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Beginning of Education
In the 18th century, education was around for those listed eligible. It was believed that some people are able to learn, while others are unable to do so. Those labeled as the "learned" group, would gain an education. Those labeled as the "labored" group, did not. Multiple years later, education was provided free of cost to the children of poor families. The children of rich families were expected to pay. Free education for all was a thought at this time, however did not see possible. -
Education Changes in the 18th Century
1820, in the U.S., Boston English, the first public school opened. The U.S. war against Mexico ended in 1848, U.S. gained multiple states and agreed to allow Spanish speaking education occur. Almost 150 years, it was reversed and Spanish speaking in public school was illegal. It was illegal for native students to learn their native language. Reform schools were to created for the children who refused to attend school. These schools had education and juvenile justice systems incorporated in one. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
On May 18th,1892, African American Homer Plessy refused to remove himself from an all-white railroad car. Plessy plead his constitutional rights were being violated, the specific separation law was adding a gap between blacks and whites. During this time period, segregation became more prominent, in voting for example, and blacks were effected. On June 7th, 1896, the decision ruled in Plessy's favor as the 14th amendment did not apply to social rights, such as ones preference in a railroad car. -
The Beginning of the 19th Century.
Public education is extended to Chinese immigrants in 1905. A series of suit is in effect from 1930-1950, regarding the inequality of pay between black and white educators. The suits resulted in an increase spending on black schools. "So-called intelligence" testing was taking place to verify where students should be at academically. Scholarships were handed out for the first time in 1945, to those of the working class. -
Brown v. Board of Education
In 1951, Oliver Brown filed a "class-action suit against the Board of Education" because his daughter was denied access to an all-white school. Brown pleaded that school for the brown were not equal to schools for the white. The 14th amendment obtained the equal protection of the laws. On May 5th, 1954, the decision made was public education should not apply the doctrine "separate but equal". It was ruled that blacks were deprived of the equal protection law and were not equal in education. -
Engel v. Vitale
In 1962, the New York state had a law where students were required to begin their day with the Pledge of Allegiance and a prayer. A parent ended up suing claiming the state was violating the 1st amendment. The argument against the state revolved around the fact that so many Americans follow many different religions. It is simply not logical to force 1 religion on to a large group of humans. The case ruled in favor of the people and religion is not to be taught in public school. -
Title IX
In 1964, Title IX was passed to protect students from being excluded from education based on sex. The law protects students from sexual harassment and sexual violence. During Obama's presidency, he also included transgender students, these specific students were to be referred to as their preferred gender and they were allowed to use the restroom of their choice. Upon Trump's presidency, he did reverse the law against transgender students. This reverse does impact these students negatively. -
Education of all Handicapped Children Act
In 1975, a law was passed to make sure students with mental and physical disabilities were provided with "equal access to education". It was a must the public schools begin receiving federal funding for these specific students as well as required audits. The law is set in place to make sure these specific students are provided with a close resemblances that non-disabled students are provided. It is also a benefit for parents of disabled students to have more of a say in their child's education. -
Plyler v. Doe
In 1975, a group of Mexico students filled a class-action lawsuit against the education policy regarding "illegal students". It was legally okay to deny enrollment for the undocumented children. Two years later, it was legal to charge undocumented children tuition. This effected those trying to gain a better life a lot more. The Supreme Court ruled in the favor of the undocumented. Per the 14th amendment, "no state shall den to any person within it jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." -
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Students of Hazelwood East High School in St. Louis, Missouri, filed a case against their school. Specific students published articles for the school and had 2 articles removed by the principal. The students fought the school because they felt their freedom of speech was being violated. The first court ruling did go in favor with the school, stating the school has the authority to make changes. After an appeal, the ruling favored students, stating schools can make changes if absolutely needed. -
Franklin v. Gwinnett
Student, Franklin was sexually harassed by her teacher. Franklin was asked to dismiss the harassment however, she did end up file a case against Hill, the teacher. The student, Franklin did inform her school administration and other students were aware of the issue going on as well, however nothing was done to defend Franklin. The court ruled in Franklin's favor stating her education rights were being violated by the Title IX amendment.
