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Jan 1, 1095
The First Indulgences
The first indulgences were given to people who participated in the First Crusade by Pope Urban II. The indulgences were to make it so you could go straight out of Purgatory and into heaven. These indulgences became many issues as time went on and more so after the Reformation because you were to pay money to potentially get into heaven quicker.
http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/chap5102.html -
Period: Jan 1, 1280 to Dec 31, 1399
Trading During the Renaissance
During the time of the Renaissance many important tools came out that helped the industry of trading. As the Renaissance began, so did the demand for imported goods. Some of the most important tools that helped navigation were the astrolabe and the magnetic compass. Maps were also used heavily during this tie period, as well as the building of ships improved.
http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/exploration.html -
Period: Jan 1, 1400 to
The Church's Influence During the Renaissance
During the Renaissance the Church began to have less effect on people during their daily life. As more ideas came out people began to explore differently and the church held a lot less power in the people. The Renaissance began in Northern Italy but soon spread to Western Europe where many people were inspired by the ideas in Italy.
http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-422_t-1108_c-4278/qld/sose-history/renaissance-and-reformation/the-reformation/the-catholic-church-in-europe -
Jan 1, 1410
The Invention of Oil Paints
The style of oil painting was reintroduced around 1410 by Jan van Eyck. There were more people to oil paint this time but he had made oil paints that were a better formula. He kept his formula secret until 1440 when he was close to death.Oil painting was special in the Renaissance because it allowed the artist to change their work because it dried slowly.
http://www.cyberlipid.org/perox/oxid0011.htm
https://www.italian-renaissance-art.com/Oil-Painting.html -
Jan 1, 1430
Printing Press
Johannes Gutenberg is known to have created the printing press. This was a really fascinating discovery during the Renaissance. The first book to be printed in mass quantities was the Bible. About 95 years after this Luther nailed his 95 Theses, without the invention of the printing press his ideas would not of gotten around quickly.
http://www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-422_t-1108_c-4280/the-impact-of-the-printing-press/qld/the-impact-of-the-printing-press/renaissance-and-reformation/the-reformation -
Jan 1, 1447
The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci
The Last Supper is a painting done by Leonardo da Vinci to represent the last supper Christ had. It is with his apostles. This painting is unique because all of the apostles have their own personality and you can see how they react in the painting. The painting is in terrible condition and deteriorating as well.
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas/renaissance-art-europe-ap/a/leonardo-last-supper -
Jan 1, 1476
The Medici Family
The Medici family was wealthy banking family and was one of the greatest patrons of this time. They ruled as princes and had commissioned many works during the Renaissance, a majority of them being portraits of the members of the Medici family themselves. One of the artists that the Medici family commissioned was Botticelli who was known for making ethereal and beautiful people. https://www.nga.gov/features/slideshows/patrons-and-artists-in-late-15th-century-florence.html -
Jan 1, 1484
Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli
This painting was made for a member of the Medici family, unfortunately it is unknown which member. This painting is based off of the work of an ancient poet, named Homer. Although this painting was not a typical style of art during the Renaissance, the style intrigued a lot of the wealthy Florentines because it looked so elegant.
http://www.italianrenaissance.org/botticelli-birth-of-venus/ -
Jan 1, 1501
Michelangelo's David
This statue is known as the greatest statue in all of mankind. This statue is 14 feet tall and and depicts David, the Biblical hero. When Michelangelo began this statue he was only 26 years old, but he was already the most famous and the best paid artist of the Renaissance. He worked on this statue for two years, finishing it in 1503.
http://www.accademia.org/explore-museum/artworks/michelangelos-david/ -
Jan 1, 1503
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci
One of the most famous paintings during the time of the Renaissance is Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. This painting was one of the first of it's kind, in this painting the woman is looking at the viewers directly, which was something very uncommon in this time period. This painting truly shows the jump that artists had made to naturalism in their paintings from 1400 to 1500.
http://www.italianrenaissance.org/a-closer-look-leonardo-da-vincis-mona-lisa/ -
Jan 1, 1504
Heliocentric Solar System
Nicolaus Copernicus began his research on his theory on the heliocentric solar system. The telescope was not invented at this time so all of his ideas were with the naked eye. In 1514 he published a book with his ideas, one of the most important being Earth is not the center of the universe, and the center of the universe is somewhere near the sun. Later his book, ideas, and theories were put together and confirmed.
http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=123 -
Jan 1, 1506
Building of Saint Peters Basilica Begins
They would need millions of ducats to build this. They used money from the indulgences to go towards making this. This basilica was located in Rome. It was to be built over Saint Peters tomb. -
Jan 1, 1508
Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel
In 1508 Pope Julius commissioned Michelangelo to paint ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel, the most famous of all of those being the Creation of Adam. There were nine frescoes, all created to represent the Book of Genesis. These paintings also reflect on Michelangelo's idea that the human body should reflect the divine beauty in the soul.
https://www.learner.org/courses/globalart/work/78/index.html -
Jan 1, 1510
Invention of the Pocket Watch
The pocket watch was invented by Peter Henlein in 1510. During this time the pocket watch was mainly used for fashion or as a status symbol, they were being sold publicly by the year 1524. This was an upgrade from the old watch where people had to use weights to get the clock's hands to move. This watch was portable but sadly, still could not fit into a pocket. In the year 1675 the pockets were finally small enough to fit into a pocket.
Jacob, Reifert's Invention Smore -
Jan 1, 1510
School of Athens by Raphael Sanzio
This painting was made to show the ideal group of intellectuals during this time, rather than an actual school. It included many famous artists and scientists of the Renaissance starting with Plato and Aristotle in the middle. Raphael even included himself in the painting. Raphael was extremely influential during his lifetime, even with his early death at age 37.
https://www.raphaelsanzio.org/
https://www.artble.com/artists/raphael/paintings/school_of_athens -
Jan 1, 1513
Pope Leo X Became Pope
Pope Leo X was the head of the Christian Church and also the leader of the wealthy Medici family. He was the last Pope leading up to the Reformation. He died 8 years later of pneumonia, on December 1, 1521.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-X
https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/ -
Oct 31, 1517
Luther Nails his 95 Theses to the Wittenburg Castle Church
Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the Wittenburg Castle door, the 95 Theses is a list of things that he believed the people of the church were doing wrong and things they shouldn't be doing, mostly based around indulgences. This caused a lot of arguments and even led to Martin Luther being excommunicated because he wouldn't take these back along with many of his works.
http://www.history.com/topics/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses -
Jan 3, 1521
Martin Luther gets Excommunicated from the Catholic Church
Pope Leo X made a papal bull to excommunicate him from the Catholic Church. Luther would not recant any of his writings. He returned three months later and did the same, and the emperor called him a heretic and an outlaw.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/martin-luther-excommunicated -
Jan 1, 1523
Luther Translates the Bible into German
Luther Translated the Bible into German because many people were not able to read the Bible, and Luther felt as if those people were being tricked into buying indulgences. He felt as if the Bible needed to be translated so many more people would be able to read and understand the true meaning of their religion. At first many people looked down at this but soon it became a necessity for everyone.
https://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/martin-luther-translator-of-the-bible/ -
Jan 1, 1566
Martin Luther's Table Talk
Along with his 95 Theses, Martin Luther also had other pieces of work. One of them being his book Table Talk, published in 1566. This book mainly led you more into his life and allowed you to see more of his personality. It was a collection of conversations guests at his table had wrote over years of time. It allowed people to get a further insight into Luther's daily life. -
Galileo's Pendulum Expirement
Galileo made many important discoveries and inventions. Many of his experiments involved pendulums which he had many hypothesis about, one was "pendulums nearly return to their release height", which demonstrates conservation of energy today, an idea that did not exist at the time of his experiments. He helped to benefit many scientific studies today with his research.
http://www.history.com/topics/galileo-galilei
http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/experiment95/galileo_pendulum.html -
Invention of the Microscope
Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans were who Dutch spectacle makers, and they were experimenting with lenses and found out certain ones would enlarge things. Later in 1609 Galileo looked at the research they had found and formed a much better instrument The microscope then led to many other important findings that wouldn't of been possible to see without it.
https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-microscope-1992146 -
Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queen
This was the first epic of English. It influenced many other later poets such as Milton. This piece was dedicated to Elizabeth I and depicts medieval romance and renaissance epic mixed together. It also has scenes of drama as well. Overall the epic was a first of it's time and very influential to writers of the future.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/765427.The_Faerie_Queene -
Period: to
Renaissance Women's Fashion Changes During the 1600's
Fashion changed greatly during the Renaissance. Women would typically wear long dresses, and they would show off their wealth by how much fabric their outfit had. Women would wear high shoes, or pianelles, so their dresses would not hit the ground when they were walking, but wearing these also showed a lot of wealth because you would have to have servants on both sides of you so you didn't fall over.
http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/clothing-and-jewellery/ -
John Milton's Paradise Lost
John Milton wrote this book in one of the last stages of his life. It covered ideas of humanism by imitating the style of other Greek and Roman of the Renaissance as well. It is known that this poem is one of his greatest creations. This poem also emphasizes the idea that freedom is a choice and that man is always working to better and perfect himself.
https://freebooksummary.com/humanism-in-john-miltons-paradise-lost-71562
