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Mar 5, 1290
"21" Jews expelled
Jews were expelled from England. -
May 4, 1394
Prince Henry of Portugal is born
He created the school for Navigation, this helped start exploration. -
Jul 17, 1402
Yonglo becomes Ming Emperor
He started exploration of the South Pacific when he became powerful. -
Jul 11, 1405
Zheng He captains his first voyage
This was the first of many of his voyages. He had a total of 317 ships traveling under his power. -
Sep 17, 1436
Joan Gutenberg invents the Printing Press
This invention allowed more people to read and write because of the plentiful amount of books created. It aided in people owning books. -
Sep 27, 1453
The Hundred Years' War Ends
This was a war between France and England, in which England surrendered. It ended economic trouble and stopped the decreasing numbers of the population. -
Sep 27, 1453
Fall of Constantinople to the Turks
This marked the end of the Byzantime empire. -
May 15, 1480
B. Dias reaches Cape of Good Hope
This made all of Europe able to reach Asia without bypassing the Italians. -
May 10, 1492
Ferdinand & Isabella end war with Muslims
They ended up with extra money as a result of the war. They helped to fund Christopher Columubs' trip. -
Jun 7, 1492
Spain and Portugal agree to the Treaty of Tordesillas
This gave Portugal the rights to trade and also land east of "the line" (their boundary). Spain got everything to the west. -
Oct 12, 1492
C. Columbus spots land in North America
He was the first one to see America since the Vikings. -
May 20, 1498
Vasco da Gama lands in India
The first explorer who reached India by sea route. -
Jun 17, 1500
"21"Business
Spain expelled the Jews and Moors. Because of this they lost many valuable artisans and businesspeople. Also, Spain's nobles didn't have to pay taxes. SPAIN AND JEWS -
Sep 8, 1501
Donatello creates his David statue
It represents the Bible David. The eyes were turned towards Rome. -
Dec 31, 1503
Leonardo DaVinci starts the Mona Lisa
It was the symbol of western culture and he worked on painting it for four years. -
Period: Apr 1, 1504 to
Chapter 22
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Oct 5, 1504
Nicolaus Copernicus begins studying planetary movement
He was interested in an old Greek idea that the sun stood at the center of the universe. After studying planetary movements for more than 25 years, he reasoned that indeed, the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun. -
Jul 6, 1507
Amerigo Vespucci charts New World coast
He proved that Columbus didn't find Asia, but a "New World" that was named after Amerigo. -
Sep 17, 1508
Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
While painting he went blind. It was the picture of nine scenes from the book of genesis. -
Jul 19, 1509
Raphael paints School of Athens
Almost all Greek philosophers can be found in the painting. He painting has a vanishing point. -
Jan 18, 1513
Machiavelli writes The Prince
Was published in 1532. He has been dead for 5 years before it was published. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther post his 95 Thesis
In this event, Luther posted 95 problems he had with the church. The significance was the start of the Protestant Reformation Church. -
Nov 28, 1519
H. Cortez lands on Mexican coast
He attacks Tenochtitlan which is in the Aztec Empire that he found. Here he captured their leader. -
Mar 5, 1529
"21" Conquering Hungary
The Magnificent had conquered Hungary and threatened Vienna. The Ottoman empire could not take its European conquest any furhter. -
Nov 15, 1532
F. Pizzaro meets Atahualpa
This was a trap if the Incans did not do as he wanted done, they captured Atahualpa. -
Jul 14, 1533
Mary the first becomes queen
She's also called Bloody Mary. She's remembered for restoring the Roman Catholicism after her half brother's reign as Protestant. -
Aug 25, 1533
"21" Ivan the Terrible takes the throne
Ivan the terrible took the throne at only three years old. -
May 11, 1534
Jacques Cartier claims land in Canada
This event led to fur trade in Canada. It also started French colonization. -
Oct 12, 1537
Edward the sixth is born
Edward is the only son of Henry the eighth born. The significance was that the Anglican church became solidified under him. -
Apr 19, 1541
Ignatious of Loyola founds the Jesuit order
It starts the own order of priests. Its significance was that it refocuses the chucrch on education. -
Mar 5, 1547
"21" Good Period
Staring in 1547 and ending in 1560. This is called Ivan's good period. He won great voctories and added lands to Russia, gave Russia a code of laws and ruled justly. -
Sep 25, 1555
"21" Peace of Augsburg
Charles V agreed to the Peace of Augsburg at Augsburg. This allowed German princes to choose the religion for their territory. -
May 19, 1556
Anne Boleyn is exucuted
Henry the eighth executed his wife. The significance was that it allowed Henry to have a son with Jane Seymore. -
Nov 17, 1558
Elizabeth the first becomes Queen
The only Anglican daughter of Henry becomes queen. The significance is that it begins the Elizabethin age. -
Jul 10, 1559
"21" King Henry dies
King Henry the second of France died, leaving four young sons. Three of them ruled, one after the other, but all proved incompetent. KING HENRY OF FRANCE -
Mar 5, 1560
"21" Bad Period
Starting in 1560 started Ivan's bad period. Accusing the boyars of poisoning his wife, Ivan turned against them. He organized his own police force, whose chief duty was to hunt down and murder people. Ivan considered them traitors. -
Feb 28, 1566
"21" Philip makes people unhappy
Angry Protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches because Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands and also he took steps to crush Protestantism. -
Jan 22, 1568
"21" Execution
The Duke executed 1,500 protestants and suspected rebels. -
Nov 16, 1571
"21" The pope..
The pope called on all Catholic princes to take up arms against the mounting power of the Ottoman Empire. OTTOMAN EMPIRE -
Sep 12, 1572
"21" Slottering Huguenots
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris sparked a six-week nationwide slaughter of Huguenots. SLAUGHTER OF HUGUENOTS -
Mar 5, 1574
"21" Opening the floodgates
The Spaniards had the city of Leiden under seige, the Dutch took a desperate step. The Dutch opened the floodgates, flooding the land with water. The floods caused the Spanish troops to leave their camp outside of Leiden. DUTCH OPENED FLOODGATES -
Apr 15, 1576
"21" Absoluue Rule
Jean Bodin (influencial French writer) defined absolute rule.
"The first characteristicification of the sovereign prince is the power to make general and special laws, but-and this qualification is important-without the consent of superiors, equals, or inferiors. If the prince requires the consent of superiors, then he is a subject himself; if that of equals, he shares his authority with others; if that of his subjects, senate or people, he is not sovereign." JEAN BODIN -
Oct 9, 1579
"21" United Provinces of the Netherlands
The seven northern provinces of the Netherlands united and declared the independence from Spain. They became the United Provinces of the Netherlands UNITED PROVONCES OF NETHERLANDS -
Jan 31, 1580
"21" King Henry dies
The king of Portugal (Henry) died without an heir. As a result, the Portuguese kingdom was seized. -
Mar 5, 1581
"21" Ivan murders
Ivan commited an act that was both a personal tragedy and a national disaster. During a violent quarrel, ke killed his oldest son and heir. -
"21" Spanish Armada
Philip launched the Spanish Armada in an attempt to punish Protestant England. However, his fleet was defeated. SPANISH ARMADA -
"21" Prince Henry 1V takes the throne
Catherine and her lost son both died. Prince Henry inherited the throne. He became Henry the sixth- the first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France. PRINCE HENRY -
English East India Company is founded
It was a major trading company in Asia. -
Johannes Kepler mathematically proves Copernicus and Brahe
Kepler concluded after studying Brahe's work that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion. One of these laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles, as was previously thought. Kepler's law showed that Copernicus's basic ideas were true. They demonstrated mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun. -
Dutch East India Company is founded
Own by Dutch and used for trade. It dominated spice trade that occured in that area. -
"21" Queen Elizabeth dies
Queen Elizabeth dies. She left a huge for her successor to deal withl -
"21" James Stuart- King of England
James Stuart became King James the first of England. -
"21" Joining Together
The Lutherans joined together in the Protestant Union. -
"21" Catholic Leauge
The Catholic princes formed the Catholic league. -
"21" Henry dies
Henry got stabbed by a fanatic who leaped into the royal carriage he was riding in. He got stabbed to death. -
Henry Hudson is last seen
He was in the process of searching for the Northwest Passage, instead he discovered a bay known as "The Hudson Bay" named after him. -
"21" Michael Romanov gets chosen as czar.
Representatives from many Russian cities met to choose the next czar. Their choice was Michael Romanov. -
William Shakespeare dies
He was a poet in England. He wrote 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems and a few verses. His plays are popular all over the world. -
"21" Ferdinand the second
Ferdinarnd the second was head of the Hapsburg family. He ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia. -
"21" Louis appoints minister
Louis X111 resigned after his father's death, but he appointed a strong minister who made up for all of Louis' weaknesses. -
"21" James the first dies
James the first died. Charles the first his son took his spot. -
"21" Charles calls Parliament
Charles was forced to call Parliament again. This time it refused to grant him any money until he signed a document that is known as the Petition of right. -
"21" Charles dissovles Parliament
Charles dissolved Parliament and refused to all it back into session. -
"21" Driving the Hapsburgs away
The protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his disciplined army of 13,000 shifted the tide of war. They drove the Hapsburg armyies out of northern Germany. -
"21" Gustavus Adolphus dies
Gustavus Adolphus was killed in battle. -
"21" Richelieu sends troops
Richelieu sent French troops to join the German and Swedish Protestants in their struggle against the Hapsburg armies. -
"21" Scots rebel
Charles tried to force the Presbytarian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book. He wanted both his kingdoms to follow one religion. The Scots rebelled. -
Rene Descartes lays out his scientific method in Discourse on Method
Descartes believed everything should be doubted until proved by reason. The Discourse on Method book sets forth Descartes' scientific method of reasoning from the basics of doubt. -
"21" Elector of Brandenburg
Frederick William inherited the title of elector of Brandenburg. He decided that having a strong army was the only way to ensure safety. -
"21" Parliament passes laws
Parliament passed laws to limit royal power. -
"21" Arresting Parliament
Charles tried to arrest Parliament's leaders, but they escaped. -
"21" General Cromwell
The Puritans found a general who could win. His name is General Cromwell -
"21" defeating the Cavaliers
Cromwell's New Model Army defeated the Cavaliers. -
"21" The Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia ended the war and had important consequences. It weakend the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria. It strengthened France by awarding it German territory. It made German princes inderpendant of the Holy Roman emperor. It ended religious wars in Europe. It introduced a new method of peace negotiation. -
"21" Thirty Years war ends
Mazarin's greatest triumph came with the ending of the Thirty Year's war. The peace treaty made France the most powerful country in Europe. -
"21" Cromwell makes decisions
Cromwell abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. He established a commonwealth- a republican form of government. -
"21" English Civil War
This was the last year of the English Civil war. it started in 1642. -
"21" Charles for treason
Cromwell and the Puritans brought Charles to trial for treason. They found him guilty and sentenced him to death. The execution of Charles was revolutionary. -
"21" Cromwell brings his army
Cromwell landed on Irish shores with an army and crushed the uprising. The lands and homes of the Irish were taken from them and given to English soldiers. Fighting plague, and maine killed an estimated 616,000 irishh. -
"21" Making a constitution
Cromwell sent the remaining members of Parliament home. John Lambert drafted a constitution, the first written constitution of any modern European state. -
"21" Cromwell dies
Oliver Cromwell dies. -
"21" Parliament votes on the next ruler
Parliament voted to ask the older son of Charles the first to rule England. -
"21" France's population
France had about 20 million people. This was four times as many as England and ten times as many as the Dutch republic. -
"21" Charles the second takes the throne
Prince Charles entered London. Crowds shouted joyfully and bells rang. The reign of Charles the second has just begun. -
"21" Cardinal Mazarin dies
Cardinal Mazarin died. Louis took control of the government himself. -
New Netherlands becomes New York
The Dutch of York attacked and then took control. He named the area after himself. -
"21" invading the Spanish Netherlands
Louis invaded the Spanish Netherlands. Through this campaign, he gained 12 towns. -
"21' Treaty of Nijmegen
The war ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen. France gained several towns and a region called Franche-Comte. -
"21" Habeas Corpus
The Habeas Corpus law gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge. -
La Salle claim Mississippi River for Spain
He claimed a lot of land from this water, because when a body of water touches land you own that area too. -
"21" Charles the second died
Charles the second died. -
Isacc Newton published his laws of gravity in Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Newton believed that God was the creator of this orderly universe, the clockmaker who had set everything in motion. Newton's discoveries all worked together perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically. -
"21" James the second becomes a father
James the second wife gave birth to a son. Everyone became terrified at the though of a line of Catholic kings. -
"21" Bill of Rights
Parliament drafted a bill of rights. This documetn listed many things that a ruler could not do:
1. no suspending of Parliament's laws
2. No levying taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
3. No interferring with freedom of speech in Parliament
4. No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievences -
"21" William of Orange becomes King of Enlgand
The Dutch prince William of Orange becomes the king of England. He joined the League of Augsburg, which consisted of the Haosburg emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain, and the leaders of several smaller European states. -
John Locke justifies rebellion in Two Treaties on Government
According to Locke, all people are born free and equal, with three natural rights- life, liberty and property. Governement's purpose is to pretect the natural rights. If the government doesn't hold up its end of the bargain the citizens then have the right to overthrow it. -
"21" Peter the Great
Peter became sole ruler of Russia. He is known to history as Peter the Great, because he was one of Russia's greatest reformers. -
"21" The Great Embassy
He embarked on the Great Embassy. This was a long visit to western Europe. Peter's goal was to learn abpout European customs and industrial techniques. -
"21" Taking Hungary
The Hapsburgs had retaken Hungary from the Ottomans. -
"21" Charles the second dies
The childless king of Spain, Charles the second died after promising his throne to Louis X1V's 17 year old grandson, Philip of Anjou. -
"21" War of the Spanish Succession
England, Austria, the Dutch republic, Portugal and several German and Italian states joined together against France and Spain. The long struggle that followed is known as the War of the Spanish Succession -
"21" Peter builds a new city
Peter began building a new city on Swedish lands occupied by Russian troops. -
"21" Coming together
England and Scotland were united under the same king- James Staurt. -
"21" Charles V1 beocmes ruler
Charles V1 became the Hapsburg ruler. His empire was a difficult to rule. -
"21" Treaty of Utrecht
The treaty of utrecht was signed. The war also ended. -
"21" Louis dies
Louis dies in bed. The result of his death was rejoicement throughout France. -
"21" Peter dies
Peter dies. Also, Russia was a power to be reckoned with in Europe. -
"21" Running Away
Frederick and a friend tried running away but they were caught. To punish Frederick, the king ordered him to witness his freind's beheading. -
"21" Theresea succeeded her father & The War of Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa succeeded her father, just five months after Frederick the second became king of Prussia. Frederick also sent his army to occupy Silesia, beginning the war of Austrian Succession. -
"21" Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Maria Theresea lost Silesia at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. -
Baron von Montesquieu purposed separation of power in On the Spirit of Laws
He proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the governement. He came up of a system known as checks and balances. -
Denis Diderot publishes the first volumes of his Encyclopedia
He imagines a large set of books to which all the leading scholars of Europe would contribute articles and essays. He thought it would bring together all the most curretn and enlightened thinking about science, technology, art, government and more. -
"21" Attacking Saxony
Frederick attacked Saxony, an Austrian ally. -
Seven Years' War begins
This was is often referred to as the French and Indian War. Spoiler alert.. English wins. -
George the third beocmes the King of Great Britain
Most Americans had no thoughts of either revolution or independance. They still thought of themselves as loyal subjects of the British King. Yet, many Americans were willing to risk their lives to break free of Britain. -
"21" Seven Years' War
Fought in Europe, India and North America the Seven Years' War lasted until 1763. -
Cesare Baccaria writes against torture in On Crimes and Punishment
He ruled against common abuses of justice: torturing of witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials, and punishments that were arbitrary or cruel. He thought one in crime should get a speedy trial and never use torture. He thought that the degree of the punishment should be based on the degree of the crime done. -
Catherine the Great puts down the serf rebellion
Catherine gave the nobles absolute power over the serfs. As a result, Russian serfs lost ther last traces of freedom. -
Boston Tea Party
They protested an import tax on tea. Adams organzied a raid against three British ships in Boston Harbor. The raiders dumped 342 chests of tea into the water. It was then ordered that the British navy was to close the port of Boston. -
Declaration of Independance in signed
The documeent was based on the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightment. The Declaration reflected these ideas in its eloquent argument for natural rights. We hold these Truths to be self-evident that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness; that to secure these rights, Governements are instituted among men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed. -
Joseph the second abolishes serfdom in Austria
He supported freedom of worship. He also ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash. The nobles resisted these changes. This was uindone after his death. -
Delegates at the Constitutional Convention sign the Constitution
Federalists promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution. This promise cleared the way for approval. Congress formally added to the Constitution the ten ammendments known as the Bill of Rights. -
First Slave revolts in Hispaniola
This was the most successful slave revolt in history, that later on Hispaniola became their own nation -
Beethoven Dies
He wrote beautiful piano music, string quartets, and stirring symphonies. Beethoven's earlier works were in the same classical style as Mozart's. However, his latest compositions began new trends, ,which carried music into the Age of Romanticism. -
"21" Lousi X1V becomes King
Louis became king.
