was the driving force behind industry and transport, it use the power from steam to generate continuous movement, which was transferred to machinery. -
Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations
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Invention of the power loom
It dramatically increased fabric production and lowered its cost. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
A declaration which recognised the rights, individual freedoms and equality of all citizens in law and taxation. -
Period: to
Contemporary History
Period of time between the French Revolution and nowadays. -
Period: to
French Revolution
It was a revolutionary wave during 10 years in Europe that changed the economic, social and politics systems and end with the Ancien Régime -
Period: to
Constitutional monarchy
The Constitutional monarchy was the first phase of the French Revolution,driven by the moderate bourgeoisie that negotiated with the king and privileged classes to made a Constitution its goals were to abolish Ancien Régime and establish a moderate liberal monarchy. -
Estates-General meeting
It was a meeting in Versailles in May 1789, it was chaired by Luis XVI, the king, and there were representatives of the nobility, clergy and the Third Estate, they met to vote for the reform of taxes but clergy and nobility wanted to vote per estate and Third Estate wanted to vote per representatives, this made that the Third Estate left the meeting. -
Tennis Court Oath
The pavilion in Versailles where the representatives of the Third Estate the 20th of June 1789 met to proclaim themselves the National Assembly and promised to draft a constitution that relflect the will of the majority of French people. -
Women's March on Versailles
It was a manifestation from thousands of angry women of Paris's markets that went to Versailles and forced the king to abandon the palace. -
First French Constitution
It was approved in 1791 and it formed the Legislative Assembly that drafted new laws to implement liberalism. -
War of the first Coalition
It was a war started when Prussia and Holy Roman Empire oath to help Louis V against revolutionaries, absolute monarchies were afraid of the spread of the liberalism so they declare the intention to fight against French Revolution. -
Period: to
Social Republic
The period between 1792 and 1794 that starts due to the betrayal by the king and the military invasion of Prussia and Austria. -
Period: to
Girondin convention
The period between 1792 and 1793. It formed the National convention and when Louis XVI and queen Marie Antoinette were executed. -
Storm of Tuileries Palace
Republicans imprisioned the royal family in the Tuileries Palace declaring a republic in France. -
Period: to
Jacobin Convention
It was the most extreme phase where the executive power was leaded by Robespierre. -
Period: to
Reign of Terror
It was the period of the French Revolution where many executions were comited under the law of suspects. -
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was convicted for treason and then executed. -
Period: to
Conservative Republic
It started when a coup ended the dictatorial Jacobin government. Modernate bourgeoisie seized power, cancelled Jacobin laws and draft the 1795 constitution. -
Period: to
The Consulate
The Consulate was the period of time after Napoleon's coup d'état, he governed in a autocratic and authoritarian policy.
It main objectives were: finished with the political instability of the Revolution, the consolidation of some of the revolutionary principles, and the economic recovery through a government that represent the interests of the bourgeoisie. -
Coup of 18th Brumaire
This coup ended the dicatorial Jacobin government. -
Constitution of 1800
It was the Constitution of the new political system of Napoleon. It did not include the separation of powers and a declaration of rights either. It limited and censurated public opinions and liberties and recognized that states were organized in departments, run by prefects. -
Napoleon crowned emperor
He was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804 and began the Napoleonic Empire -
Period: to
The Napoleonic Empire
In 1803 Napoleon began his conquest of Europe with his large army and brilliant military tactics, he started invading many territories and defeated most European monarchies. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
It allowed French troops to pass through Spain to invade Portugal. -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
He was going to invade Portugal but then he invaded Spain when Carlos IV was governing and he put his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king and Spain became a French satellite state. -
Abdications of Bayonne
Napoleon persuaded the Bourbons to give the spanish crown to his brother, Joseph. -
Period: to
War of Independence
After Joseph Bonaparte took the crown of Spain, uprisings in Spain against French caused the war between people who support Joseph I and the majority of the population (patriots). -
Period: to
Luddite movement
The luddite movement started in England in the early 19th century and it consisted of the violent destruction of machinery in the belief that it was responsible for low wages and unemployment. -
1812 Spanish Constitution
It was the first spanish constitution and it was called La Pepa, which established the separations of powers, universal male suffrage and individual freedom and rights but the war did not allow its implementation. -
Treaty of Valencay
It was signed by the French and it allowed the return of Ferdinand VII. -
Manifesto de los Persas
It was signed by the absolutists representatives of the Cortes, who requested an absolute monarchy. -
Period: to
Reign of Ferdinand VII
When French troops withdrew from Spain, Ferdinand VII returned to Spain. -
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Treaty
The great powers of Europe met to restore absolutist monarchy and stop spread liberal ideas, they established the ideological principles of the Restoration, such as the legitimacy of the absolute monarchs and the denial of national sovereignty and the Holy Alliace Treaty was signed which stipulated that the absolute monarchs would unite against any threat of liberal revolution. -
Battle of Waterloo
The French imperial armies were defeated by Great Britain and Prussia, then, Napoleon abdicated and was sent into exile on the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. -
Period: to
The Restoration of absolutism
After the Napoleon empire the great powers of Europe decided to restore the absolutism and stop the spread of liberal ideas. -
Pronunciamiento of Rafael del Diego
It took place in Sevilla, it was succeed and the king was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. -
Period: to
Greek War of Independence
Greeks declared independence but it was not recognised by the Turks and this resulted in the war, then, with the help of France and Britain they defeated the Ottoman Empire and gained its independence. -
Holy Alliance intervention: Hundred Thousand Sons of Sant Louis.
Ferdinand VII appealed to the Holy Alliance to sent troops to defend the absolutism in Spain. -
Abolishment of the Combination Acts
The repeal of laws prohibiting worker's aassociations in 1824 in England. -
Stephenson's steam locomotive
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Revolutions of 1830
It began in France when Charles X was overthrown and Louis Philippe I became the new constitutional monarch and in 1831 a revolt started in Poland under the Russian Empire but was suppressed by the tsarist army. -
Period: to 184
The Age of Revolutions
The restoration of absolutism caused a period of many revolutions against it from liberals and nationalist which ended with the restoration of absolutism. -
Period: to
The Belgian Revolution
It was part of the Kingdom of Holland but the spread of liberal ideas helped the revolution and Belgium became a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I and they reach their independence. -
Period: to
First Carlist War
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Period: to
Reign of Isabella II
It was the building of the liberal state that has many phases that began when Isabella was just a child. -
Zollverein
It was a customs union that Prussia created. -
Grand National Conaolidated Trades Union
It brought together different types of workers to defend the right of association, improve wages and regulate child labour. -
1837 Constitution
It recognised national sovereignty with census suffrage, the separatiion of powers and the two chambers and it granted many rights and individual liberties. -
1845 Constitution
It was a moderate constitution, in which sufrage was highly restricted, civil liberties were limited and sovereignty was shared between the Cortes and the Crown. -
Revolutions of 1848
They started with an expasion of nationalism due to terriotories fragmented into various states which advocated for independent nations free from the control of absolutist empires.
The revolt in Vienna forced the chancellor Metternich to resign and there were also in Hungary,Bohemia,northern Italy and the German Confederation. -
Period: to
French second Republic
It adopted a number of democratic measures,such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of death penalty and recognition of certain rights of workers. -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
It made it possible to manufacture steel. -
Period: to
Italian Unification process
It was started by the monarchy of Piedmont-Sardinia governed by Prime Minister Cavour, it was declared the war on Austria and annexed Lombardy. In 1861 Victor Manuel II of Savoy was proclaimed king, in 1866 Austria left Venetia and in 1870 the Papal States were annexed by Italy. -
Period: to
German Unification Process
It was divided in 36 states associated with the German Confederation where Prussia and Austria were competing for power. In 1834 Prussia created Zollverein and in 1848 1st freely elected parliament offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia who refused it.
In 1871 Wilhelm I was proclaimed emperor of the Second German Empire, -
First International
It was created in 1864, the association which was joined by marxists, anarchists and trade unions, but the ideological differences between them made it unworkable and it split in 1876. -
Karl Marx publishes Das Kapital
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Start of the monarchy of Amadeo I of Savoy
He was chosen to take the throne , supported by progressives, unionists and democrats, but he had two strong opponents: the moderates and some representatives of the Church. -
Proclamiento of the First Spanish Republic
It was form when Amadeo I abdicated, but most of the deputies were monarchists and did not support the republic voted by the Cortes. -
Period: to
Reign of Alfonso XII
It began when General Martinez Campos proclaimed him as king of Spain. -
Second International
It was founded by the Marxists to coordinate the various socialist parties.
