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Period: to
Cold War
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The Berlin Crisis marked the climax of the conflict between the East and the West. The origins of that conflict can be traced back to the year 1945
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Because of these two reasons, a period of co-existence seemed to have begun after the armistice in Indo-China in 1954.
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The Yalta Confrence
The Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference had laid down some principles concerning the immediate post-war treatment of Germany; but as soon as these principles were carried out, the western nations and the Soviet Union came into conflict because both sides had different interpretations of the principles. -
West Germany Economic
In order to revive West Germany economically as soon as possible, the American and the British governments permitted the West German industries to raise their levels of production. -
Russian fear increased when the British and Americans formed 'Bizonia' by putting together their two zones for economic purposes
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Russian fear increased when the British and Americans formed 'Bizonia' by putting together their two zones for economic purposes.
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The United States declared to include West Germany in the Marshall Plan.
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Treaty of Dunkirk
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the Communist Party was declared illegal in West Germany.
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the Communist Party was declared illegal in West Germany.
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Ference Nagy, the democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary, was forced to flee for his life.
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Petkov, a leading opponent of Soviet domination in Bulgaria, was arrested and hanged.
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the Soviet Union established the Communist Information Bureau (the Cominform).
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Mikolajczyk, leader of the democratic Peasant Party in Poland, was forced to flee to the west.
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Maniu, the 74 year-old head of the Rumanian Peasant Party, was imprisoned and in December Rumania was proclaimed a People's Republic.
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Tito made it clear that Yugoslavia would not subordinate her economy to that of the Soviet Union.
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the only country in eastern Europe outside direct Soviet control was Yugoslavia.
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the Soviet Union desired to kill the Czech's desire for independence.
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the Cominform had been formed and Russia had concluded mutual assistance treaties with Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Rumania.
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Russia responded to the pressures of the Cold War by putting forward her claim for the whole of Berlin within her zone.
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Treaty of Brussels
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the United States government intervened in the Italian election.
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Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from the Cominform
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France agreed to co-operate with the British and the Americans and so converted 'Bizonia' into 'Trizonia'.
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The United States, Britain, France -and the Benelux countries made a London Agreement
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When the new currency was introduced to West Berlin, the Soviet Union replied by cutting land communications between West Berlin and the western German zones. Thus began the blockade of Berlin
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The confrontation over Berlin (1948-49) and the formation of NATO meant that the Cold War would continue.
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twelve nations - the United States, Canada, Iceland, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Italy, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (N.A.T.O.)
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Stalin realized that he could not force the withdrawal of western nations from West Berlin.
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Russia had developed her atomic bomb
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the People's Republic, under Mao Zedong, was proclaimed in China.
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As her economy advanced rapidly after 1950, her rearmament was of great help to the defence of western Europe
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the North Korea troops began to invade South Korea. They attempted to unify Korea and set up a communist regime for the whole nation.
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The most important organization of the NATO was the Permanent Council. It was established in 1952.
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both the United States and the Soviet Union possessed hydrogen bombs. Both sides realized that the use of these destructive weapons in war would destroy each other. Thus they were determined to improve their relations in order to avoid direct military cla
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After 1953, the Cold War was waning. There were two reasons which could explain the easing-of the tension.
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with the help of the United Nations, an armistice was arranged. It was agreed to restore the status quo ante: Korea remained divided along the 38th parallel.
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In the Soviet bloc, the members were able. to enjoy greater freedom of action as a result of a change in Russian policy after the death of Stalin in 1953.
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the bonds between the 'Super Powers' and their 'satellites' began to slacken. As their 'satellites' did not fully support their leader - the United States and the Soviet Union, it made political sense for the two Super-Powers to improve their relations.
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Because of Britain's promise not to withdraw her NATO forces from Europe (in order to counterbalance the German forces), France did not object to the admittance of West Germany into the NATO and West Germany's rearmament in the 9 Power Conference of 1954.
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By 1955 when the most critical phase of the Cold War was over both Russia and the United States had organized their satellites into opposing alliances. Political tension between the East and the West will continue.
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In Europe, West Germany was admitted to the NATO in 1955 and allowed to re-arm. (West Germany was essential to an overall defence system in Europe.
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he Soviet Union looked at these anti-communist moves with fear. She concluded the Warsaw Pact with her satellites in May 1955.
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In 1955 Khrushchev met with President Eisenhower at the Geneva Conference. Although they could not agree on a specific programme for more peaceful East-West relations, the cordial atmosphere of their informal discussion had suggested a remarkable lessenin
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Khrushchev admitted in his speech to the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party (1956) that there were different "forms of transition of various countries to socialism."
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The events of October and November 1956 also showed that the relations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were improving.
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The Hungarians were greatly encouraged. They demanded not only economic but political autonomy as well. They made an uprising against Russian domination in 1956.
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On October 23, 1956 before the Polish embassy in Hungary, 50,000 people participated in an anti-Russian demonstration. The Russian-dominated government appealed to the Russians for help. On November 4, Russian troops entered Budapest to put an end to the
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Up to 1960, peaceful co-existence between the East and the West seemed to have been accepted by both the United States and the Soviet Union.