history of biotechnology

Cells and microorganisms

Sep 21, 1600

Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" anc Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope.

simple laws

Sep 21, 1850

Gregor Mendal , an Austrian onk working with peo plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of rets that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.

Process of fermentation

Sep 22, 1857

Louis pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, establische the science of microbiology, and proposed the germ theory, claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectios diseases

Nucleic acid in white blood cells

Sep 22, 1869

Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. this later led scentists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.

Gene gun

Sep 23, 1895

Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun

Chromosomes

Sep 22, 1910

Studying friut fies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes

Moving genetic matierial

Sep 22, 1928

Fred Griffith, using mice, proved that genetc material could be mobed form one strain of bacteria to another.

Penecillin

Sep 22, 1928

Sur Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin form a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today.

One Enzyme

Sep 23, 1941

Chargaff showed that DNA the nyumber of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine.

Blender Expiriment

Sep 23, 1953

Using their famous "blender experiment," Hershey and chase proved viruses replocated using DNA and confirmed the rol of DNA as the hereditary material.

Double helix DNA

Sep 23, 1953

Rosaling Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-ray crstallography that DNA was indeed a double helix

Discovery of Dna

Sep 23, 1953

Watson and Crick discover DNA

Plasmid DNA

Sep 23, 1953

Haqyes discovered plasmid DNA, curcular pieces of DNA pound in bacteria

Rna

Sep 23, 1961

Wlate4r gilver discovered them mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA

Enzymes that cut DNA

Sep 23, 1962

Arber, nathans, and smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA

64 codons

Sep 23, 1966

khoranda and Nirenverg discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.

Pruiffied Plasmids

Sep 23, 1967

DNA plasmids were Isolated and purified by vinograd

Bacterium Escherichia Coli

Sep 23, 1970

Madel adn higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacteruim Escherichia coli.

Cloning

Sep 23, 1972

Cloning experiments were conducted by Boyer adn Cohen

First genetic engineering

Sep 23, 1973

Genentech, the worlds first genetic engineering company, was founded

Reco0mbundant DNA

Sep 23, 1976

140 scientists met to dray up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer.

Sequencing DNA

Sep 23, 1977

Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA, Geven an knknown piece o KNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and theymine.

Dna Fingerprint

Sep 23, 1978

Botstein fount that one could ve identified by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.

Viro fertilization

Sep 23, 1978

Louise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting fron in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg ar joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb.

Patented of altered life forms

Sep 23, 1980

The U.S. Supreme court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be pantented. This resulted in a huge startup of biothck companies.

transgenic animals

Sep 23, 1980

Ohio University scientists make the first transgenic animals

Insulin Gene

Sep 23, 1982

Eli Lilly company placed a human insulin gene inside bactieria

Agrobacterium Mediated gene transfer

Sep 23, 1983

Schell, chilton , Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer

Polymerase

Sep 23, 1983

Kary Mullis invneted polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the laboratory

Criminal cases

Sep 23, 1985

Jefries applied RFLP in DNA profiling th hte study of crimial cases

Automated Fluorescence sequencer

Sep 23, 1985

An automated fluorescence sequencer was invented , speeding up the labor intense process.

Saftey guidlines

Sep 23, 1994

NIH revidsed sagety guidelines for recombinant DNA to inclde plans grown in greenhouses adn animals raised in barns

silencing of genes

Sep 23, 1996

Andrew fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silensing of genes, in the worm C elegans.

Anibodies

Sep 23, 1997

Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology.

Yeast artificial chromosomes

Sep 23, 1997

Maynard olson adn colleagues at Washington university invented "yeast artificialchromosomes," or YACs which are expression vectors for large proteins.

Dolly the sheep

Sep 23, 1997

Ian wilmut colned Dolly the sheeep from an cell of a ewe at the roslin institute in Scotland.

DNA microarray

Sep 23, 1997

DNA microarrray technology, looking ast the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon ship, was developed

DNA sequencer

Sep 23, 1999

Dabiri and garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster that existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the human Genome Project

Riboswitch

Sep 23, 2002

Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch or part of an mRNA moleculte that cna regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression

Human Genome project

Sep 23, 2003

Announcement was made of the completion of the human genome project by Francis Colins and Craig Venter. teh project prvided teh ability to find genes adn gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes.