US History 1865 - Modern Era .... .........Post Reconstruction 2112

1823

Normal schools • In 1823,

• Reverend Samuel Read Hall founded the first normal school, the Columbian School in Concord, Vermont,[13][14] to improve the quality of the burgeoning common school system by producing more qualified teachers.
1828

MARK TWAIN (1835-1910)

◊ MARK TWAIN (1835-1910) } The Guilded Age – With Charles Dudley Warner – Gave name to an Era } Social injustice Frontier realism in authenic American dialect
1840

Associated Press (AP) 1840's

Associated Press (AP) 1840's)
◊ Strengthened news gathering
1850

1850's invention of the Bessemer Process

□ 1850's invention of the Bessemer Process ("Kelley's fool steel") ® Made possible the present steel civilization
1851

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1851 +

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. • credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States.[1][2] Stanton was president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900. • In 1851, she met Susan B. Anthony
1853

Homestead Act of 1862

• Homestead Act
• The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at no cost. In all, more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River.
• The homestead acts were much abused.[22]
1859

OIL "Drake's Folly" 1859

○ OIL § First well in PENN in 1859 ("Drake's Folly") □ Kerosene was 1st major product. ® Replaced whale oil for lamps. Hurt the New England whaling industry. ® Kerosene was replaced by the electric light bulb between 1885 and 1900. □ Oil industry saved by invention of Cars. § Rockefeller
1862

Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890

• Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 • The mission of these institutions as set forth in the 1862 Act is to focus on the teaching of practical agriculture, science, military science and engineering (though "without excluding ... classical studies"), as a response to the industrial revolution and changing social class • The bill passed in 1859, but was vetoed by President James Buchanan.[3] Morrill resubmitted his bill in 1861, and it was ultimately enacted into law in 1862.
Period: 1863 to 1869

Transcontinental railroad building

• Transcontinental railroad building
First Transcontinental Railroad
1863 and 1869
1864

The massacre at Sand Creek in November 1864.....Colonel J.M. Chivington

• Colonel J.M. Chivington
• Chivington gained infamy[1] for leading a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia during the massacre at Sand Creek in November 1864. An estimated 70–163 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho – about two-thirds of whom were women, children, and infants – were killed and mutilated by his troops. Chivington and his men took scalps and other body parts as battle trophies, including human fetuses and male and female genitalia.[
1864

• Colonel J.M. Chivington and the massacre at Sand Creek in November 1864.

• Colonel J.M. Chivington
• Chivington gained infamy[1] for leading a 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia during the massacre at Sand Creek in November 1864. An estimated 70–163 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho – about two-thirds of whom were women, children, and infants – were killed and mutilated by his troops. Chivington and his men took scalps and other body parts as battle trophies, including human fetuses and male and female genitalia.[
1865

General Mining Act of 1872

Passed to encourage mining of federal lands.[25] As with the California Gold Rush in the mid-19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with ranching, was a driving factor in the Westward Expansion to the Pacific coast. With the exploration of the West, mining camps were established" Aided by railroads, many traveled West for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as Denver and Sacramento originated as mining towns.
1865

1865: Nature ® Irish-born Edwin L. Godkin 10,000

□ 1865: Nature ® Irish-born Edwin L. Godkin ® "Weekly day of judgement" ® Read by intellectuals ® Crusaded for civil service reform/govnt. Honesty/modest tariff ® Wanted to reach only the "right" 10,000 readers
1865

13th Amendment

Ended Slavery
1865

THE GILDED AGE

○ GILDED AGE: Only good was at local level or in Congress. § Congress Overshadowed Pres Most Of The Era.
1865

Telephone • In 1876

• Telephone
• In 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice.
• Telephone 1876 and it's social impact (BELL)
Period: 1865 to 1890

1865 - 1893 LECT 1 & 2 & 3
1. Endings & Beginnings Follow the Yello Brick Road 3. Boom, Bust & Bloody Shirt
Period: 1865 to 1869

Andrew Johnson, 17th POTUS, Union Party , 1865-1869
- Impeachment/1867 Tenure of Office Act • 1866 led to full GOP congress/1868 pardoned all the rebel leaders
1866

Transatlantic Telegraph in 1866

Transatlantic Telegraph in 1866
1866

1866: ASPCA

§ Other social crusades: □ 1866: ASPCA □ 1881: American Red Cross ® Clara Barton
Dec 21, 1866

December 21, 1866.....The Fetterman Fight, also known as the Fetterman Massacre or Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands,

• Captain William J. Fetterman
• The Fetterman Fight, also known as the Fetterman Massacre or Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands,[1] was a battle during Red Cloud's War on December 21, 1866, between the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians and soldiers of the United States Army. All 81 men under the command of Captain William J. Fetterman were killed by the Indians. At the time, it was the worst military disaster ever suffered by the U.S. Army on the Great Plains.
1867

• Horatio Seymour: Ran against GRANT in 1868

• Ran against GRANT in 1868…..Grant's "bloody shirt" campaign • Repudiated the "Ohio Idea" of gold redemption with paper • Would have been "one of the most farsighted and creative of American presidents." He also believed that Seymour's gentle character made him the "most logical figure in the country to bind the wounds of the war and wipe out the bitterness...."
1867

ELECTION OF 1880 (GARFIELD/ARTHUR ticket)

• Campaign of 1880…..GOP dumped Hayes….went with James A. Garfield of Ohio….. Chester Arthur as VP. • Garfield waved "THE BLOODY SHIRT" and won 214 to 155. But he was caught between fight between Blaine and Conkling. • Guiteau shot him. THEN he was shot. & ARTHUR took over. • One positive: shocked GOP into reforming the patronage and spoils system.
1867

Purchase of Alaska: 1867 pgs. 462-463, Seward SecState

• Johnson's few successes was in foreign policy • Seward's Folly/purchased from Russians 1867 • Statehood in 1959
1867

The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867

• Grange National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry • The Grange, officially referred to as The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a fraternal organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope
1867

• Grange: The Grange, The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry,

• Grange:
• The Grange, The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry, is a fraternal organization in the United States that encourages families to band together to promote the economic and political well-being of the community and agriculture. The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867, is the oldest American agricultural advocacy group with a national scope. Major accomplishments passage of the Granger Laws and the establishment of rural free mail deliver
Mar 2, 1867

• Reconstruction Act: 449-45303

• MARCH 2, 1867: Purpose to create an electorate in Southern States that would vote the states back into the Union on acceptable terms • SOUTH DIVIDED INTO 5 MILITARY DISTRICTS • States must ratify the 14th amendment • States constitution must give full suffrage to former adult male slaves
1868

Election of 1868 GRANT

BLOODY SHIRT
WON 214 TO 80 (VA, MS, TX NOT COUNTED)
Platform of brutal reconstruction
1868

FISK & GOULD gold market cornering scheme

The Era of Good Stealings
• Post CW business and politics had rampant corruption
○ Railroads (bad bonds), Politicians & judges paid off, bad stock market manipulators.
○ FISK AND GOULD Gold cornering scheme
§ "Black Friday" Sept. 24 1869 when treasury released gold and the price plummeted.
○ BOSS TWEED (NY)
§ CAUGHT WHEN THOMAS NAST published cartoons everyone could read.
§ Died in prison
§ SAMUEL J. TILDEN prosecuted him
1868

14th Amendment, Civil Rights to former slaves

• 1868/Gave civil rights to blacks (EX-SLAVES)/ guaranteed the federal debt
/repudiated the confederate debt/
former fed officers who became confeds. were excluded from office
1868

Suez Canal in 1869
1868

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868)

• Treaty of Fort Laramie
• The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United Statesand the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation[1] signed on April 29, 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.
Apr 29, 1868

• Treaty of Fort Laramie.....April 29, 1868

• The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an agreement between the United States and the Oglala, Miniconjou, and Brulé bands of Lakota people, Yanktonai Dakota and Arapaho Nation[1] in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War
1869

• Horace Greeley: 468-469/532

• Liberal Republican editor of the NY Tribune ○ End reconstruction and clean house in Washington ○ "Clasping hands across the bloody divide" • 1869: Ran against Grant in his second campaign • Unqualified • Supported by Democrats he had long criticized • Frightened Republicans ○ Passed General Amnesty Act to give confederates their rights back (all but 500) ○ Reduced high CW Tariffs. ○ Mild civil service reform
Jan 1, 1869

1869: □ The National Prohibition Party

○ Temperance Reformers § Bars are the "The poor man's club" because the bartender kept both him and his family poor. § Increased liquor consumption during CW § Immigrants accustomed to drinking in Old country hostile to reform § "Middle-class assault on working-class lifestyles" § 1869: □ The National Prohibition Party § 1874: □ Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) □ White ribbon for purity □ Frances F. Willard (also championed Planned Parenthood)
1869

• Ulysses S. Grant: •18th POTUS (1869-1877)
1869

◊ 1869: Wyoming "The Equality State" .....1st universal vote for women

◊ 1869: } Wyoming "The Equality State" – 1st universal vote for women
Period: 1869 to 1877

Grant Administration
Sep 24, 1869

Jay Gould…467/495/509

• With Fisk, he tried to corner the Gold Market (scheme) • Sept. 24, 1869…"Black Friday" Treasury released Gold and price plummeted • "Boomed and busted" the RR stocks for 30 years • 1886…Strike buster "I can hire half of the working class to kill the other half."
1870

Blaine v Conkling era

Civil Service Reform issues in 1870's
1870

• Fifteenth Amendment • 1870/Blacks right to vote
1870

Public Elementary Schools

By 1870, every state had free elementary schools,[15] albeit only in urban centers
1870

Victoria Woodhull

• Woodhull and her sister Tennessee Claflin Woodhull & Claflin's Weekly, • (September 23, 1838 – June 9, 1927) was an American leader of the woman's suffrage movement • .An activist for women's rights and labor reforms, Woodhull was also an advocate of being able to freely love who you choose, with the nobility of free love, by which she meant the freedom to marry, divorce, and bear children without government interference
1870

• Anthony Comstock

dedicated to ideas of Victorian morality. The terms "comstockery" and "Comstockism" campaign to censor materials he considered indecent and obscene, such as birth control information.
• a special agent of the United States Postal Service, With this power he zealously prosecuted those he suspected of either public distribution of pornography or commercial fraud.
• Comstock is also known for his opposition to Victoria Woodhull and Tennessee Celeste Claflin,
1870

Vanderbilt in 1870 started using the safer steel for rails
1870

ROCKEFELLER 1870 started the STANDARD OIL COMPANY and organized it into a TRUST.

§ Rockefeller □ 1870 started the STANDARD OIL COMPANY and organized it into a TRUST. ® By 1877 he controled 95% of US oil refineries. □ His oil made superior product at an affordable price ® Economies of scale in US and abroad in production and distribution CONSOLIDATION was the key.
1870

Illitercy rate 1870: 20% □ 1900: 10.7%

§ Success of PS shown by Illitercy rate □ 1870: 20% □ 1900: 10.7%
1870

• Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known informally as "Commodore Vanderbilt"

• Cornelius Vanderbilt
• Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known informally as "Commodore Vanderbilt", was an American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
• Vanderbilt in 1870 started using the safer steel for rails.
1871

• Boss Tweed: pg 467, 521

Jailed by TILDEN in1871
1871

William Dean Howells (1837-1920) 1871: ◊ Editor of Atlantic Monthly

§ Realism □ Contemporary life as it really was □ William Dean Howells (1837-1920) ® "Father of American Realism" ® 36 novels and 200 books ◊ Most famous in 1885: ◊ THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM ® 1871: ◊ Editor of Atlantic Monthly ® Championed careers of many young writers
1871

Election of 1872 The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

• Agenda to get rid of corruption from GOP insiders and end reconstruction • Nominating HORACE GREELEY (but could they "swallow each other") ○ WHO HAD DENOUNCED DEMS IN THE PAST VIGOROUSLY ○ WAS MEAN AND ERRATIC ○ Campaigned on "clasping hands across the "BLOODY DIVIDE" • Frightened regular GOP to reform ○ Passed General Amnesty Act to give confederates their rights back (all but 500) ○ Reduced high CW Tariffs. ○ Mild civil service reform
1871

Tammany boss William M. Tweed DEFEATED IN in 1871

• The muckrakers were influenced by both eras. One of the biggest urban scandals of the post-Civil War era was the corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss William M. Tweed in 1871 that was uncovered by newspapers. In his first muckraking article "Tweed Days in St. Louis",
1871

Victoria Woodhull ® Free Love (1871)

□ Victoria Woodhull ® Free Love (1871) ® With her sister (Tennessee Claflin) published ◊ Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly ® Scandalized respectable society
1872

General Mining Act of 1872

General Mining Act of 1872 was passed to encourage mining of federal lands.[25] As with the California Gold Rush in the mid-19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with ranching, was a driving factor in the Westward Expansion to the Pacific coast.
Aided by railroads, many traveled West for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as Denver and Sacramento originated as mining towns.
1872

Credit Mobilier Scandal. 1872

○ Union-Pacific RR insiders formed a Construction company (railroad), hired themselves at inflated prices, and earned 348 %. § Tried to bribe congressmen § VP accepted payments from them
1872

(Election of 1872) GRANT Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

• Agenda to get rid of corruption from GOP insiders and end reconstruction
• Nominating HORACE GREELEY (but could they "swallow each other")
○ WHO HAD DENOUNCED DEMS IN THE PAST VIGOROUSLY
○ WAS MEAN AND ERRATIC
○ Campaigned on "clasping hands across the "BLOODY DIVIDE"
• Frightened regular GOP to reform
○ Passed General Amnesty Act to give confederates their rights back (all but 500)
○ Reduced high CW Tariffs.
Mild civil service reform
1872

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882

• CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882. SHUT DOOR ON CH IMMIGRATION UNTIL 1947. • SOME TRIED TO remove chineses citizenship to native born, but failed because of SUP. CT. decision ( US VS. WONG KIM ARK) in 1898. ○ Birthright citizenship (jus soli), won over Right of blood tie ( jus sanguinis) Important protections to ALL immigrants.
1872

Credit Mobilier….491/467/495, 1872

• 1872 scandal • Union Pacific RR insiders formed th CM construction company, and then hired themselves to b uild the RR at inflated prices (348% dividends) • Bribed congressmen and VP
1872

• Westinghouse air brake......1872

• In 1872, George Westinghouse invented the automatic air brake by inventing the triple valve and by equipping each car with its own air cylinder. Air pressure is maintained in the auxiliary reservoirs and in the train pipe at all times when the brakes are not applied. An equilibrium of air pressure is maintained in the train pipe and in the auxiliary air cylinders.
1872

• Pullman Palace Cars:

• Pullman Palace Cars:
• The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law. It pitted the American Railway Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of the United States under President Grover Cleveland.
1872

The Pullman Strike

The strike and boycott shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan, on May 11 when nearly
• Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers. Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers.[1] W To win the strike, Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads
1873

GRANT went with the Hard Money GOP CONTRACTION policy

Hard Money GOP CONTRACTION policy
◊ Started accumulating GOLD stocks for 1879 (with reduction of Greenbacks)
◊ Deflationary
◊ Made depression worse
◊ BUT restored FEDS credit rating and brought Greenbacks up to their full face value.

* 1879 few redeemed their convenient paper money.
1873

kindergart

The first publicly-financed kindergarten in the US was established in St. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow
1873

Anthony Comstock ® Fought Woodhull ® 1873: ◊ Used the "Comstock federal Law" to fight "porn" and abortion.

□ Anthony Comstock ® Fought Woodhull ® 1873: ◊ Used the "Comstock federal Law" to fight "porn" and abortion. □ Battle over sexual attitudes and the place of women ◊ Switchboard's and typewriters became a tool of women's independence ◊ The "New Morality" reflected in: } Soaring divorce rate } Birth Control } Frank discussions of sexual topics } Chimes had struck "sex o'clock in America"
1873

Panic of 1873

Greenback part of issue? ○ Farmers and Debtors ("cheap money" groups) wanted inflationary policies (more greenbacks)
§ More money = cheaper money= rising prices = easier to pay debts)
○ Creditors (same reasoning but opposite policy wanted deflation. Did not want their loans repaid in depreciated dollars.
§ WON
□ 1874 persuaded GRANT to veto a bill to print more dollars.
□ 1875 RESUMPTION ACT
® Withdrawal of all paperbacks at face value by 1879
1873

Resumption Act of 1873

® Withdrawal of all paperbacks at face value by 1879 take paper money out of circulation by 1879
1873

"Crime of 1873"

§ Debtors pushed for more silver coins to fuel inflation □ "Crime of 1873" Because FEDS said silver was always worth 1/16 of Gold (but open market price of silver was more), the Miners stopped selling silver to FEDS/FEDS stopped coinage of silver. □ GRANT went with the Hard Money GOP ® CONTRACTION policy
1873

• Panic of 1873: 469

• Depression: Overbuilding, unbridled capitalist expansion, imprudent loans (easy credit • Farmer's debt led to fight over gold standard/paper money inflation/silver. • 1878 The Greenback Labor Party
1873

• National Labor Union .....1873

• The National Labor Union (NLU) was the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873,[1] it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL (American Federation of Labor). It was led by William H. Sylvis. • favored arbitration over strikesand called for the creation of a national labor party as an alternative to the two existing parties • the eight-hour day for government workers.
1874

Chautauqua, .....Adult Education....1874

The first Chautauqua, the New York Chautauqua Assembly, was organized in 1874 by Methodist minister John Heyl Vincent
1874

Joseph F. Glidden....Barbed Wire....1874

• Joseph F. Glidden
• (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American businessman. He was the inventor of the barbed wire. The first patent in the United States for barbed wire was issued in 1867 to Lucien B. Smith of Kent, Ohio, who is regarded as the inventor.[4][5] Joseph F. Glidden of DeKalb, Illinois, received a patent for the modern invention in 1874 after he made his own modifications to previous versions.
1874

Whiskey Ring 1874-1875

Excise Tax cheating
1874

GRANT vetoed a bill to print more dollars.

□ 1874 persuaded GRANT to veto a bill to print more dollars.
1874

1874 democratic congress

Because of Hard Money GOP there was a Political backlash which led to the 1874 democratic congress
1874

1874: Chautauqua Movement (NY) ADULT EDUCATION

§ Exclusion of many from Public Schools □ 1874: Helped by the Chautauqua Movement (NY) ® Successor to the Lyceums ® Nationwide tent talks ◊ Mark Twain ® Home study courses ◊ 1892: 100,000 enrollees § Crowded cities had better educational facilities
1874

1874: □ Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

§ 1874: □ Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) □ White ribbon for purity □ Frances F. Willard (also championed Planned Parenthood)
1874

Farmers’ Alliance: 1875

• Farmers’ Alliance:
• The Farmers' Alliance was an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in 1875
• The Alliance also
• government regulation of the transportation industry,
• establishment of an income tax
• the adoption of an inflationary relaxation of the nation's money supply a
• The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists."
•
1875

• 1875 RESUMPTION ACT • Withdrawal of all paperbacks at face value by 1879
1875

By 1875: Most mainstream scientists supported Darwin's ideas

□ By 1875: Most mainstream scientists supported Darwin's ideas
1875

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875:

• CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875: equal rights in acomodations was toothless & SUPreme CT declared Unconstitutional in 1888 Civil rights cases. They said that the 14th Amendment prohibited only Government denial of rights, not by individuals.
1875

LIBERAL PROTESTANTS: Between 1875 and 1925

□ ROOTS IN UNITARIONISM(AGAINST CALVINISM) □ Between 1875 and 1925 ® In amer. Protestant relig. Mainstream of □ Adapted religious ideas to modern culture □ Reconciling Christianity with new scientific and economic doctrines □ Rejected biblical literalism □ Bible stories not literal, just models for Christian behavior □ "Social gospel" movement allignment ® Helped protestant. Amer. Reconcile their relig. Faith with modern cosmopolitan thinking.
1876

• James B. Weaver in 1877 Weaver switched to the Greenback Party,

• in 1877 Weaver switched to the Greenback Party, which supported increasing the money supply and regulating big business. As a Greenbacker with Democratic support, Weaver won election to the House in 1878. • The Greenbackers nominated Weaver for president in 1880, but he received only 3.3 percent of the popular vote. In Congress, he worked for expansion of the money supply and for the opening of Indian Territory to white settlement.
1876

Election of 1876 THE HAYES-TILDEN STANDOFF• Grant rebuffed by Congress for third term 233 to 18.

• Conklingites and Blaineites neutralize each other • Rutherford B. Hayes chosen as GOP candidate • DEMS: TILDEN …got 184 electoral votes but needed 185. There was controversy over countr of FL, Louis., and SC (and Oregon) votes. CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS: STATES VOTES BE SENT TO CONGRESS TO COUNT. But doesn’t say WHO should count them. (Including diff amounts of disputed votes). So if GOP counted then GOP would win; if DEMS counted they would win. SO THE COMPROMISE OF 1877. (BELOW
1876

Extractive Industries in late 1870's
- Caused by RECONSTRUCTION -LAND IN S. AVAILABLE
- Timber
- Marble
1876

The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

HAYES TOOK PRESIDENCY, BUT RECONSTRUCTION WAS ENDED. And DEMS assured patronage And DEMS assured patronage, and a bill subsidizing the Texas and Pacific RR.
• Partisan violence avaoided but southern Blacks lost rights. But GOP already against $ for reconstruction.
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875: equal rights in ecomodations was toothless & SUP> CT declared UNCon in 1888 Civil rights cases. They said that the 14th Amendment prohibited only GOVernment denial of rights,
Jun 25, 1876

Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory....• George Armstrong Custer June 25, 1876

• George Armstrong Custer
. He was dispatched to the west in 1867 to fight in the American Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he and all of his detachment—which included two of his brothers—were killed. The battle is popularly known in American history as "Custer's Last Stand." Custer and
Jun 25, 1876

Battle of the Little Bighorn ... June 25, 1876

• George Armstrong Custer
• appointed a lieutenant colonel in the 7th Cavalry Regiment in July 1866. He was dispatched to the west in 1867 to fight in the American Indian Wars. On June 25, 1876, while leading the 7th Cavalry Regiment at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana Territory against a coalition of Native American tribes, he and all of his detachment—which included two of his brothers—were killed.
1877

• Compromise of 1877..... End of Reconstruction

Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
1877

Horatio Alger: 1886

○ Horatio Alger: 1886 § Puritan reared § Rags to riches writer § Juvenile fiction § Moral lessons
1877

Compromise of 1877
- Hayes chosen as president by Electoral Commission.
- Democrats received:
- End to Reconstruction (SC, LA, FL) 2. No troops 3. All civil rights restored to most former Confederates 3. States re-write constitutions. 4. Blacks lost lots of political and social power
1877

GOP CHAL. to State Reg of RR
1877

Mon v. Illinois Staes get right to reg RR
1877

HAYES-TILDEN DISPUTE, 1877
1877

Samuel J. Tilden:

• DEMS: TILDEN …got 184 electoral votes but needed 185. There was controversy over countr of FL, Louis., and SC (and Oregon) votes. CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS: STATES VOTES BE SENT TO CONGRESS TO COUNT. But doesn’t say WHO should count them. (Including diff amounts of disputed votes). So if GOP counted then GOP would win; if DEMS counted they would win. SO THE COMPROMISE OF 1877. (BELOW)
Period: 1877 to 1882

• Rutherford B. Hayes: 472/473-474/ • 19th POTUS1877-1881

• 19th President 1877-1881 • Hayes-Tilden Disputed election of 1877 • Compromise of 1877 ○ End of Reconstruction • 1875 RESUMPTION ACT Withdrawal of all paperbacks at face value by 1879
1878

Greenbackers nominated Weaver for president in 1880

• James B. Weaver
• in 1877 Weaver switched to the Greenback Party, which supported increasing the money supply and regulating big business. As a Greenbacker with Democratic support, Weaver won election to the House in 1878.
• The, but he received only 3.3 percent of the popular vote.
1878

Knights of Labor 1st National Labor
1878

Timber and Stone Act of 1878

Helped fuel EXTRACTIVE Industry. Land made avail for $2.50/acre if not agricultural.
1878

IDAHO SILVER RUSH

HELPED WITH CIRCULATION OF SILVER
1878

Treaty with Samoa
1879

1879 lightbulb

□ 1879 lightbulb ® Social impact. Longer work days. Less sleep.
1879

Christian Scientist 1879, Mary Baker Eddy

® Christian Scientist ◊ 1879, Mary Baker Eddy ◊ Christian practice alone heals sickness ◊ Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875)
1879

American Railway Union (ARU) Eugene Debs

• Founded in 1893 by Eugene V. Debs, the ARU was an organization of unskilled railroad workers. Debs brought in ARU organizers to Pullman and signed up many of the disgruntled factory workers.[1] When the Pullman Company refused recognition of the ARU or any negotiations, ARU called a strike against the factory, but it showed no sign of success. To win the strike, Debs decided to stop the movement of Pullman cars on railroads
1880

Treaty with China
1880

Immigration Laws

1880's
1880

Madrid Convention or 1880

With Morocco. Gave us access to Med.and Africa
1880

Election of 1880 GARFIELD / ARTHUR ticket

GOP Split: Stalwarts Conkling vs. Half Breeds Blaine.....GAARFIEL as compromise candidate
DEMS: Winfield Scott Hancock
1880

Greenback Labor Party/James Weaver 3rd party 1880 election

womens sufferage/ reg of interstate commerce/graduated income tax/ 8hr work day......all later were adopted
1880

• Winfield Scott Hancock: Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880.

• a career U.S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880. • When the Democrats nominated him for President in 1880,[5] he ran a strong campaign, but was narrowly defeated by Republican James A. Garfield. • At the close of the war, Hancock was assigned to supervise the execution of the Lincoln assassination conspirators
1880

• Knights of Labor 1880'S

• Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. • organizational structure could not cope as it was battered by charges of failure and violence and calumnies of the association with the Haymarket Square riot. DE BOIS
1880

○ Anti-foreignism or "Nativism" Returned in the 1880's

§ Originally in 1840' and 1850's because of Irish and German arrivals § Nativists view Eastern and Southern Europeans with distain □ Culturally and religiously □ Rude reception □ High birthrate ® Brought worries of out-population of Anglos □ Blamed for degradation of urban govnt. □ Unions feared they would work for starvation wages □ Intellectual baggage ® Socialism ® Communism ® Anarchism
1880

1880s & 1890's: Spread of High Schools

1880s & 1890's:
□ Spread of High Schools
® Spreading idea that HS education was the birthright of all citizens.
® 6000 HS's by 1900
® Also Free textbooks spreading
1880

1881: American Red Cross ® Clara Barton

□ 1881: American Red Cross ® Clara Barton
1880

○ General Lew Wallace § Anti-Darwinism § 1880: Ben-Hur: A tale of the Christ The Uncle Tom's Cabin of anti-darwinism

○ General Lew Wallace § Anti-Darwinism § 1880: Ben-Hur: A tale of the Christ The Uncle Tom's Cabin of anti-darwinism
1881

Booker T. Washington. The Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was founded in 1881

• Booker T. Washington
• Following the American Civil War, the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute was founded in 1881, in Tuskegee, Alabama, to train "Colored Teachers," led by Booker T. Washington, (1856–1915), who was himself a freed slave.
• Booker T. Washington which provided that Southern blacks would work and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic educational and economic opportunities.
1881

Treaty with Korea (to twart Japanese)

Recog Korea indep foothold in Asia
1881

1880's Depression in farm economy (Garfield)
1. American dream eludes farmers 2, Causes: High Tarrifs/Mechanization/
1881

FARMERS ALLIANCE
1881

• James A. Garfield • POTUS 1881 (ONLY)

• Assassinated soon and Arthur became President
1881

1881: Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.....BOOKER T.

§ 1881: Head of the Black Normal and Industrial school □ Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
Period: 1881 to 1885

• Chester A. Arthur POTUS 1881-1885

• ARTHUR surprised his STALWART cronies. • He prosecuted fraud cases and ignored Stalwarts. • GOP dumped him in 1883
Jul 2, 1881

Pres. Garfield Assassinated / Arthur President

Arthur was pro-civil service? Blaine stayed as sec of state
1882

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882

• after the PANIC OF 1873. RR vs RR workers/strike/fed troops/ working class backlash in support of RR workers/work stoppages. RR strike failed with govnt. troop suppression etc. Chinese out of jobs because of Gold bust, and completed railroads. Many back to China. • Some Chinese stayed but were in menial jobs, no children to help assimilation and huge discrimination. • "NOT A CHINAMAN'S CHANCE" • CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882. SHUT DOOR ON Chinese IMMIGRATION UNTIL 1947.
1883

Pendleton Act of 1883 (MAGNA-CARTA OF CIVIL SERVICE REFORM)

○ PENDLETON ACT OF 1883 (MAGNA-CARTA OF CIVIL SERVICE REFORM)
§ Competitive CS appointments
§ No compulsory campaign contributions from fed employees.
§ Established the CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. BUT FO4R ONLY 10% of jobs.
§ Problems: Politicians went to industry for graft.
§ Slowed patronage but increased marriages of convenience with big businesses.
• ARTHUR: surprised his STALWART cronies. He prosecuted fraud cases and ignored Stalwarts.
○ GOP dumped him in 1886.
1883

□ Engineering marvels ® 1883: Brooklyn bridge

□ Engineering marvels ® 1883: Brooklyn bridge
1883

1886: Statue of Liberty

◊ 1886: } Statue of Liberty } Emma Lazarus poem } To Nativists this described the "scum" of new arrivals
1884

• James G. Blaine: Blaine GOP candidate of 1884. GOP candidate of 1884. Cleveland DEM candidate • The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslinger of 1884

• James G. Blaine:
• Blaine GOP candidate of 1884. Cleveland DEM candidate
• The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslinger of 1884
• GOP "Mugwomps" against Blaine. ("Mulligan letters") "Burn this letter"
• "GROVER THE GOOD": REPUTATION FOR HONESTY.

• Blaine lost because of NY blunder by a GOP preacher ("Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" RRR) insulted the Irish and lost their votes.
• Later a very successful Sec. of State
• Also came back in Harrison administration
1884

Supreme Court Case of 1884 re: CW PAPER MONEY ISSUED DURING CW

re: CW PAPER MONEY ISSUED DURING CW
1884

CONGO CONFERENCE of 1884-1885

commerce and nav on Congo River Territorial neutral/ Provision to end slavery/ACCESS TO FREE TRADE AND OPEN ROUTES IN AFRICA.
1884

ELECTION OF 1884 GOP = BLAINE/DEMS= CLEVELAND/BUTLER GLP

MUGWOMPS: GOPs that did not vote for Blaine/Greenback labor party Benjamin Butler
1884

HOUSE goes to DEMS
1884

ELECTION OF 1884

The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslinger of 1884 • Blaine GOP candidate of 1884. Cleveland DEM candidate • GOP "Mugwomps" against Blaine. ("Mulligan letters") "Burn this letter" • "GROVER THE GOOD": REPUTATION FOR HONESTY. • Blaine lost because of NY blunder by a GOP preacher ("Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" RRR) insulted the Irish and lost their votes.
1884

1887 Grover Cleveland stopped this practice and opened up all unclaimed land grants to settlement.

® But the RR withheld all the extra land from other users. ◊ In 1887 Grover Cleveland stopped this practice and opened up all unclaimed land grants to settlement.
1885

Rapid Economic Growth

Led to unplanned and reactionary changes in business and money practices
1885

SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT

HARRISON?/ Paper Silver Certificate
1885

1885: 10 story SKYSCRAPERS in Chicago ...ELEVATORS

skyscrapers
□ Elevators
□
1885

1885: Linotype invention

§ 1885: Linotype invention □ Consequence: ® Many papers ® Big cost led to fear of offending advertisers and readers ◊ Then a shortage of biting editorials, and more feature articles and noncontroversial syndicated material ◊ No more slashing journalism like Horace Greeley
Period: 1885 to 1889

Grover Cleveland POTUS 1885-1889

• Grover Cleveland
• "Old Grover" Takes Over
• First DEM in office for 28 years (Buchannon)
• Laizze -faire" no govnt in business philosophy/. Honest, Hot tempered.
• CIVIL SERVICE. Between the DEMS who wanted patronage, and the MUGWOMP who didn’t (and who helped elect him.)
• Military Pension & GAR. Issue. Veto. Cleveland not a former Union general.
•
1886

THE AF of L 1886 SAMUEL GOMPERS

THE AF of L TO THE FORE ○ 1886 ○ SAMUEL GOMPEERS § Pres. Every year but one from 1886 to 1924 ○ A FEDERATION of self-governing national unions § AFL did the unifying strategy. No individual laborer could join AFL. ○ No politics ○ ECONOMIC STRATEGIES AND GOALS § Better wages, hours, and working conditions ○ Only represented skilled workers ○ Public Attitudes toward labor changing by 1900 § Conceeding right to unionize ○ LABOR DAY a national holidy in 1894
1886

Wabash Case of 1886

States says only FEDS can regulate railroads ???
1886

US Navy rebuilt William B. Woodbe (SECNAV)
1886

( US VS. WONG KIM ARK) in 1898.

• SOME TRIED TO remove Chinese citizenship to native born, but failed because of SUP. CT. decision ( US VS. WONG KIM ARK) in 1898.

• Birthright citizenship (jus soli), won over Right of blood tie ( jus sanguinis)
• Important protections to ALL immigrants
1886

• American Federation of Labor DEC 1886

• American Federation of Labor
• In December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association. Samuel Gompers of the Cigar Makers' International Union
• For its part, the Knights of Labor considered the demand for the parcelling of the labor movement into narrow craft-based fiefdoms to be anathema, a violation of the principle of solidarity of all workers across craft lines.
• T"the conservative alternative to working class radicalism
1886

HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) 1886: The Bostonians (rising feminist movement)

◊ HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) } Elegant prose } Psychological realism (inner thoughts of characters) } Themed the confrontation of innocent Americans with subtle Europeans } 1881: The Portrait of A lady } 1902: The Wings of the Dove } 1886: The Bostonians (rising feminist movement)
May 4, 1886

HAYMARKET SQUARE episode May 4, 1886

§ May Day strikes in Chicago in 1886….1/2 failed § Chicago home to a few hundred ANARCHISTS who advocated overthrow of US Government □ HAYMARKET SQUARE episode May 4, 1886 ® Bomb ® Anarchists arrested and imprisoned WITHOUT EVIDENCE ◊ GOV. JOHN P. ALTGELD in 1892 pardoned the men. } Defeated for re-election } "THE EAGLE FORGOTTEN"
1887

The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

• Dawes Severalty Act
• The Dawes Act of 1887 (also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887),[1][2] adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891,
1887

INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT

NO RAILROAD REBATES/NO POOLS/RATES MUST BE PUBLIC
1887

• Interstate Commerce Act OF 1887 • it was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland on February 4, 1887

• The Act was the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States.[4] It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce • • 1887 INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT • FIRST LARGE SCALE ATTEMPT BY feds TO REGULATE BUSINESS IN THE INTEREST OF SOCIATY AT LARGE.
1887

• American Protective Association.....1887

• The American Protective Association (APA) was an American anti-Catholic secret society established in 1887 by Protestants, especially Irish Protestants from Canada. • While the Association claimed not have any conflict with Catholicism or the Irish per se, they believed that the Roman Catholic Church was making inroads into the government of the United States with the goal of controlling.
1887

The Dawes Act of 1887 or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

• Dawes Severalty Act
Adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891, in 1898 by the Curtis Act, and again in 1906 by the Burke Act
1887

1887: Treaty of Pearl Harbor

® 1887: Treaty of Pearl Harbor…dock for ships ® Disease from West gets population to 1/6 size ◊ Had to import labor from Asia - china, Japan -for Canfields and sugar mills } U.S concerned about Japan interference to protect abused nationals
1887

1887: ® APA -- American Protective Association

□ 1887: ® APA -- American Protective Association ◊ Nativist goals ◊ Urged voting anti-catholic ◊ Published stories about runaway Nuns
1887

POOLS......Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

• Arrangement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits • Railroad pools in the United States were associations of competing railroads "for the purpose of a proper division of the traffic at competitive points and the maintenance of equitable rates that may be agreed upon."[1] • Congress prohibited pooling agreements between railroads with the enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
1887

□ The Hatch Act of 1887

Phenomenal growth of colleges helped by:
□ These Acts spawned over 100 colleges
□ Morrill Act of 1862
® Land grant colleges
□ The Hatch Act of 1887
1888

• Election of 1888. (CLEVELAND VS. B. HARRISON Cleveland = first sitting Pres to be voted out since 1840

• Election of 1888. Cleveland = first sitting Pres to be voted out since 1840 ○ DEM relunctantly used Cleveland again ○ GOP drafted Benjaman Harrison (Grandson of William Harry Harrison) § $3 mill war chest from Business in (Post-Pendleton Act" politics) □ Paid for votes (graft). Harrison won 233 to 168 ® 7000 votes In NY could have changed the outcome. (
1888

The Billion-Dollar Congress (first in History) 1888 BENJAMIN HARRISON & Czar Reed

• GOP starved for fed offices. Wanted to lavish big tariff $ unto party faithful. BUT • GOP had only 3 votes more than necessary for a quorum, and DEMS used delaying tactics to obstruct House business. • GOP Thomas "Czar" Reed speaker of the house (sarcasm and wit. Very forceful and skilled in parlimentary hopela") got business done by hook or crook. ○ Increased pensions for civil war vets ○ Increased purchase of Silver
1888

Starting 1890's: More states made ES compulsory

○ Public Education rose § Even before CW Tax-supported elementary schools supported § Americans accepted idea that a free govnt. cannot work if people are ignorant. § Starting 1890's: □ More states made ES compulsory ® Helped ck abuses of child labor § 1880s & 1890's: □ Spread of High Schools ® Spreading idea that HS education was the birthright of all citizens. ® 6000 HS's by 1900 ® Also Free textbooks spreading
1888

□ Edward Bellamy ® 1888: ◊ Socialist Journal, Looking Backward. ◊ Heavy influence on American Reform movement near end of 19th C. ◊ Looks backward from year 2000 on social and economic injustices of 1887

□ Edward Bellamy ® 1888: ◊ Socialist Journal, Looking Backward. ◊ Heavy influence on American Reform movement near end of 19th C. ◊ Looks backward from year 2000 on social and economic injustices of 1887 ◊ Mild utopianism ◊ Nation alarmed by the TRUSTs, so book appealed to many.
1889

HULL HOUSE.....Settlement House...co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr

• Settlement houses
• an institution in an inner-city area providing educational, recreational, and other social services to the community.
The "settlement houses" provided services such as daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the poor in these areas.[1]
• HULL HOUSE/Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois
1889

• Samoan Islands March 1889

• Samoan Islands • In March 1889, an Imperial German naval force entered a village on Samoa, and in doing so destroyed some American property. Three American warships then entered the Apia harbor and prepared to engage the three German warships found there.[8] Before any shots were fired, a typhoon wrecked both the American and German ships. A compulsory armistice • Tripartite Convention in which Germany and the United States partitioned the Samoan Islands into two parts
1889

Jane Adams (1860-1935) ® Established the Hull House in 1889 Chicago

◊ Located in a poor immigrant neighborhood ◊ Instruction in English ◊ Counseling to help adjustment to big city life ◊ Childcare for working mothers ◊ Cultural activities for residents ◊ Became a center for women's activism and social reform ® Urban American saint ® Broad range reformer ◊ Condemned war and poverty ® Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 ® Kicked out of DAR because of her anti-war views
1889

Samoan Islands

• Samoan Islands
• by the late nineteenth century, French, British, German, and American vessels routinely stopped at Samoa, as they valued Pago Pago Harbor as a refueling station for coal-fired shipping and whaling.
• In March 1889, an Imperial German naval force entered a village on Samoa, and in doing so destroyed some American property. Three American warships then entered the Apia harbor and prepared to engage the three German warships found there.
1889

FLOTILLA German & Brit almost fought Hurricane

After hurricane they cooled off.
1889

BERLIN CONFERENCE ON SAMOA of 1889

Samoa independence. Ger/US/Brit jointly protect Samoa
1889

1889: Pan-American Conference

• Big Sister Policy • Promoted US leadership in Latin-America • And opening markets to Yankees • 1889: Pan-American Conference • In D.C. • Modest start of growing # of assemblages • Promoted American relations with Latin-America
Period: 1889 to 1893

• Benjamin Harrison: 481 1889-1893

• Benjamin Harrison: 481
• 1888: Defeated Cleveland: Became 23rd President of the United States from 1889 to 1893; he was the grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison
• Won electoral but lost popular vote
• Demonstrated that people showed uncertainty over the DEM and GOP's ECONOMY strategies.
• Pro tariff
Period: 1889 to 1891

• Billion Dollar Congress: The Congress that met from 1889 to 1891

The Congress that met from 1889 to 1891 was named the "billion dollar congress" because it spent an excessive amount of money. The main areas where the money went was in internal improvements, naval building, and pensions. The money came from the surplus of tariffs that President Cleveland raised. The above mentioned pensions were provided to disabled former union soldiers, to the parents of veterans and also their widows and children.
Oct 2, 1889

Pan-American Conference

CHAPS. 27 576-599 & LECTURE 6
• Pan-American Conference • James G. Blaine, a United States politician, Secretary of State and presidential contender, first proposed establishment of closer ties between the United States and its southern neighbors and proposed international conference.[1] Blaine hoped that ties between the United States and its southern counterparts would open Latin American markets to US trade. IN D.C. 10/2/1889
1890

MCKINLEY TARIFF ACT OF 1890

TO KEEP REVENUE COMING AND TO PROTECT US INDUSTRY FROM FOREIGN COMPETITION. (Avg. 48.4 %) § Hurt Farmers. So in congressional election of 1890 the GOP lost big 235 to 88 seats. § New congress had 9 members of the FARMERS ALLIANCE
1890

• Susan B. Anthony

• Susan B. Anthony
• (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.
• In 1851, she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became her lifelong friend and co-worker in social reform activities, primarily in the field of women's rights.
• 1890, National American Woman Suffrage Association, with Anthony as its key force.
e the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.
1890

1890: McKinley Tariff raises barriers against HI sugar (pg. 482,485,573)

® (wrecked HI economy)
□ American planters renewed try for ANNEXATION
® Queen Liliuokalani blocked annex….wanted native control
□ 1893: Whites had successful revolt. (With US troops)
® HI minister authorized without permission
◊ "The HI pear is ripe and time for picking."
□ Harrison's term expired before Senate could annex, and Cleveland withdrew treaty
HI natives opposed Annex
□ 1898:
® Annexation happened when US acquired it's overseas empire
1890

International Agreement to end slavery
1890

GOP increases Tariffs to 49 1/2 %

Billion Dollar Congress/ Silver increases?/See-saw economy
1890

Growth of Railroads
1890

DEPENDENT PENSION ACT of 1890
1890

JIM CROW

• By the 1890's this developed into legal segregation with the JIM CROW LAWS. • 1896…..Sup. Ct. validated Jim Crow with PLESSY VS. FERGUSON. "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL" • Record # of Lynchings in 1890's • NOT REMEDIED UNTIL 1980'S APX
1890

The Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

The Sherman Antitrust Act is a landmark federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law (or "competition law") passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. It allowed certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be competitive, and recommended the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts.
1890

1890 National American Woman Suffrage Association, with Anthony as its key force.

• 1890, the split was formally healed when their organization merged with the rival American Woman Suffrage Association to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association, with Anthony as its key force. • Popularly known as the Anthony Amendment and introduced by Sen. Aaron A. Sargent (R-CA), it became the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.
1890

Teller Amendment of 1898

• The Teller Amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition on the United States military's presence in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." U.S. would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country. honored when □ US withdrew in 1902
1890

By 1890: 150 religious denominations in US

§ By 1890: □ 150 religious denominations in US ® Salvation Army ® Christian Scientist ◊ 1879, Mary Baker Eddy ◊ Christian practice alone heals sickness ◊ Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875) ® YMCA/YWCA ◊ Combined Phys. Ed with religious instruction
1890

Regionalism and Naturalism in art as well

○ Regionalism and Naturalism in art as well § Thomas Eakins (1844-1916) § James Whistler (1834-1903) § John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) § Sculptor □ Augustus Saint-Gaudens ® Robert Gould Shaw Memorial
1890

LIBRARIES: Carnegie: ® $60 million ® 1700 public libraries in US ® 750 abroad

○ 1880's: Books major source of enjoyment § Old favorites: Ivanhoe David Copperfield § Libraries increasing; □ 1897: Library of Congress □ Carnegie: ® $60 million ® 1700 public libraries in US ® 750 abroad □ By 1900: ® 9000 free libraries in US with at least 300 books in each one.
Dec 29, 1890

Battle of Wounded Knee Wounded Knee Massacre....December 29, 1890

• Battle of Wounded Knee Wounded Knee Massacre • The Wounded Knee Massacre (also called the Battle of Wounded Knee) occurred on December 29, 1890,[5]near Wounded Knee Creek • On the morning of December 29, the troops went into the camp to disarm the Lakota. over the rifle ensued, causing several Lakota to draw their weapons and open fire on the cavalry regiment. The situation quickly devolved as both sides began firing indiscriminately.
1891

PANIC OF 1893

Farm Depression/Surpluses
research this
1892

1st SURPLUS Cleveland $145 million

date uncertain
1892

Chile • 1892: Deaths of two Americans in port of Valparaiso almost cost a war.

• Chile
• 1892: Deaths of two Americans in port of Valparaiso almost cost a war.
• Chili had a modern Navy/scared US Pacific coast
• They finally settled and paid an indemnity
• a sum of money paid as compensation, especially a sum exacted by a victor in war as one condition of peace.
Period: 1892 to 1896

• Populists: The terminology was inspired by the Populist Party of the 1890s.

• The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or the Populists, was an agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892–96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. It was merged into the Democratic Party in 1896; • Established in 1891, as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its zenith in the 1892 presidential election, when its ticket, composed of James B. Weaver and J
Jul 6, 1892

• Homestead Strike: 483 July 6, 1892

• • was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892.[3] • The battle was one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history. •Homestead Steel Works in between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union and a setback for their efforts to unionize steelworkers.
1893

HOMESTEAD STRIKE JULY 1892. PINKERTON GUARDS VS. CARNEGIES STEEL PLANT

• POPULISTS ("The People's Party")…from the Framers Alliance. Denounce govnt injustice. ○ Wanted § Unlimited silver coinage 1 to 16, graduated income tax, govnt ownership of Rrtelegraph, teleph (one; direct election of senators presidential one term limit direct citizen legislation easing,(initiative and referendum) shorter work day, immigration reform. ○ General James B. Weaver (Greenbacker)
1893

ELECTION OF 1893 (CLEVELAND again)

Cleveland and Depression
• GOP discredited and Populists divided
• SO Cleveland elected again in 1893. (Only pres elected after a defeat)
• Same Cleveland but different country.
DEBTORS mad, workers restless, depression signs looming Deficit for Cleveland this time.
Cleveland secretly had cancer
1893

DEPRESSION OF 1893 (Cleveland)

§ Most punishing in 19th C. § Overbuilding, and speculation, labor disorders, ongoing farm depression, free-silver agitation □ (wanted expanded silver supply with unlimited coinage … had hurt US credit abroad) □ Europe banks called in US loans
1893

"Endless chain" OPERATION 1893 Depression

§ Legal tender paper money issed for the silver US trasuriy bought. People redeemd it for Gold/ paper by law reissued/new paper owners redeemed it for Gold. Resulted in DRAIN OF GOLD
□ RESERVE DROPPED BELOW $100 MILLION
® (safe minimum to support $350 million in outstanding paper money)
1893

193 New Zealand became 1st nation to grant women equal voting rights

◊ In 1893: New Zealand became 1st nation to grant women equal voting rights } Inspired American reformers
1893

1893: □ Anti-saloon League

§ 1893: □ Anti-saloon League
1894

• Pullman Strike • 1894: Pullman Strike Eugene Debs

® The American Railway Union….. 150,000 members □ The Pullman Palace Car Company ® During Depression of 1893 ® Cut wages 1/3 in employee's "model town" ® Did not reduce rent □ Violent strike paralyzed RR traffic in Chicago ® AFL did not support this strike ® Enhanced rep. of respectability ® But weakened labor's causes ® Divided the workers ranks } Legal reason: Interfering with the mail
1894

SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 1894
1894

J. P. Morgan lends U.S. $65 million in Gold ($7mill commission)

§ Gold reserve sank to only $41 million. Almost had to go off the GOLD STANDARD. THIS WOULD HAVE CRIPPLED THE DOLLAR, AND HURT INTERNATINAL REP.
□ Cleveland floated Bills (over $100 million) but the ENDLESS CHAIN continued.
○ J.P. Morgan (the bankers banker)
§ Agreed to get 1/2 of the gold abroad
§ This temp fixed the nations finances.
1894

• WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF of 1894

○ DEMS had pledged lower taxes but this passed anyway ○ It was full of PORK. So it didn’t lower the tariffs much. ○ Cleveland was mad but let it pass with a "pocket veto" ○ HAD A 2% INCOME TAX over $4000 but this was struck down by sup court in 1895. Angered POPULISTS who then thought courts were the tool of the plutocrats
•
1894

GOP wins Congress in 1894

DEMs lost because of traiff THIS TIME. (1890)??
○ GOP won Congress in 1894 in a landslide (244 to 105 seats)
1894

Coxey’s Army • 1894: "General" Jacob S. Coxey:

• Coxey’s Army
• 1894: "General" Jacob S. Coxey:
□ His "Commonwealth Army" marched on Washington
□ Demanded govnt relieve unemployment
® With inflationary public works program with $500 million in legal tender notes
® Arrested for walking on the grass
•
1895

Venezuela • 1895-1896: Dispute over boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana

• Venezuela
• 1895-1896: Dispute over boundary between Venezuela and British Guiana
® Gold discovered
® SecStae Olney
◊ Monroe Doctrine
◊ Said US now calling the shots in West Hemisphere
◊ But Brits gave in to arbitration of the boundary:
Looming war with S. Africa Boers.
® Brits now determined to get US friendship ◊ The Great Rapprochement (Reconciliation) became cornerstone of both nation's foreign policy as 20th C. opened
1895

Late 19th C.: ® Beginning of the "divorce revolution"

§ Family became only place for emotional and psych. Satisfaction □ Created lots of stress □ Late 19th C.: ® Beginning of the "divorce revolution" ◊ Transformed US social landscape in the 20th C.
1895

1895: Cuban's revolt against Spain

• Cuba
• 1895: Cuban's revolt against Spain
1896

1896: Arrival of Spanish General "Butcher" Wyler

§ 1896: Arrival of Spanish General "Butcher" Wyler □ Civilians in concentration camps so couldn’t help rebels ® Many died.
1896

PLESSY VS. FERGUSON. "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL" 1896

• 1896…..Sup. Ct. validated Jim Crow with PLESSY VS. FERGUSON. "SEPARATE BUT EQUAL" • Record # of Lynchings in 1890's • NOT REMEDIED UNTIL 1980'S APX.
1896

ELECTION OF 1896

• ○ Big ○ Labor and debtors made one last try to reform the poly system.
1896

• Plessy v. Ferguson ....1896

• Plessy v. Ferguson
"SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
1896

• Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Co. v. Illinois

• Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Co. v. Illinois
• Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 (1886)[1], also known as the Wabash Case, was a Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce. It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
1896

• William Jennings Bryan chap 26 election of 1896 AND 1900

• DEM Candidate vs. McKinley in election of 1896 AND 1900 • Bryan: Silver □ "Fear his worse enemy" ie: workers □ Bryan scared Eastern conservatives ("Gold Bugs") with possibility of changing their dollars into 50 cents □ Voters threatened by ® Free silver ® Free trade ® Fireless factories
1897

The Dingley Act of 1897 Tariff

The Dingley Act of 1897 introduced by U.S. Representative Nelson Dingley, Jr., of Maine, raised tariffs in United States to counteract the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act of 1894, which had lowered rates. • The Dingley Tariff . It was also the highest in U.S. history, averaging about 52% in its first year of operation. Over the life of the tariff, the rate averaged at around 47%.[1]
1897

1897: Library of Congress

1897: Library of Congress
Period: 1897 to 1901

William McKinley .... chap 26 • Election of 1896 (William McKinley, 1897-1901)

• William McKinley .... chap 26
• Election of 1896 (William McKinley, 1897-1901)
§ Influenced by suffering farmers and depression era laborers
§ Conservatives feared upheaval
§ Farmers and laborers looking for political salvation
§ MONETARY POLICY
□ Issue that would decide the election
® Maintain Gold Standard or
® Monetize silver and inflate the currency
1898

1898: Spain sent old ships to Cuba

• 1898: § Spain sent old ships to Cuba □ Panicked East coast unnecessarily □ US bottled the "Armada" in Santiago Harbor
1898

Charlotte Perkins Gilman ® Major feminist prophet ® 1898:

§ Women growing more independent in urban environment: □ Charlotte Perkins Gilman ® Major feminist prophet ® 1898: ◊ Women and Economics, classic of feminist literature ◊ Women should abandon dependent status and contribute to the community through productive involvement in the economy ◊ Rejected the women's Biology =diff. charter claim ◊ Centralized nurseries & Cooperative kitchens so women could work.
1898

® 1898: ◊ NAWA (National American Suffrage Association) ... Eliz. Cady Stanton ◊ Susan B. Anthony

□ Suffrage: ® Idea temp. shelved during fight for racial ® 1898: ◊ NAWA (National American Suffrage Association) } Whites only ◊ Eliz. Cady Stanton ◊ Susan B. Anthony ◊ 1896: National Association of Black Women (from Black Women's Club movement) } Ida B. Wells – Inspired a nationwide anti-lynching campaign
1898

1898 Hawaii annexation

□ 1898: Mckinley ® Annexation happened when US acquired it's overseas empire.
Feb 15, 1898

Battleship Maine Explosion 2/15/1998

□ 2/15/1898: ® Battleship Maine ® "Remember the Maine" □ Spain agreed to 2 US demands: ® End concentration camps ® Peace with Rebels BUT ® People in US wanted war/McKinley did not SO ◊ McKinley yielded to political pressure ◊ He didn't trust Spain either ◊ US Strategic and commercial interests in Cuba
Apr 11, 1898

April 11, 1898: US declared war on Spain (congress)

April 11, 1898: US declared war on Spain (congress) ® The Teller Amendment ◊ Told world when we had overthrown Spain's misrule of Cuba the Cubans would get freedom World was skeptical
May 1, 1898

May 1, 1898: Dewey took Manila Bay

• May 1, 1898: § Dewey took Manila Bay § But in dangerous position □ Had to wait of US troops to arrive □ German warships arrived in the harbor
Jul 1, 1898

CUBA ROUGH RIDERS July 1, 1898: □ El Caney Hill □ Kettle Hill

§ July 1, 1898: □ El Caney Hill □ Kettle Hill ® Roughriders charged with heavy casualties
Aug 12, 1898

Aug. 12, 1898: Armistice with Spain signed

§ Aug. 12, 1898: □ Armistice with Spain signed
Aug 13, 1898

Aug. 13, 1898: □ US troops captured Manila City

§ Aug. 13, 1898: □ US troops captured Manila City
1899

Population Increase 1870: 40 million § 1900: 80 million

○ Revolution in American agriculture that fed the industrial and urban revolutions in Europe and the US ○ Population Increase § 1870: 40 million § 1900: 80 million § City population tripled □ 40% of Americans lived in the Cities ○ Effect of this move to the City § Was on the entire industrialized world § Cheap American food caused Europe peasants to quit farming and move to European cities for INDUSTRIAL JOBS.
1899

The Boxer Rebellion,....between 1899 and 1901

• The Boxer Rebellion, Boxer Uprising or was a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901 • . Militia United in Righteousness, known in English as "Boxers", and was motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments and opposition to imperialist expansion and associated Christian missionary activity • .The uprising took place against a background of severe drought and the disruption caused by the growth of foreign spheres of influence.
Sep 6, 1899

OPen-Door Note September 6, 1899

• The Open Door Policy is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the United States policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, as enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and • The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any one power from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, within their spheres of influence,
1900

Naturalism Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) ® 1900: Sister Carrie

§ Naturalism □ One step beyond realism □ Examined determinative influence of heredity and social environments in shaping human character □ Edith Wharton (1862-1937) ® The Age of Innocence (1920) □ Steven Crane (1871-1900) ® The Red Badge of Courage (1895) □ Jack London (1876-1916) ® 1903: The Call of the Wild □ Frank Norris (1870-1902) ® 1901: The Octopus □ Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945) ® 1900: Sister Carrie
1900

• Gold Standard Act `1900

• Gold Standard Act • Money issue went away ® 1900: The Gold Standard Act of 1900 ® Paper money redeemed freely in gold ® Moderate Inflation came from large gold discoveries in Klondike, Alaska, South Africa, and Australia ® Also a new Gold processing efficiency - cyanide (extracting gold from low grade ore) ® Moderate Inflation took care of the nation's currency needs ® Nation's circulatory system improved ® "Silver Heresy" gone ® "Popocratic" gone with the gold. 1933 gon
1900

Foraker Act of 1900:

• 1st territory ever NO STATE INTENTION I mportant consequences of the SA war.
Not state OR territory
§ Foraker Act of 1900:
□ Limited popular government
□ Outlawed cockfighting
§ 1917: US citizenship granted, but withheld self-rule
□ US improved sanitation, education transportation
□ People still wanted independence
® Many moved to NY
□ Constitution follow the flag?
® US Laws, including tariff laws and bill of rights apply??
1900

By 1900 more rail than all of Europe 192,556 miles

• Industrial development shaped by government-business coexistence ○ Especially Railroads § Caused greater national unity and economic growth By 1900 more rail than all of Europe 192,556 miles
1900

Spectacular Urban growth

○ Spectacular Urban growth § 1890: 1 million in Chicago, NY, and Philly § 1900: 3.5 million in NY (2nd largest in world) § UP: skyscrapers □ Elevators □ 1885: 10 story in Chicago
1900

Telephones ® 1880: 50,000 ® 1900: over 1 million

□ Telephones ® 1880: 50,000 ® 1900: over 1 million
1900

South lagged behind in public education 1900: 44% illiterate

○ South lagged behind in public education § 1900: 44% illiterate
1900

BY 1900: ◊ New generation of Suffragettes Carrie Chapman Carr

® BY 1900: ◊ New generation of Suffragettes } Carrie Chapman Carr – Women deserved the vote to help them discharge their duties as homemakers and mothers w Not as a "right" w Needed voice on public health, police commissions, and school boards. – This tactic was successful…more support
1900

Phonograph □ By 1900: 150,000 homes
1901

Sept, 1901: William McKinley assassinated

• Sept, 1901: William McKinley assassinated by anarchist in Buffalo, NY
Period: 1901 to 1909

• Theodore Roosevelt POTUS (1901-1909)

• Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Mar 23, 1901

Emilio Aguinaldo CAPTURED march 23 1901

•
• He led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896–1898),
• and then in the Spanish–American War (1898),
• and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901). He was captured in Palanan, Isabela by American forces on March 23, 1901, which brought an end to his presidency.
Nov 19, 1901

• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty NOV 18 1901

• The Hay–Pauncefote Treaty is a treaty signed by the United States and the United Kingdom on 18 November 1901, as a preliminary to the creation of the Panama Canal. • The Treaty nullified the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across the Central American isthmus • In the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty, both nations had renounced building such a canal under the sole control of one nation.
Dec 25, 1901

• Platt Amendment December 25, 1901

• Platt Amendment
• The Platt Amendment outlined the role of the United States in Cuba and the Caribbean.
• It mainly limited the right to make treaties with other nations.
• It restricted Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial relations.
• • Cuba sell or lease lands to the United States necessary for coaling or the development of naval stations.
GITMO
1902

TR: TRUSTBUSTER 1902 when he attack the Northern Securities Company,

• Trustbuster
• TR:
□ He attacked the trusts guilty of monopolies and set up the necessary reforms that resulted in businesses into accepting government regulation.
□ 1902 when he attack the Northern Securities Company, a railroad holding company organized by financial titan J.P. Morgan attempts to monopolized the railroad industry.
□ ® as he initiated over forty legal proceedings against them.
® The Supreme Court in 1905 declared the beef trust illegal,
1903

The January 1903 issue of McClure's is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism

The January 1903 issue of McClure's is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism
1903

The Elkins Act is a 1903 U

• Elkins Act
hat amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.railroads that offered rebates,
• RR not permitted to offer rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers, and their employees, were all made liable for discriminatory practices.[1]
• Without restrictive legislation, large firms could demand rebates or prices below the collusive price from railroad companies as condition for their business.
* between less industrial cities, irrespective of length of travel.[2]
•
Period: 1903 to 1911

William Howard Taft ..... the 27th POTUS (1909–1913)

• William H. Taft
• William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) served as the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913)
• Taft on the commission to organize a civilian government in the Philippines
□ . Taft accepted on condition he was made head of the commission, with responsibility for success or failure; McKinley agreed, and Taft sailed for the islands in April 1900
Feb 14, 1903

Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903.

• Department of Labor and Commerce
• The department was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14, 1903.
• It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, as the bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor.
Nov 18, 1903

• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty November 18, 1903

• The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Spanish: Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla) was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and Panama, which established the Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the Panama Canal. • It was named after its two primary negotiators, Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, the French diplomatic representative of Panama, and United States Secretary of State John Hay.
1905

1905: Portsmouth, NH treaty OF Russo-Japanese War

Portsmouth
• Russo-Japanese War
• Japan asked for Diplomatic help with peace negotiations
• Roose. didn’t want a Russian collapse so it could be a counterweight to Japan's growing power.
• 1905:
□ Portsmouth, NH treaty that left neither side happy
® Japan got no cash or Russian evac. of Sakhalin Island
® Did get effective control of Korea
◊ Annexed in 1910
1906

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
• The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation,
• signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. • The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce □ and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous ® required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, andd cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage
1906

Cuba landing in 1906:

® Cuba landing in 1906: ◊ Revolutionary disorders/Cuban president asked for help ◊ US forces withdrawn temporarily in 1909
1906

Charles Evans Hughes's campaign laws in 1906 and 1907

• To counter political corruption, he secured campaign laws in 1906 and 1907 that limited political contributions by corporations and forced candidates to account for their receipts and expenses, legislation that was quickly copied in fifteen other states
1906

• James Buchanan Duke

• James Buchanan Duke (December 23, 1856 – October 10, 1925) was a U.S. tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for the introduction of modern cigarette manufacture and marketing,[2] and his involvement with Duke University. • . the American Tobacco Company, which was a monopoly in the American cigarette market. His robber baron business tactics • In 1906, the American Tobacco Company was found guilty of antitrust violations, a
Jun 30, 1906

Meat Inspection Act • The original JUNE 30 1906

• Meat Inspection Act
• The original 1906 Act authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to inspect and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.
• The law was partly a response to the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle,
□ an exposé of the Chicago meat packing industry,
□ as well as to other Progressive Era muckraking publications of the day
• June 30, signed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
1907

Regionalism....Henry Adams (1838-1918) □ The Education of Henry Adams (1907) ® Autobiography

§ Regionalism □ To capture the peculiarities or "local color" of a region before national standardization bleached it's variety away. □ Twain, London, Hart □ South: ® Dunbar (poet black) ® Charles Chestnut (black, dialect and humor) § Kate Chopin (1851-1904) □ Feminist author § Henry Adams (1838-1918) □ The Education of Henry Adams (1907) ® Autobiography Own failure to grasp life in 1900
1907

Panic of 1907• J. Pierpont Morgan

• J. Pierpont Morgan
• (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.
He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907. He was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business.
1907

The Hepburn Act is a 1906

• United States federal law that • gave (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. • discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers gave the ICC the power to replace existing rates with "just-and-reasonable" maximum rates, Commission to define what was just and reasonable. • NO FREE PASSES. • he limitation on railroad rates depreciated the value of railroad securities, □ a factor in causing the Panic of 1907
1907

William James (1842-1910 907: his most famous work ◊ Pragmatism America's greatest contribution to the history of philosphy

§ William James (1842-1910) □ Harvard (35 years) □ Writings were influential ® 1890: Principles of Psychology (behavioral science) ® 1897: The Will to Believe and Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) ◊ Philosophy and psychology of religion ® 1907: his most famous work ◊ Pragmatism } America's greatest contribution to the history of philosphy } The truth of an idea must be tested by its practical consequences
Dec 16, 1907

• Great White Fleet 16 December 1907, to 22 February 1909

United States Navy battle fleet that completed a journey around the globe from , President Theodore Roosevelt.
• Roosevelt sought to demonstrate growing American martial power and blue-water navy capability.
• Hoping to enforce treaties and protect overseas holdings, the United States Congress appropriated funds to build American sea power.
• Beginning with just 90 small ships, over one-third of them wooden, the navy quickly grew to include new modern steel fighting vessels.
1908

Korea Annexed in 1910

Did get effective control of Korea
◊ Annexed in 1910
PORTSMOUTH TREATY
1908

Root-Takahira Agreement with Japan • 1908

• :
□ Respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific
□ Uphold the Open Door in China
1908

"Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine 1905: Became effective when US took over Tariff collection in Dominican Republic

"Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine
® US would intervene if LA countries had debt issue
® To keep Europeans away from West
® "Policeman of the Caribbean"
® 1905: Became effective when US took over Tariff collection in Dominican Republic
◊ 1907: Formalized with DR in a treaty
□ Promoted the "Bad Neighbor Policy"
® Used to justify wholesale interventions and Marine landings
◊ "Yankee Lake" Caribbean
1909

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
Co-founded by WEB Du Bois
1909

Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois.....1909: Helped form the NAACP

§ Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois □ Called Washington an "Uncle Tom" □ Ph.D at Harvard (1st Black) □ Demanded complete equality for Blacks ® Rejected Washington's Doctrine of Gradualism and Separation ® "Talented Tenth" of Blacks should be given full and immediate access to mainstream American life. ® Differences reflected Northern Blacks vs Southern Black attitudes □ 1909: ® Helped form the NAACP
1910

• High schools

By 1910, 72 percent of children attended school.
1912

• Hiram W. Johnson

• Hiram W. Johnson
• Hiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945) was a leading American progressive and isolationistpolitician from California;
• he served as the 23rd Governor of California from 1911 to 1917, and
• as a United States Senator from 1917 to 1945.
• He was Theodore Roosevelt's running mate in the 1912 presidential election on the Progressive (also known as the "Bull Moose") party.
1913

Architecture: § "City Beautiful Movement" ex: Grand Central Station (1913)

○ Architecture: § "City Beautiful Movement" □ Copied European styles ® Paris's Baron Georges-Eugene Haussman □ Grand Central Station (1913) □ Central Park (1873) □ World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago in 1893) ® "Dream of Loveliness" ® Little Egypt
1914

• The United States took over the project in 1904 opened the canal on August 15, 1914

• Canal construction
• France began work on the canal in 1881 but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate.
• The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914
1916

Charles Evans Hughes, Sr

• . (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) and Republican politician from New York. He served as the 36th Governor of New York (1907–1910), Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1910–1916), United States Secretary of State (1921–1925), a judge on the Court of International Justice (1928–1930), and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States (1930–1941). He was the Republican nominee in the 1916 U.S. Presidential election, losing narrowly to incumbent President Woodrow Wilson.
1920

By 1920: Darwin's version became scientific orthodoxy

□ Clergy's Response to Darwin: ® At first all rejected idea ® After 1875: ◊ Religious community split into two camps: } Conservative minority – Infallible word of God – Darwin's "Bestial Hypothesis" – Rose to be Fundamentalism } Most religious thinkers – Refused to accept Bible in entirety as either history or science – "Accommodationists" w Feared hostility to evolution would allienate educated believers
Aug 18, 1920

Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. Until the 1910s, most states did not give women the right to vote. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the United States, which fought at both state and national levels to achieve the vote.
1924

Robert M. LaFollette....He is best remembered as a proponent of progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations.

• Robert Marion "Fighting Bob"[1] La Follette Sr. (June 14, 1855 – June 18, 1925) was an American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician. • He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own Progressive Party in 1924, • He is best remembered as a proponent of progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations. • Perhaps the most controversial of Senator La Follette's positions were his opposition to WWI
1928

• Pact of Paris 928

• Pact of Paris
• The Kellogg–Briand Pact (or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy[1]) is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".[2]
Apr 19, 1933

April 19, 1933, the United States officially abandoned the gold standard

April 19, 1933, the United States officially abandoned the gold standard
1990

Music:

○ Music: § 1880's an 1890's: High quality symphony orchestras § Homegrown music from the South: □ Spirituals and "ragged music" evolved into: ® Jazz/Blues/Ragtime § Phonograph □ By 1900: 150,000 homes
1995

The Business of Amusement

The Business of Amusement ○ More time to play § Legit theatre § Vaudeville (1880' and 1890's) § Minstrel Shows § Circus § Wild West Shows □ Buffalo Bill □ Annie Oakley □ Sitting Bull § Baseball/Basketball (1891) § College Football § Croquet § Bicycles
1996

George Washington Carver (1896) joined faculty OF TUSKEEGEE

□ Training in Agriculture and the Trades was curriculum ® George Washington Carver (1896) joined faculty ® Became international agricultural expert ◊ Boost to South economy with discovery of new uses for the peanut.
11,894

• WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF of 1894

• WILSON-GORMAN TARIFF of 1894 • DEMS had pledged lower taxes but this passed anyway • It was full of PORK. So it didn’t lower the tariffs much. • Cleveland was mad but let it pass with a "pocket veto" • HAD A 2% INCOME TAX over $4000 but this was struck down by sup court in 1895. Angered POPULISTS who then thought courts were the tool of the plutocrats • DEMs lost because of traiff THIS TIME. (1890) GOP won Congress in 1894 in a landsLIDE

Normal schools • In 1823,

MARK TWAIN (1835-1910)

Associated Press (AP) 1840's

1850's invention of the Bessemer Process

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1851 +

Homestead Act of 1862

OIL "Drake's Folly" 1859

Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890

Transcontinental railroad building

The massacre at Sand Creek in November 1864.....Colonel J.M. Chivington

• Colonel J.M. Chivington and the massacre at Sand Creek in November 1864.

General Mining Act of 1872

1865: Nature ® Irish-born Edwin L. Godkin 10,000

13th Amendment

THE GILDED AGE

Telephone • In 1876

1865 - 1893 LECT 1 & 2 & 3

Andrew Johnson, 17th POTUS, Union Party , 1865-1869

Transatlantic Telegraph in 1866

1866: ASPCA

December 21, 1866.....The Fetterman Fight, also known as the Fetterman Massacre or Battle of the Hundred-in-the-Hands,

• Horatio Seymour: Ran against GRANT in 1868

ELECTION OF 1880 (GARFIELD/ARTHUR ticket)

Purchase of Alaska: 1867 pgs. 462-463, Seward SecState

The Grange, founded after the Civil War in 1867

• Grange: The Grange, The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry,

• Reconstruction Act: 449-45303

Election of 1868 GRANT

FISK & GOULD gold market cornering scheme

14th Amendment, Civil Rights to former slaves

Suez Canal in 1869

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (also called the Sioux Treaty of 1868)

• Treaty of Fort Laramie.....April 29, 1868

• Horace Greeley: 468-469/532

1869: □ The National Prohibition Party

• Ulysses S. Grant: •18th POTUS (1869-1877)

◊ 1869: Wyoming "The Equality State" .....1st universal vote for women

Grant Administration

Jay Gould…467/495/509

Blaine v Conkling era

• Fifteenth Amendment • 1870/Blacks right to vote

Public Elementary Schools

Victoria Woodhull

• Anthony Comstock

Vanderbilt in 1870 started using the safer steel for rails

ROCKEFELLER 1870 started the STANDARD OIL COMPANY and organized it into a TRUST.

Illitercy rate 1870: 20% □ 1900: 10.7%

• Cornelius Vanderbilt (May 27, 1794 – January 4, 1877), also known informally as "Commodore Vanderbilt"

• Boss Tweed: pg 467, 521

William Dean Howells (1837-1920) 1871: ◊ Editor of Atlantic Monthly

Election of 1872 The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

Tammany boss William M. Tweed DEFEATED IN in 1871

Victoria Woodhull ® Free Love (1871)

General Mining Act of 1872

Credit Mobilier Scandal. 1872

(Election of 1872) GRANT Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872

CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT OF 1882

Credit Mobilier….491/467/495, 1872

• Westinghouse air brake......1872

• Pullman Palace Cars:

The Pullman Strike

GRANT went with the Hard Money GOP CONTRACTION policy

kindergart

Anthony Comstock ® Fought Woodhull ® 1873: ◊ Used the "Comstock federal Law" to fight "porn" and abortion.

Panic of 1873

Resumption Act of 1873

"Crime of 1873"

• Panic of 1873: 469

• National Labor Union .....1873

Chautauqua, .....Adult Education....1874

Joseph F. Glidden....Barbed Wire....1874

Whiskey Ring 1874-1875

GRANT vetoed a bill to print more dollars.

1874 democratic congress

1874: Chautauqua Movement (NY) ADULT EDUCATION

1874: □ Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Farmers’ Alliance: 1875

• 1875 RESUMPTION ACT • Withdrawal of all paperbacks at face value by 1879

By 1875: Most mainstream scientists supported Darwin's ideas

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875: