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the war of independence
was the military conflict of the American Revolution in which American Patriot forces under George Washington's command defeated the British, establishing and securing the independence of the United States. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, at the Battles of Lexington and Concord -
independence of the US
the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence. -
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french revolution
The French Revolution was a period of major social upheaval that began in 1787 and ended in 1799. It sought to completely change the relationship between the rulers and those they governed and to redefine the nature of political power. -
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napoleon empire
The First French Empire, also known as the Napoleonic Empire, was the monarchical government established by Napoleon Bonaparte following the dissolution of the First French Republic in 1804. At its peak, the Empire comprised most of Western and Central Europe, as well as of possessing numerous colonial domains and client states. The regime lasted from May 18, 1804, the proclamation of Napoleon as Emperor until July 7, 1815, the day of the entry of King Louis XVIII's forces into Paris. -
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spanish-american independence
There were numerous wars in Spanish America with the aim of political independence from Spanish rule during the early 19th century. -
the constitution of cadiz
was the first Constitution of Spain and one of the earliest codified constitutions in world history. -
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ferdinand VII
In 1812 independent Spaniards adopted the Constitution of Cádiz, but in December 1813 Napoleon released Ferdinand expressly to overthrow it. When Ferdinand returned to Spain in 1814 he was urged by reactionaries to abolish the Cortes of Cádiz and all its works, which he did almost immediately. He resumed his obsolete powers and attempted to recover control of Spanish America, now partly independent. -
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bourbon restoration
is the period that began when Napoleon I abdicated and the Bourbon monarchs were restored to the throne. the first restoration occurred when Napoleon fell from power and Louis XVIII became king. Louis’ reign was interrupted by Napoleon’s return to France , but Napoleon was forced to abdicate again, leading to the Second Restoration. -
congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna of 1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.Participants were representatives of all European powers and other stakeholders, chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815 -
1820 revolution
The Revolutions of 1820 were a revolutionary wave in Europe that took place in Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece. While the revolutions in Spain, Portugal and Italy were for establishing constitutional monarchies, in Greece the revolution was to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire. -
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liberal triennium
Introduced reformist policies, particularly against the church.
Reactionary movements formed against the liberals. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs -
1830 revolution
The Revolutions of 1830 were a revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two "romantic nationalist" revolutions, the Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the July Revolution in France along with rebellions in Congress Poland, Italian states, Portugal and Switzerland. -
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isabella II
Isabella was declared of age and began her personal rule in 1843. Her effective reign was a period marked by palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barracks conspiracies, and military pronunciamientos. In September 1868, a naval mutiny began in Cadiz, marking the beginning of the Glorious Revolution. -
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the opium wars
There were two conflicts waged between China and Western powers during the mid-19th century.In each war, the superior military advantages enjoyed by European forces led to several easy victories over the Chinese military, with the consequence that China was compelled to sign the unequal treaties to grant favourable tariffs, trade concessions, reparations and territory to Western powers -
1848 revolution
Revolutions of 1848, series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. -
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italian unification
With French help, the Piedmontese defeated the Austrians in 1859 and united most of Italy under their rule by 1861. The annexation of Venetia in 1866 and papal Rome in 1870 marked the final unification of Italy and hence the end of the Risorgimento. -
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American Civil War
The American Civil War was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of America, a collection of eleven southern states that left the Union in 1860 and 1861. The conflict began primarily as a result of the long-standing disagreement over the institution of slavery -
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Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration and Modernization. In 1868 the Tokugawa shôgun ("great general"), who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power and the emperor was restored to the supreme position. The emperor took the name Meiji ("enlightened rule") as his reign name; this event was known as the Meiji Restoration -
german unification
The German Empire was founded on January 18, 1871 after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War and marked the unification of the different German states around Prussia, excluding Austria, under the leadership of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. -
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first republic
it was the political regimen that exist in spain between 11 february 1873 and 28 december 1874. the republic was proclaimed by a parliamentary majority made up of radicals, republicans and democrats. The period was beset by tensions between federal republicans and unitarian republicans. The period also saw the end of compulsory conscription, the regulation of child labor and the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico. -
Berlin conference
they sought to discuss the partitioning of Africa, establishing rules to amicably divide resources among the Western countries at the expense of the African people. Of these fourteen nations at the Berlin Conference, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players. -
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Alfonso XIII
born May 17, 1886, Madrid, Spain—died February 28, 1941, Rome, Italy), Spanish king (1902–31) who by authorizing a military dictatorship hastened his own deposition by advocates of the Second Republic. -
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Bismarck's alliances
Bismarck negotiated the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy. Because of the long-standing hostility of Austria-Hungary toward Russia, however, he also negotiated a secret "Reinsurance Treaty" with the Russians. -
Fashoda Incident
Fashoda Incident, the climax, at Fashoda, Egyptian Sudan , of a series of territorial disputes in Africa between Great Britain and France. The disputes arose from the common desire of each country to link up its disparate colonial possessions in Africa. -
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Boer war
Between 1899 and 1902, the British Army fought a bitter colonial war against the Boers in South Africa. Although outnumbered, the Boers were a skilled and determined enemy. After initial setbacks and a long period of guerrilla warfare, the British eventually prevailed, but not without adopting controversial tactics. -
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Moroccan crises
two international crises centring on France's attempts to control Morocco and on Germany's concurrent attempts to stem French power. -
Bloody Sunday
It succesed in St. Petersburg, Russia. Peaceful demonstrators, including workers and their families, marched to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II, asking for better working conditions and political reforms. However, government forces fired on the unarmed crowd, resulting in hundreds of deaths and injuries. This event intensified opposition to the Tsarist regime and fueled further unrest, contributing to the Russian Revolution of 1917. -
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First wordl war
was a global conflict primarily centered in Europe. Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, it involved major powers grouped into two alliances: the Allies (including France, Russia, and later the United States) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). -
The February Revolution
Was a pivotal event in Russia during World War I. It led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the end of the Romanov dynasty's rule. Sparked by food shortages, war weariness, and dissatisfaction with the monarchy's handling of the war, mass protests erupted in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). -
The October Revolution
Was a pivotal event in Russia. Led by the Bolshevik Party and Vladimir Lenin, it overthrew the Provisional Government, establishing Bolshevik control. This marked the beginning of communist rule in Russia, eventually leading to the formation of the Soviet Union. The revolution was characterized by the storming of the Winter Palace, resulting in the Bolsheviks seizing power and initiating significant social, political, and economic changes in Russia. -
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Was signed in 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire) during World War I. It marked Russia's exit from the war. The treaty resulted in Russia conceding vast territories to the Central Powers, including Ukraine, Finland, the Baltic States, and parts of Poland. It was an attempt by Russia to end its involvement in the war and consolidate power internally amidst the Bolshevik Revolution. -
The Treaty of Versailles
Signed in 1919 after World War I, held Germany accountable for the war and imposed heavy penalties. It forced Germany to cede territories, pay reparations, limit its military, and accept sole blame for the conflict. The treaty aimed to ensure peace but fueled resentment in Germany and is often seen as a contributing factor to World War II. -
The League of Nations
Was an international organization founded after World War I Its primary goal was to promote peace and prevent future conflicts through diplomacy and collective security. It aimed to provide a platform for nations to resolve disputes peacefully and promote cooperation. However, it faced challenges in enforcing its decisions, and its effectiveness was limited, eventually failing to prevent the outbreak of World War II.. -
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Primo de Rivera DICTATORSHIP
began with a coup on 13 September 1923 and ended with his resignation on 28 January 1930. It took place during the wider reign of King Alfonso XIII. In establishing his dictatorship, Primo de Rivera ousted the liberal government led by Prime Minister Manuel García Prieto and initially gained the support of King Alfonso XIII and the army. -
Wall Street Crash
Also known as Black Tuesday, occurred on October 29, 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. It was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, leading to widespread panic, mass unemployment, bank failures, and economic hardship. -
1931 Constitution
It created a secular democratic system based on equal rights for all citizens, with provision for regional autonomy. It introduced female suffrage, civil marriage and divorce. It permitted the state to expropriate private property, with compensation, for reasons of broader social utility. -
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SPANISH SECOND REPUBLIC
The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. -
ASTURIAS MINER´S STRIKE.
was a major strike action undertaken by miners in Asturias against the new CEDA-led government. The revolutionaries took over Asturias by force, killing many of the province's police and religious leaders. -
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Spanish civil war
Its was a military revolt against the Republican government of Spain. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. -
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Second World War
Was a global conflict involving most of the world's nations. It stemmed from unresolved issues from World War I and saw the rise of totalitarian regimes in Europe, notably Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The war was characterized by significant battles. It ended with the defeat of the Axis powers, led by Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the establishment of the United Nations to prevent future conflicts. -
Operation Barbarossa
was the code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, launched on June 22, 1941. It was the largest military operation in history in terms of manpower and casualties -
attack on Pearl Harbor
occurred on December 7, 1941, when the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise military strike against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack resulted in significant damage to the American Pacific Fleet and led to the United States' entry into World War II. It was a pivotal moment that changed the course of history and marked the beginning of the Pacific Theater of the war. -
United Nations
Is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II to promote peace, security, cooperation, and economic development among member countries -
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
were devastating attacks carried out by the United States during World War II. On August 6, 1945, the city of Hiroshima was hit by the first atomic bomb, followed by Nagasaki on August 9. The bombings resulted in immense destruction, loss of life, and long-term health effects due to radiation exposure. They prompted Japan's surrender and the end of World War II. -
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
is a milestone document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. It proclaims the inalienable rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled, regardless of race, color, religion, sex, language, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.