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Anayltical Engine order code
The Analytical Engine order code was definitely a MAJOR innovation for machine languages because it was not only the first machine language, but also the very first programming language! Naturally, that means that it was the beginning of programming. It incorporated an arithmetical unit, integrated memory, and control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops. -
Z1 Computer
First programable computer. Created by Konrad Zuse. -
First Generation of Computers
Used vacuum tubes as memory devices. The computers were large size, and very costly. Colossus was the first electronic computer of this era. Kept secret by the British Government. In 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was completed, which started in 1943. Other computers in this generation are UNIVAC, MARK II, MARK III, Z2, Z4, SSEC, and some IBM computer seres such as IBM 604, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702. By 1954 the first version of FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was publish -
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First Generation of Computers
Used vacuum tubes as memory devices. The computers were large size, and very costly. Colossus was the first electronic computer of this era. Kept secret by the British Government. In 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was completed, which started in 1943. Other computers in this generation are UNIVAC, MARK II, MARK III, Z2, Z4, SSEC, and some IBM computer seres such as IBM 604, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702. By 1954 the first version of FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was publish -
Regional Assembly Language
The Regional Assembly Language was a major innovation for assembly languages because it was the first assembly language. It was developed in 1951 by Maurice Wilkes, and its predecessor was EDSAC. -
Second Generation of Computers
Used vacuum tubes as memory devices. The computers were large size, and very costly. Colossus was the first electronic computer of this era. Kept secret by the British Government. In 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was completed, which started in 1943. Other computers in this generation are UNIVAC, MARK II, MARK III, Z2, Z4, SSEC, and some IBM computer seres such as IBM 604, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702. By 1954 the first version of FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was publish -
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Second Generation of Computers
The 2nd Generation of computers used transistors as CPU components, and ferrite cores main memory and magnetic disk drum/ tapes as secondary memory. Some high level languages introduced in this generation are FORTRAN, ALGOL, BASIC, and COBOL. Some of these computers in this generation are TX-0, TX-2, NEAC, 1101, PDP series computers such as IBM 709, IBM 1400 series. CDC (Control Data Corporation) built fast computers called supercomputers - CDC 6600. -
Third Genertation of Computers
Used vacuum tubes as memory devices. The computers were large size, and very costly. Colossus was the first electronic computer of this era. Kept secret by the British Government. In 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was completed, which started in 1943. Other computers in this generation are UNIVAC, MARK II, MARK III, Z2, Z4, SSEC, and some IBM computer seres such as IBM 604, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702. By 1954 the first version of FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was publish -
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Third Generation of Computers
The invention of silicon ICS (Integrated Circuits) allowed dozens of transistors to be put on a single chip. they used magnetic disk are memory major achievements are : Multiprogramming was introduced.
The computers were more powerful and smaller than previous generations.
OSes like UNIX OS, system /360 OS, IBM MVS, BSD was developed. Some of the programming languages built in this generation are: ada, PASCAL, BCPL,
SHRDLU, FORTRAN 66 and 77, SEQUEL (nowadays SQL)
Intel introduced its microproc -
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Fourth Generation of Computers
The fourth generation computers use VLSI chips for both CPU and memory. The VLSI technology allowed millions of transistors on a single chip. This high density of fabrication directly affected the size and speed of the machine. With heavy drop in price, it was feasible for single individual to have his/her own computer. Some of the achievements in this generations are:
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) was introduced.
Superscalar computers and personal computers were introduced.
User frie -
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Ada
Ada is a procedural language that is structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented, and based on Pascal. It was designed from 1977-1983 by a team led by Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull. It was a major innovation because it was one of the earliest object-oriented languages. It has also been modified over the years. -
Python
Python was developed in 1989 by the Python Software Foundation. It is a major innovation because it is an open-source language, meaning that it freely usable and distributable. It also has a clear and easy to read syntax. -
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Fifth Generation of Computers
The fifth generation computers are under development stage. Highly developed countries such as have undertaken projects to design and develop such computers. These computers will use ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) chips.
There will be progress on intelligent system and expert system to develop intelligent computers which can have vision, learning ability, object recognition and synthesis ability, natural language understanding ability.
The input and output of the computers will be in the f -
Visual Basic
Visual Basic was created in 1991 by Alan Cooper and later sold to Microsoft. It was a major innovation because of its drag and drop user interface. -
Java
Java was created in 1995 by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems. It is a major innovation because it is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible, and is one of the most popular languages today.
