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13th Amendment Passed
-Amendment passed which officially abolished slavery in the United States and outlawed its practice
-Brought about an age of reconstruction for the South rising tensions after the Civil War -
14th Amendment Passed
-Amendment passed which outlaws the deprivation of any citizen's rights and privileges in the state, also defining their citizenship
-Reaffirmed African Americans as American citizens -
Plessy vs Ferguson Decision
-Supreme court ruled in a case against Homer Plessy that giving separate but equal resources and facilities was not unconstitutional
-Therefore supported the fostering of the Jim Crow Laws -
Mendez vs Westminster Case Decision
-Was a court case in which Mendez's 3 children could not enter their school in California due to segregation
-Effectively brought about a desegregation in the California school system, esp. in Orange County -
Brown vs. Board of Education Decision
-Supreme court ruled the separate schools were unconstitutional by nature, meaning schools must desegregate with "all deliberate speed"
-Was significant because it reversed the Plessy case ruling in effect, even with the "all deliberate speed" causing issues -
Beginning of Montgomery Bus Boycott
-Dr. Martin Luther King begins city wide boycott of buses in Montgomery, Alabama after the arrest of Rosa Parks
-Had serious negative impacts on the economy and eventually called for the desegregation of Montgomery. -
Little Rock Central High School
-Nine students were barred from entering Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas by the governor
-Federal intervention was required to bring troops to escort the students to their classes
-Eventually resulted in the desegregation of Little Rock -
Freedom Riders Oppose Segregation
-Several white and African-American citizens take buses together to the Southern part of the U.S. to protest bus segregation
-Many encounters end in beatings or riots -
James Meredith Enrolls in University of Mississippi
-5000 federal troops were sent to the school to escort Meredith to enroll in his classes (sent by Pres. Kennedy)
-Results in some riots and 2 deaths -
Bombing of Birmingham Church
-A bomb is planted in the Birmingham Church in Birmingham, Alabama
-Explosion kills 4 girls -
Civil Rights Act Passed
-Civil Rights Act passed by Lyndon B. Johnson, outlawing the discrimination of any us citizen by sex, race, or national origin in terms of employment of other state and local means -
24th Amendment Passed
-Amendment passed which outlawed poll taxes in elections for any and all federal officials of the state
-Immediately increased black voting percentage by 50 -
Selma to Montgomery Protest March
-Dr. Martin Luther King leads march to Montgomery to support black voting registration and protest
-They reach their destination, despite the resistance of local authorities and segregationists, and Pres. Kennedy addresses the nation -
Voting Rights Act Approved
-Outlawed the restrictions placed on African-American voters in Southern states
-Brought black voting percentage up to 50 percent in more in Southern states -
Watts Riots
-Series of Riots in Los Angeles after Marquette Frye was arrested for drunk driving
-Riots culminate into looting, burning of buildings, and several injuries and deaths -
Assassination of Martin Luther King
-Dr. King was assassinated by James Earl Ray in Memphis, Tennessee
-His death sparked fear among civil rights leaders, but brought others to the cause to see just how worse situations had become