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Aug 30, 1500
Land Bridge
The land bridge is the land where the first inhabitants travelled from to get from Asia to north America. -
Period: Sep 2, 1500 to
Population
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Aug 30, 1534
Jacque cartier (America)
Jacque Cartier was an early explorer. He came to America to find three things. He wanted to find a new route to Asia because autumn Turks blocked the other roots, he wanted to bring back gold and other riches, and lastly he watned to find new land for the king fo France. -
Sep 22, 1534
Jacque Cartier (accomplishments on voyages)
Jacque Cartier went on three separate voyages. In 1534, he explored and mapped the gulf of St-Laurence, reported what he thought was gold but what was really lots of timber, fish, and furs. In 1535, He sailed the St-Laurence reached Stadacona met the natives they showed him how to survive winter and scurvy and then he returned with natives as captives. In 1541, he attempted to set up a colony which failed. The missionaries tried to convert the natives. France lost interest for 60 years. -
Port Royal and Samuel de Champlain
The king sent a voyage in 1605 to set up a settlement in nova scotia called port royal. Champlain laid this voyage. Port royal failed because of its position. Champlain returned in 1608, he established a trading post in Stadacona which would now be called New France. -
Seigneurial Regime
This was a method to cultivate the land. The king would grant peices of land to the rich french men who were the seigneurs, and they would receive rent from the paisatans, who were the censitaire, living on the land and they would devellope it. The purpose of this system was to get more settlers to settle in New France. -
The village and the parish on the seigneuries
The strips of land were narrow adn the houses on the land were very close to each other. They formed villages, along a waterway or street. When there was enough of the peasants they built a church with their own money. The territory that was served by the local church because the local parish and was given a parish name. In 1721, there were 82 parishes distributed on the shore of the St. Lawrence River. -
Creation of towns and villages
This happened along the St-Lawrence river, first Quebec was created, then trois-riviers and after that was Montreal. The way of life was vastly rural with small towns as urban centers. -
Jean Talon
He was the first intendant who brought several people to New France.
Soldiers were given free land if they stayed after they were done their duty.
Minor criminals had the option to go to prison in France, or go to New France and start a new life.
fils de roi, orphan girls came to New France.
couples who married young got paid.
Fathers with unmarried girls got fined, and men over 21 who weren't married got fined. The population increased rapidly. -
Life Expectancy (part 1)
During the 18th century, the mortality rate was higher in Quebec: approximately 24-40 deaths per 1000 inhabitants including a large number of infants and babies. This was because of the poor quality of milk and water, poor sanitary conditions, wars, periods of famine and severe cold, and the spread to contagious diseases and lack of medical knowledge. -
Relations with the Native People
Alliances formed over fur trade. Aboriginal population decimated. Crossbreeding between different cultural groups. Change of their occupation of territory. Reciprocal influence. The Europeans learnt from the Natives how to survive winter and how to eat things like corn. The natives were introduced to new objects from the Europeans like weapons, iron tools, food like salt, bread and alcohol. -
Immigration policies under the British Regime
These were policies to promote immigration. When the British took over only the very wealthy french would leave N.F, therefore the population was 99% French and 1% English. In 1763, immigration begins, wealthy business men come to take over. In 1791, measures to encourage immigration. In 1812, laws discouraging American immigration in upper Canada. In 1840, Colonial Land and Emigration Commission and Permanent immigration office in London. Also, propaganda to encourage immigration. -
British Immigration
There was a very small arrival of British immigrants the cities. Unfortunately, there was not enough to change the composition of the population -
Relations with the Native People
Territorial concessions with the proclamation of 1763.
Continutation of business alliances for the fur trade
from 1850, designation of land reserved for ondigenous people. -
Effects of the loyalists
36 000 loyalists came to Canada, most settled in Montreal, and 6 000 came to Quebec and most settled West of Montreal. The English population of Quebec increased from 1% to 10%. The seigneurial system was finished and the loyalists settled to the Township system. Their settlements were given English names. After 1815, there was irish immigration due to the Potato Famine, Scottish, and English also but mostly in the cities. Conditions during the passage were hard ans desease spread. -
Increase of the urban population
People were leaving the farm to come to the city which is called rural exodus. There was devellopement of working class neighbourhoods. The reversal of rural and urban populations. Also the spreading of urban devellopement on undeveloped land near a city. -
Religious diversification
Under the British regime, the majority of the people arriving were no longer Catholics. The Irish were catholic or protestant and the British were Protestant or Jews. Most of the immigrants coming to Quebec in the 19th century were Irish. There were also Catholics and they all integrated into the French Canadian community. -
Emigration to the U.S and the West
There was an overpopulation of the seigneuries which lead to Emigration to the forest regions of Quebec: Outaouais (which was for the timber industry), Temiscamingue and Western Canada. Emigration to the U.S from about 1840 was high since there simply existed more opportunities in the U.S. -
Composition of the population
French canadian remains the majority due to theure high birth rate.
English speaking minority is growinf in reponse to various waves of immigration.
Territorial groupement of different ethnic groups in cities. -
Life expectancy (part 2)
1850, situation approved due to advancements in the medical world, and nutrition. There were vaccines that prevented serious diseases like smallpox, cholera, rabies, tetanus, and diphtheria were developed. In the 19th century, people were encouraged to get the vaccines and the first volunteers would get paid. When smallpox caused 3000 deaths in Montreal in 1885, the city council decided to make vaccinations compulsory until the epidemic was over. -
Life expectancy (part 3)
19th century, the mortality rate was higher in the city than in the countryside and particularly affected poor neighbourhoods. In Montreal, approximately 25% od infants died before their first birthday. In the beginning of the 20th century, the situation improved greatly. Starting in 1910, most of the cities equipped with a water distribution network began to filter and to chlorinate water. In 1914, pasteurized milk was distributed to children. In 1926, milk pasteurization became mandatory in QC -
Different Policies to promote immigration
Sharing Federal-provincial powers with regard to immigration under the BNA.
National Policy 1878: Immigrant recruitment to populate the Canadian and land grants and hanging over of land to rail companies to settle the west.
Waves of immigration following international events.
Discriminatory immigration policies until the end of the second world war and since 1945, diversification of immigration. -
Colonization of new regions
There was an overpopulation and exploitation of forests that leads to the opening up of new areas. For example, Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Mauricie and Outaouais. These new areas opened up and they were encouraged by the church, they weren't always successful unless there were natural resources. -
Colonization of new regions (contemporary period)
it was to counter emigration towards the U.S.
Growth and occupation of territory: opening up of outlying regions.
Creation of these new communities. -
Emigration to the U.S (Contemporary world)
There was lack of employment in the agricultural sector.
There was industrialization.
The smarter people elft to find better job opportunities. -
Relations with the Native People (contemporary world)
There was the Indian act 1876.
Aboriginal claims related to the exploitation of natural ressources by the governement.
Oka crisis: the natives wanted to keep their land when a golf course was trying to expand onto it. This created a huge conflict.
Recognition of treaty rights.
