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1500
Social organization
-In summer, the Algonquian would set up camps of 500 people
-In winter, the Algonquian would spread out in bands as not to depend on the same resources
-They lived in wigwams
-The Iroquoian lived in villages with longhouses, with 500 to 2000 people
-They moved their village every 10-15 years because the soil would be depleted by farming -
1500
Bering Strait
-People crossed into North America from Asia and Russia
-The "bridge" they crossed was created as an effect of the ice age
-The people crossed it while hunting and following the animals -
1500
First Occupants
-People have lived in North America since around 30 000 BC
-Iroquois practiced matriarchy
-Iroquois were semi-sedentary
-Algonquins practiced patriarchy
-Algonquins were nomads -
Period: 1500 to
Population and settlement
-
1534
Jacques Cartier's voyages
-He traveled to America to find a new route to Asia, discover riches for the king and to claim territory for the king of France.
-He found lots of fish, timber and furs
-Natives taught the Europeans how to survive winter
-He attempted to start a colony but was unsuccessful
-The missionaries tried to convert the natives
-France lost interest for 60 years -
Relations with the Natives
-French allied with the Algonquians and the Hurons
-English allied with the Iroquoians
-Aboriginal population decreased because of disease and war
-Natives cross-bred with the Europeans
-Europeans learnt: how to survive winter (clothing and travel) and how to eat (corn, pumpkins and maple syrup)
-Natives learnt: about weapons, iron tools, salt and bread
-Natives suffered because of alcoholism and disease -
Samuel de Champlain
-Samuel de Champlain was a part of Port Royal
-Port Royal was a settlement established by the king of France
-The settlement failed because it was too far away
-Champlain returned around 1608 to establish a trading post in Quebec which became New France -
Seigneurial system
-New France had too much land for their population density
-The king of France gave away plots of land to develop and increase the population (seigneuries)
-The seigneur who owned the land would let peasants live on the land in exchange for a percentage of their crops, produce and labor
-The Lord had to have a mill and the peasants had to pay him to use it
-The church controlled everything and everyone had to pay a church tax -
Jean Talon
-Jean Talon was in charge of installing a settlement in New France
-Talons job was to increase the population
-He did so by offering soldiers free land, allowing minor criminals from France to move there and by marrying off orphan girls called Filles du roi
-He encouraged natural increase by giving payments to couples who married young and forcing bachelors over 21 and fathers with unmarried daughters pay fines
-The population increased but still hadn't reached the population of the 13 Colonies -
Composition of the population
The effect of natural and migratory movements:
-Majority of the population were men since they were needed for fur trade
-Composition: European, Aboriginal, Métis and slaves
Social classes:
-Nobility/Elite (governor)- Born into it, rich, has authority
-Middle class/Bourgeoisie (seigneur)- Work for their money
-Peasants/Habitant (censitaries)- Do the manual labor -
Slavery
-The Natives were used as slaves but weren't useful because they knew how to live in the area so they could escape
-Slaves were brought from Africa and since they depended on their master for survival, they could not escape -
Deportation of the Acadians
-The British forced the Acadians to be deported
-The Acadians were French and the English wanted english-speaking people only in their territory -
British immigration
-1763: wealthy business men looking to take over
-1791: measures taken to encourage immigration (land granted to shipping and railroad companies, immigration agents)
-1812: laws discouraging American immigration in Upper-Canada
-1840: Colonial Land and Emigration Commission and permanent immigration office in London
-The use of propaganda to encourage immigration -
Effects of the loyalists
-36,000 came to Canada
-6,000 came to Quebec
-The English population increased: 1%>10%
-The seigneurial system was replaced with the township system
-Settlements had English names
-Protestant churches and English schools were built -
Constitutional Act
-Territory divided into Upper-Canada and Lower-Canada
-English Protestants in Upper-Canada
-French Catholics in Lower-Canada
-Goal: ease tension between the French and the English
-English laws still applied in both Canadas
-Rebellions in both Canadas (Lower-Canada is more relevant) -
English Immigration
-Irish arrived due to famine, Scottish and English immigrated as well
-Conditions on the boat were bad and disease spread, killing many
-On their way to New France, the cholera epidemic spread and they were quarantined on Grosse-Ile -
Abolishment of slavery
-British North America limited slavery in 1800 by requiring a proof of ownership which was rare
-Slavery was legal until the British Parliament's Slavery Abolition Act in 1834 -
Immigration to the United-States and the West
-Cause: seigneuries are overpopulated
-Lumberjacks and farmers immigrated to the forest regions of Quebec (Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada)
-Others immigrated to the United States since there were more opportunities there (no room on the seigneuries, less jobs in farming since it was somewhat industrialized, factory conditions were horrible) -
Composition of the population
-French-Canadians remain the majority due to their high birth rate
-English are the minority but their population is growing due to immigration
-Different ethnic groups living in cities -
Colonization of new regions
-Overpopulation and exploitation of forests caused the opening of Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie and Outaouais
-Church encouraged people to go rural because this meant less drugs, alcohol and prostitution
-These new regions were not always successful unless some resources were available -
Immigration policies in the Contemporary period
-Sharing federal-provincial powers with regard to immigration matters under the British North-American Act in 1867
-National policy: posters in Europe promoting Canada
-Land grants and the giving of land to rail companies to settle the west (considering the boats couldn't go further than Quebec City)
-Waves of immigration following economic crisis, wars, etc.
-Only white, English-speaking people could immigrate until the end of World War II -
Relations with the natives
-Indian reserves were created for the Natives
-Indian act: Lower the tension between Europeans and Natives, natives still aren’t happy because they feel the Europeans can take whatever land they want
-Aboriginal claims related to the exploitation of natural resources by the government
-Oka Crisis: golf course wanted to expand onto native territory, there was a stand-off that ended without violence
-Recognition of treaty rights (James Bay Agreement and Peace of the Braves) -
Urban population increase
-Rural exodus
-Development of working class neighbourhoods.
-Rural population moved to the city and increased the urban population
-Urban sprawl: urban developments being built on undeveloped land near a city
-Suburbs were cramped, had no running water and no sewage -
Immigration to the United-States and the west
-Work conditions were awful: children work, low pay, dangerous, no ventilation, abuse.
-No employment in farming due to industrialization
-Brain drain: the educated and skilled workers left to seek better opportunities -
Composition of the population
-French-Canadians remain the majority
-Increase in the multicultural population in the big cities
-More diverse population since 1945 -
Urban sprawl
-Urban sprawl: the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas
-The rate of urbanization increased rapidly
-Residential developments were constructed
-Farmland was reduced due to urban sprawl
