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Charles Darwin ( 1809-1882 )
Darwin’s theory of evolution declared that species survived through a process called "natural selection," where those that successfully adapted, or evolved, to meet the changing requirements of their natural habitat thrived, while those that failed to evolve and reproduce died off. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species ( Darwin, 1859 ). YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w56u2gv8XLs -
Piere Duhem ( 1861-1916 )
Physicist and philosopher Piere Duhem, was best known for his work on chemical thermodynamics, for his philosophical writings on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria, and for his historical research into the science of the European Middle Ages. As a scientist, Duhem also contributed to hydrodynamics and to the theory of elasticity ( Duhem, 1906 ). -
Carl Gustav Hempel ( 1905 - 1997 )
Developed influential theories of scientific explanation and theory confirmation. He argued that a phenomenon is "explained" when we can see that it is the logical consequence of a law of nature. He championed a hypothetical-deductive account of confirmation (Hempel, 1965 ). YouTube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SKmqh5Eu4Y -
Karl Popper (1902-1994)
Karl Popper, argued that falsifiability is both the hallmark of scientific theories and the proper methodology for scientists to employ. He believed that scientists should always regard their theories with a skeptical eye, seeking every opportunity to try to falsify them. The Falsification Principle proposes that for something to be scientific it must be be able to be proven false ( Popper, 1974).
Youtube Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wf-sGqBsWv4
