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Pledge of Allegiance
-It was written by Francis Bellamy
-It was changed since 1892-1954 before they agreed on it
-It was change so immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth country & the U.S.
-In 1923 they added "the Flag of the United States",a year later "of America" was added
-In June 14,1954 added"under God" by a Joint Resolution of Congress
-From 1954 till this day, we the people of the U.S. pledge of allegiance of the last changed since 1954 -
Father of the Naval Aviation
-Glenn Curtis was the 1st to drive a plane with an engine in 1902
-In 1908 he designed a sea plane that could land on water
-Landed his "hydro airplane" in a Naval Aviation
-Convinced the secretary of the Navy to buy the 1st Aircraft
-In 1912 he developed a larger flying boat
-Constructed the 1st airplane to cross the Atlantic Ocean for the U.S. Navy -
Social Darwinism
-Haves were rich people or people that had power
-If you were poor or not educated then it means that they don't deserve to have money or power & they were a have not
-Concept behind Social Darwinism was racism,money & power
-What social classes owe to each other was a pamphlet by William Graham Sumners about solving social problems created in 1883-1903 -
Henry Ford Innovations
-Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile
-Reduced the build time of an entire automobile from 12 hours to 2 hours and 30 min.
-Henry doubled typical wages and soon his workers were able to afford cars they were building
-Ford was able to produce many automobiles in a short period of time and prices went up as well as minimum wage -
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Red Scare
-Xenophobia is the fear of foreigners
-Many American were scared of the communist b/c the communist had overthrown Russia in 1917 & murdered them
-A series of bomb explosions in 1919,including an attempt on Mitchell Palmer,lead to a campaign against the communists
-Palmer raids caused mass arrests.Palmer violated people's civil rights Palmer lead groups of people searching for communists
-No communist were discovered,lives were ruined due to the raids -
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Harlem Renaissance
-The Harlem Renaissance was the rise of power of Africans-Americans gaining civil rights
-The Harlem Renaissance was also known as the "New negro movement"
-Contributing factors leading to the Harlem Renaissance were the Great Migration of Africans-Americans to Northern cities had created new industrial work opportunity for tens of thousands of people over 2 mil African-Americans moved to the north to escape share cropping,tenant farming& deep racism they failed -
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Transitional Immigration
-After the war they need for unskilled labor went down,the U.S. set up a quote system in order to limit immigration
-The immigrants who were already here were being discrimination of were forced to be Americanized
-It affected their plans to go back to their country b/c of fear of not being able to return
-New business activity centered in cities which caused many people to move
-New banks throughout the country helped finance economic growth by making loans to business -
19th Amendment
-Women around the country had been fighting for the right to vote for over 300 yrs
-Women started voting in governmental elections & becoming involved in the political system -
U.N.I.A.
-United Negro Improvement Association
-Marcus Mosiah Garvey
-The members pledge themselves to do all in their power to conserve the rights of their noble race & to respect the rights of all mankind believing always in the Fatherhood of God
-North & the frustration of struggling to cope with urban life set the scene for Garvey's back to African movement -
Emergency Quota Act,ending with the start of WW2
-The act prevented "proved in the long run the most turning-point in America immigration policy b/c it added 2 new features to the American Immigration law:numerical limits on immigration & the use of a quota system for establishing those limits
-The law aimed at further restricting the Southern & Eastern Europeans,among Jews
-Nativism-the policy of protecting the interest of native born or establish inhabitants against those immigrants -
Emergency Quota Act
-It limited the number of immigrants entering the U.S. in any one year to 3% of each nationality group in 1910
-From 1919-1921 then number of immigrants had grown almost 600% congress in response to natives pressure decided to limit immigration from certain countries including Japan
-Positive thing about it was the were more jobs for the Americans -
Langston Hughes
-Poet & writer
-Best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance
-Poetry:activist,novelist,play-writing
-"The Crisis" is the official publication of the NAACP
-Negro speaks of rivers:claims rivers as " ancient as the world" older than the blood that flows in our veins -
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National Origins Formula
-Restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population
-It aimed to reduce the overall number unskilled immigrants,& to prevent immigration from changing the ethic distribution of the population
-It discriminated against Southern & Eastern Europeans
-The gov. only allowed 2% of the population into the nation
-The Asian exclusion act was modified which banned Asians completely out
-The act caused immigration to drop by almost 500k people between 1920-1922 -
Teapot Dome Scandal
-Albert B.Fall,a close friend of various oil executives,managed to get reserves transferred from the Navy to the Interior Department
-Fall,secretly leased the land to two private oil companies including Henry Sinclair's Mammoth Oil Company
-Fall received more than $400,000 in "loans,bonds & cash"
-He was found guilty of bribery & became the 1st American to be convicted of a felony
-Fall & Harding were close friends,during this event it hurt president Harding to not be re-elected -
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Nativism
-A dislike of foreign's
-The Red Scare which had anarchist bombings The Sacco & Vanzetti Case
-Migration of African American from South to Northern cities increase racial tensions with KKK
-During Red Scare anarchist targeted judges,politicians,law enforcement officials,2 foreigners sentenced to death for robbery & KKK targeted African American during lynching & new foreigners using the Emergency Quota Act to scare others -
Scopes "Monkey Trail"
-High School teacher accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee State Law
-The Butler Act didn't allow the teaching of any theory that denied the biblical story of creationism
-Hundred of reporter from all over the country,1st trial broadcast on the radio
-He was found guilty,had to pay fine of $100,but the verdict was thrown out on a technicality
-All mention of evolution was renamed from text backs in Tennessee,till the Butler Act was removed in 1967 -
First Solo Transatlantic Flight
-The pilot name Charles Lindbergh his plane was called the spirit of St. Louis
-He flew the Roosevelt Field in long Island,NY,U.S. to Paris,France
-100,000 people came to see him after he landed in Paris,France & when he came back to the U.S. there were 4,000,000 people who came to see him
-After Charles Lindbergh flight the public's opinion changed on planes & flying itself.Instead of being terrified anymore they want to learn to fly themselves -
Fats Waller
-Originated from African American Communities of new Orleans in the U.S,. during the late 19th & 20th century
-"Ain't misbehaving" song was written while "lodging" in alimony prison & that is why he was not "misbehaving"
-Began a new radio program called"Rhythm Club"
-Two Hollywood films "Hooray for love!" & "King of Burlesque" -
Eugenics
-Eugenics is a set of belief & practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population
-The gov. under Theodore Roosevelt created a national Heredity Commission that was charged to investigate the genetic heritage of the country & to "encourage" the increase of families of good blood & "discourage" the vicious elements in the cross-bred American civilization
-Hitler believed that the Aryan people which came from eugenics were destined to rule the world -
Duke Ellington
-Duke Ellington was influenced to the Harlem Renaissance he was in fact a musician jazz also swing music
-Ellington was known for being a American composer,pianist,& bandleader of jazz orchestra
-He influence both black & white people with his music b/c music doesn't have a racist (Cotton Club)was where Duke played it was a club for African American music but only white people were allowed