-
A.N.C. Formed
-
National Party comes to power
D.F. Malan as Prime Minister
"Why?";
Broederbond;
Christian belief;
Afrikaner Nationalism;
(Afrikaners) -
ANC Youth League's Programme of Action
– Call for non-violent mass action: civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts – (Black Resistance) -
1950: Population Registration Act
(Afrikaners) -
Bantu Authorities Act
and Representation of Voters Act; (Afrikaners) -
1952: Pass Laws Act
(Afrikaners) -
ANC's Defiance Campaign Launched
Aim: create disorder; 'clog up the system' – burning passes, getting arrested
(Black Resistance) -
1953: Bantu Education Act
(Afrikaners) -
Freedom Charter
Adopted on 26 June, 1955 at the Congress of the People in Kliptown
Defines core principles of ANC
(Black Resistance) -
Period: to
Treason Trial
156 people arrested, accused of treason - incl. Mandela
ANC time wasted
Leaders could plan future of resistance while detained -
ANC / PAC Split
- PAC opposes Freedom Charter & the inclusion of other races in struggle
- Robert Sobukwe as leader (Black Resistance)
-
Extension of University Education Act
Higher education for blacks in their homelands;
University of Fort Hare, Turfloop -- seeds of future resistance planted -
S H A R P V I L L E
"Significance?"
Government / International attitudes?
State of Emergency
Resistance goes underground, exile, armed struggle (MK, Poqo) -
Period: to
"Separate Development" – Golden Era of Apartheid
Booming Economy, Lack of Resistance -
State of Emergency declared
Police powers strengthened, public meetings outlawed, Public Safety Act of 1953 used for "seamless" detaining -
Unlawful Organisations Act
Bans ANC and PAC
(Afrikaners) -
South Africa becomes a Republic
leaving the Commonwealth; Macmillan's Wind of Change speech -
Nelson Mandela captured and imprisoned
on Robben Island -
Rivonia Farm raid, many ANC leaders captured
and imprisoned; Start of Rivonia Trial -
Period: to
Rivonia Trial
Nelson Mandela's speech
Huge media coverage -
Period: to
Black universities develop new resistance ideologies
Turfloop, Fort Hare -
Verwoerd is assassinated, Vorster becomes PM
-
South African Student Organisation (SASO) formed
led by Steve Biko -
Period: to
Black Consciousness ideology forms
-
Black Consciousness & Black People's Convention
launched;
– 'black people should self-define'
– SASO involvement;
– draws on African heritage, especially from the PAC -
S O W E T O Uprising
575 dead
Huge media coverage
UN condemns government response -
Period: to
Growth of International Opposition
to apartheid -
Biko dies
severely beaten because he breaks banning order; this provokes international disapproval -
Botha's Total Strategy (to preserve Apartheid)
1) Economic
2) Repression of resistance (extension of police powers)
3) Destabilisation of neighbouring countries to prevent opposition -
Period: to
Increasing Violence of Resistance
Township Revolts;
COSAS;
ANC -
Period: to
Finances, Business, Industry pull out
-
Low-key NP negotiations start with Mandela
Botha would release Mandela under "certain conditions". -
Period: to
Communism collapsing in Eastern Europe
so Apartheid tactics seem less justified – no need to 'contain communism anymore' – anti-communist allies like USA also pull away from SA -
Period: to
NP Negotiations with ANC – Mandela
-
De Klerk replaces Botha as PM
-
C O D E S A (I) starts
formal negotiations between ANC and NP. Meeting at WTO in Johannesburg. -
CODESA Agreement reached
-
DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS
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// made by Patrik I. Levai //
