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1 CE
KOREAN WAR
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1 CE
BERLIN WALL
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1 CE
BANDUNG CONFERENCE
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1 CE
CHINESE REVOLUTION
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1 CE
VIETNAM WAR
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1 CE
COLD WAR
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1 CE
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
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1 CE
ARAB-ISRAELI WARS
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1 CE
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
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INDEPENDENCE OF THE US
By issuing the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections with Great Britain. The Declaration motivated the colonists to achieve independence -
FRENCH REVOLUTION
The population of France did not agree with the Ancien Régime, which led them to revolutionize. -
NAPOLEON EMPIRE
At its peak, the Empire comprised most of western and central Europe. The regime lasted from 1804, with the proclamation of Napoleon as Emperor, until 1815, the day the forces of King Louis XVIII entered Paris. -
FERDINAND VII
Ferdinand VII began to reign in 1808 but Napoleon had kept him imprisoned in France until 1813, when Napoleon agreed to once again recognize Ferdinand VII of Bourbon as King of Spain. He therefore returned to Spain in 1814 after having spent five years in captivity in France. He annulled the Constitution of Cádiz, dissolved the Cortes and suppressed the free press. He tried to abolish constitutionalism and reestablish the absolute monarchical system that he had left in 1808. -
SPANISH-AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish American Wars of Independence were a series of armed conflicts that took place in the American territories of the Spanish Empire at the beginning of the 19th century. -
THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish War of Independence was a military conflict that occurred between 1808 and 1814 that pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose intention was to install Napoleon's brother on the Spanish throne. Joseph Bonaparte -
THE CONSTITUTION OF CÁDIZ
The Constitution of Cádiz was promulgated by the Spanish Cortes Generales, made up of deputies from America, Asia and the Peninsula, meeting extraordinarily in Cádiz on 1812. It has been given great historical importance as it is the first Constitution promulgated in Spain, in addition to being one of the most liberal of its time. Officially it was in force for only two years, from its promulgation until its repeal in Valencia on 1814, after the return to Spain of Ferdinand VII. -
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
The objective of the Congress of Vienna was to reestablish the borders of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and to reorganize the political ideologies of the Ancien Regime. His intention was to return Europe to the situation before the French Revolution. -
1820 REVOLUTION
A constitutional monarchy was established in Spain.
The revolution spread to Portugal, Naples and Greece. It led to Greek independence. -
THE LIBERAL TRIENNIUM
The Liberal Triennium is the period in the contemporary history of Spain that runs between 1820 and 1823, which constitutes the intermediate stage of the three into which the reign of Ferdinand VII is conventionally divided, being after the Absolutist Sexennium (1814-1820) and before to the Ominous Decade (1823-1833). The Triennium begins on 1820 with the Riego pronouncement that forces the absolute king Fernando VII to reestablish the Constitution of Cádiz of 1812 -
MONROE DOCTRINE
The Monroe Doctrine was an idea that emerged in the United States in 1823. It said that no European country should invade the United States. It was a warning to Europe. -
1830 REVOLUTION
In France, King Charles X suspended freedom of the press and limited voting, sparking a middle-class revolt against him. Luisa Felipe of Orleans becomes king and in Belgium a liberal and nationalist revolution led to independence -
ISABELLA II
Isabella II ascended the throne at less than three years old due to the death of her father. The regency was assumed by her mother María Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias until 1840, followed by Espartero until 1843. The queen ascended the throne a year earlier than expected. due to the decision of the Cortes. Marked the end of absolutism in Spain and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. -
1848 REVOLUTION
King Louis Philippe abdicated after an uprising. The Second French Republic was formed. The revolution against absolutism became a fight between the bourgeoisie and the middle class, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte assumed the presidency. In other parts of Europe revolutions also spread, but they failed. -
THE OPIUM WARS
The Opium Wars that took place in the 19th century included the First Opium War (1839-1842) and the Second Opium War (1856-1860). These wars were caused by the opium trade from England to China and the trade imbalance. China lost two wars and was forced to accept unfair deals, causing shame and anger in the country. These wars marked an important chapter in Chinese history. -
AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
The American Civil War was when the northern and southern states of the United States fought against each other between 1861 and 1865. The main reason was slavery. The North won and abolished slavery. -
MEIJI RESTORATION
The Meiji Restoration was a time of great change in 19th century Japan. The samurai lost power and the emperor regained it. Japan modernized its government, its military and its technology. It happened in 1860. -
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
The Piedmontese defeated the Austrians in 1859 and united most of Italy under their rule in 1861. The annexation of Venice in 1866 and papal Rome in 1870 marked the final unification of Italy and thus the end of the Risorgimento. -
GERMAN UNIFICATION
The creation in 1834 of a common economic area was a precursor to unification.
It began with Denmark's defeat by Prussia in 1864 and the annexation of Schleswig and Holstein.
In 1866 Prussia defeated Austria and established the German Confederation and in 1871 a new German Empire was established. That same year, Germany defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War and annexed Alsace-Lorraine. -
BISMARCKIAN ALLIANCES
The Bismarckian Pacts were agreements made by Germany in the 19th century to avoid problems with other countries. The German leader Bismarck used them to control his country. They are like love contracts. -
I REPUBLIC
Proclaimed by the Cortes and Amadeo, political instability, the presidents during this period are Figueras, Pi y Margall, Salmerón and Castelar. Martínez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain with the help of a military uprising ending the republic. -
THE BOURBON RESTORATION
It was characterized by institutional stability and the construction of a liberal model of the State, until its progressive decline after the crisis of 1917 and the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. -
ALFONSO XII
Alfonso XII ruled Spain in the 19th century. His government (1874-1885) helped restore the monarchy after a period of instability. It helped reconcile political and social groups, marking a period of stability in Spanish history after years of war and revolution. His legacy is very important in the history of Spain. -
BERLIN CONFERENCE
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 was where the divided nations of Europe met. They distinguished law that created territory and encouraged trade, but this led to colonialism in Africa. It causes problems beyond African borders and cultures. This is not Africa for everyone. -
FASHODA INCIDENT
The Fashoda affair (1898) was a diplomatic conflict in Sudan between France and the United Kingdom. The American Roosevelt helped pacify them. They agreed to withdraw their troops and define spheres of influence. Important for colonial and diplomatic history. -
BOER WAR
The Boer War (1899-1902) was a conflict between Great Britain and the Boer Republic of South Africa. American President Roosevelt also intervened to find a solution. The conflict ended and the Union of South Africa was established. -
ALFONSO XIII
Alfonso XIII was King of Spain from his birth in 1886 until 1931. His reign lasted from the Restoration until the Second Spanish Republic. During his reign, Spain experienced many political and social changes, including the Moroccan War and the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1931. The portrait of Alfonso XIII is associated with a period of change and conflict in Spanish history. -
BLOODY SUNDAY
Peaceful protestors in St. Petersburg, Russia, were massacred by Tsar Nicholas II's troops. This sparked public outrage and eroded trust in the Tsarist regime, ultimately serving as the catalyst for the 1905 Russian Revolution. -
MAROCCAN CRISES
The Moroccan conflict is a conflict between European powers over Morocco. The United States of America acted as mediators. This helps solve problems and sign changes in international diplomacy. -
BALKAN WARS
The Balkan Wars were a series of conflicts on the Balkan Peninsula. Attempts by the Balkan countries to break away from Ottoman rule caused conflict. The conflict changed the territory, weakened the Ottoman Empire and created a crisis that led to the First World War. -
FIRST WORLD WAR
World War I was a major conflict between the Central Powers, led by Germany, and the Allies, led by France, the United States, and Russia. After political turmoil and nationalism, trench warfare became a reality and saw great technological advances. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles marked the end of the war, and although it was intended to be a reconciliation, it contributed to geopolitical conflict and set the stage for later events, including World War II. -
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
The October Revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Lenin overthrew the Provisional Government established after the February Revolution. This momentous event marked the establishment of a socialist state, the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Russian Federal Socialist Republic. -
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
The Russian February Revolution was characterized by discontent over food shortages and war fatigue. Mass protests in Petrograd led to the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II and the end of Romanov's rule. This action laid the foundations for the Provisional Government in the October Revolution and the subsequent Bolshevik struggle for power. -
TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and the Central Powers ended World War I, fighting on the Eastern Front. This led to large land losses in Russia that marked the withdrawal of the Bolshevik government from the war, but increased political pressure and contributed to civil war. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I, but imposed severe conditions on Germany, including territorial losses and reparations. Instead of promoting peace, it fueled anger and increased economic and political instability, paving the way for future wars. -
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
The League of Nations was established to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. However, it faced challenges and ultimately proved ineffective in preventing World War II. It later became the United Nations as a global organization dedicated to peace and cooperation. -
PRIMO DE RIVERA DICTATORSHIP
The Primo de Rivera Dictatorship, from 1923 to 1930, was marked by the rule of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, who seized power through a military coup. His regime centralized authority, suspended civil liberties, and attempted economic and social reforms. However, it faced opposition from various sectors, and its authoritarian rule ultimately collapsed due to economic problems and loss of support. -
WALL STREET CRASH
A sudden stock market plunge, sparking the Great Depression. -
1931 CONSTITUTION
The 1931 Constitution established the Second Spanish Republic, with a democratic form of government and separation of powers. It recognized rights such as freedom of speech, religion, and universal suffrage. It instituted a secular state, public and free education, and promoted regional autonomy and agrarian reform. Although interrupted by the Civil War and the Franco dictatorship, it remains a milestone in Spanish constitutional history. -
SPANISH SECOND REPUBLIC
The Spanish Second Republic, established in 1931, was a democratic government following the overthrow of King Alfonso XIII. It implemented progressive reforms, including separation of powers, universal suffrage, secularism, and agrarian reform. Despite its aspirations, it faced challenges, leading to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent rise of the Franco dictatorship. -
ASTURIAS MINER´S STRIKE
In October 1934, the entry of the right into the government after the general elections provoked an armed insurrection in Asturias. Miners, fed up with precarious working conditions and political repression, took up arms, taking control of much of the region and declaring the Asturian Socialist Republic. -
SPANISH CIVIL WAR
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) pitted the democratic Republic against rebels led by General Franco, who sought a dictatorship. A failed coup on July 17, 1936 ignited a brutal war fueled by foreign intervention. After three bloody years, Franco's troops captured Madrid on April 1, 1939, securing victory. The war left half a million dead and deep scars on Spanish society. -
SECOND WORLD WAR
A global conflict involving most of the world's nations, resulting in widespread destruction and immense casualties. -
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FRANCO DICTATORSHIP
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ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOUR
A surprise military strike by Japan against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. -
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. -
UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded after the devastation of World War II. -
ATOMIC BOMB ON HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
The United States detonated atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final days of World War II. -
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The UDHR sets the global standard for human rights.