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5001 BCE
Harp
Percussion, 6th-5th millennium BC, Sumerian civilization,
https://www.summitlearning.org/redirect?url=aHR0cHM6Ly9jYXNsYWJzLmNhc2UuZWR1L21lZHJlbi9tZWRpZXZhbC1pbnN0cnVtZW50cy9oYXJwLW1lZGlldmFsLw%3D%3D -
3000 BCE
Renaissance Era Style - Corinthian
Corinthian 'Corinthian' is a style between 5000-3000 BCE that draws inspiration from multiple music traditions, some of which being the Byzantine chants, classical compositions, and folk tunes. A prominent composer of the time was Franz Liszt. https://pianity.com/tag/corinth#:~:text=Originating%20from%20the%20ancient%20city,emotion%2C%20passion%2C%20and%20beauty. -
1500 BCE
Trumpet
Brass, 1500 BC, Egypt/Scandinavia/China,
https://www.vibemusicacademy.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-trumpet#:~:text=The%20trumpet%20has%20existed%20since,wood%2C%20metal%2C%20and%20ceramic. -
900 BCE
Flute
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300 BCE
Organ
Percussion, 3rd century BC, Ancient Greece, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/medieval-instruments/organ-medieval/ -
900
Dulcimer
Strings, 900 A.D., the Near East,
https://www.si.edu/spotlight/hammered-dulcimer/history#:~:text=The%20ancient%20origins%20of%20the,derived%20from%20the%20Greek%20psalterion. -
1300
Gittern
Strings, 13th century, Algeria, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/medieval-instruments/gittern-medieval/ -
1300
Timpani
Percussion, 13th century, Continent Europe, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/baroque-instruments/timpani-baroque/ -
1400
Vielle
Strings, 10th century-1400, Byzantine Empire, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/medieval-instruments/vielle-medieval/ -
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1490
Crumhorn
Woodwind, 15th century, Germany, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/renaissance-instruments/crumhorn/ -
1500
Sackbut
Brass, 15th century, Burgundy, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/renaissance-instruments/sackbut-renaissance/ -
1500
Renaissance Era Style - Doric
Doric 'Doric', also known as 'Doric mode' or 'Dorian mode', refers to the three different subjects that are seemly unrelated; medieval musical modes, modern modal diatonic scales, and Ancient Greek harmoniai. All this corresponds to the piano. A prominent composer of the time was Peter Maxwell Davies. https://www.britannica.com/art/mode-music -
1521
Harpsichord
Percussion, 1521, Vienna, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/renaissance-instruments/harpsichord-renaissance/ -
1530
Violin
Strings, 1530, Northern Italy, https://caslabs.case.edu/medren/baroque-instruments/violin-baroque/ -
1547
Renaissance Era Style - Ionic
Ionic 'Ionic' or 'Ionian mode' refers to a musical mode or diatonic scale(major scale). It was named after the Ionian Greeks. A prominent composer of this style is Bob Dylan. https://www.britannica.com/art/Ionian-mode -
1570
Renaissance Era - Spem in Alium
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Renaissance Era - Canticum Canticorum
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
combination of the madrigal and the motet
1584 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NV10oNahGZ0 -
Renaissance Era - Maddalena Casulana
Year Born/Dead: 1544-1590
Birthplace: ~Casole d'Elsa, near Siena Childhood:
*got musical education and early experiences in Florance Most Known for:
*first female composer to have a book of her music printed and published in western music history
*her 66 madrigals(Adio Lidia mia bella, Cinta di fior un giorno, etc.)
*considered the first music book ever published by a woman https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddalena_Casulana -
Renaissance Era - Vincenzo Galilei
Year Born/Died: ~1520 - July 2, 1591
Birthplace: Santa Maria in Monte Childhood:
*Parents: Michel Angelo
*leader of the Florentine Camerata
*made his living as a lutenist, composer, theorist, singer, and teacher Most Known for:
*Father of Galileo Galilei
*co-invention of a musical style called monody
*two books of madrigals https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vincenzo-Galilei -
Baroque Era Style - Opera
Opera 'Opera' is a theatrics form of a story, told through dramatic sets of music, with vocal and instrumental pieces accompanied with orchestral overtures and interludes. Prominent composers of this style were Benjamin Britten and Johann Sebastian Bach. https://www.britannica.com/art/opera-music -
Renaissance Era - William Byrd
Year Born/Dead: 1543-July 4, 1623
Birthplace: Lincoln, United Kingdom Childhood:
*pupil under composer Thomas Tallis
*employed as an organist at Lincoln Cathedral(1563) Most Known for:
*his development of the English madrigal
*wrote virginal and organ music
*Cantiones Sacrae
*Fitzwilliam Virginal Book https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Byrd -
Renaissance Era - Miserere
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Renaissance Era - Jacopo Peri
Year Born/Dead: August 20, 1561-August 12, 1633
Birthplace: Rome, Italy Childhood:
*published an instrumental work and a madrigal(1583)
*employed at Medici court(1588) Most Known for:
*created "La Dafne"(1598) which is considered the first ever opera
*created the earliest extant opera "L’Euridice"(1600) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacopo-Peri -
Baroque Era - Francesca Caccini
Year Born/Dead: September 18, 1587-1640
Birthplace: Florence, Italy Childhood:
*Parents: Giulio Caccini & Lucia Gagnolanti
*sung at her father's Il rapimento di Cefalo
*probably sung at 1600 production of L’Euridice
*joined her father in employment at the Medici court(1607) Most Known for:
*considered the first woman to compose opera
*Il primo libro delle musiche (1618; “The First Book of Music”) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francesca-Caccini -
Baroque Era - Marco da Gagliano
Year Born/Dead: May 1, 1582-February 25, 1643
Birthplace: Florence, Italy Childhood:
*6 years from 1602 he worked for church
*first opera Dafne at Mantua in 1608
* the Medici made him maestro di cappella for 35 years Most Known for:
*Dafne
*the development of the solo and concerted madrigal
*important in the early history of opera https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marco-da-Gagliano -
Clarinet
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Baroque Era - Giovanni Legrenzi
Year Born/Dead: August 12, 1626-May 27, 1690
Birthplace: Clusone, Italy Childhood:
*studied with his father(a violinist and minor composer)
*ordained as a priest in 1651
*maestro di cappella at the Academy of the Holy Spirit (Ferrara, 1656-1665) Most Known for:
*one of the greatest composers of the Venetian Baroque
*Achille in Sciro (1664)
*La divisione del mondo
*I due cesari (1683)
*Il Giustino (1683)
*Publio Elio Pertinace (1684) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giovanni-Legrenzi -
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Baroque Era Style - Cantata
Cantata 'Cantata' is the opposite of a 'sonata', where it's a musical composition that is supposed to be sung, usually with instrumentals or a choir. Prominent composers of this style were John Sebastian Bach and Hector Berlioz. https://www.britannica.com/art/cantata-music -
Baroque Era - Toccata and Fugue
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Baroque Era - The Four Seasons (Le Quattro Stagioni)
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Baroque Era - Brandenburg Concertos
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Baroque Era - Antonio Vivaldi
Year Born/Died: March 4, 1678 - July 28, 1741
Birthplace: Venice, Italy Childhood:
Parents: Giovanni Battista Vivaldi & Camilla Calicchio
Father was a violinist in St Mark's Cathedral
Eldest of 6 siblings Most Known for:
*Concerto for Two Trumpets in C Major
*Ottone in Villa
*The Four Seasons
*Violin Concerto in B Minor
*was a Roman Catholic priest(the Red Priest) Antonio Vivaldi | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Concerto-for-Two-Trumpets-in-C-Major -
Classical Era - Magnificat, Wq 215, H.772. 2(1749)
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
orchestra, biblical canticle
1749 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlKelsO0G80 -
Baroque Era Style - Oratorio
Oratorio 'Oratorio' was a music composition that was about sacred or semisacred subjects performed with solo voices, chorus, and an orchestra. These texts were based off scriptures, and was used to tell story's with scenes and dramatics. Prominent composers of this style were Johann Sebastian Bach and Joseph Haydn. https://www.britannica.com/art/oratorio -
Classical Era - String Quintet in E, Op.11, No.5
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Classical Era - Doktor und Apotheker
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Classical Era - Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Year Born/Died: March 8, 1714 - Dec. 14, 1788
Birthplace: Weimar, Saxe-Weimar Childhood:
*Parent: Maria Barbara and J.S. Bach
*the fifth child and second surviving son
*learned to play from his father(Johann Sebastian Bach) Most Known for:
*Solfeggietto, H 220, Wq. 117: 2(1766)
*Magnificat, Wq 215, H.772. 2(1749)
*Brandenburg Concertos
*The Well-Tempered Clavier
*the Mass in B Minor https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Philipp-Emanuel-Bach -
Classical Era - Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
Year Born/Dead: November 2, 1739-October 24, 1799
Birthplace: Vienna, Austria Childhood:
*played at the orchestra of Prince von Sachsen-Hildburghausen at age 12
*wrote first opera, Amore in musica Most Known for:
*German Singspiele Doktor
*Doktor und Apotheker
*symphonies based on Ovid's Metamorphoses https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Ditters-von-Dittersdorf -
Classical Era Style - Symphony
Symphony A ‘symphony’ is a work with several recognizably different parts that usually starts with a ‘sonata.' It was almost always for an orchestra, consisting of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion instruments. All that equaled 30-100 musicians. Prominent composers of this style during this era were Beethoven and Berlioz. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony
https://www.britannica.com/art/sonata#ref27499 -
Classical Era Style - Concerto
Concerto 'Concerto' is a music composition where a soloist is the main instrumental which is accompanied by the orchestral ensemble. Prominent composers of this style were Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven https://www.britannica.com/art/concerto-music/The-Classical-concerto-c-1750-1830 -
Period: to
Classical Era to Romantic Era
Classical music was made for churches & kings, & were less expressive. The composers were also broke. Romantic Era music was made for entertainment, & was more expressive. Composers were seen more as rockstars as well. The Classical period was the age of order where there were strict rules to music whereas in the Romantic period there was more freedom, allowing composers to be more expressive with emotions & theatrics. A prominent composer that caused the transition was Beethoven. -
Classical Era - Carl Stamitz
Year Born/Dead: May 7, 1745-November 9, 1801
Birthplace: Mannheim, Germany Childhood:
*Parents: Johann Stamitz & Maria Antonia Luneborn
*taught to play violin from his father
*taught by Christian Cannabich at age 12 Most Known for:
*Bassoon Concerto in F major (2)
*Cello Concerto
*Clarinet and Bassoon Concert https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Stamitz -
Classical Era - Luigi Boccherini
Year Born/Dead: February 19, 1743-May 28, 1805
Birthplace: Lucca, Italy Childhood:
*Parents: Leopoldo Boccherini & Maria Santa Boccherini
*First cello lesson at age 5, later continued at age 9 with Abbé Vanucci
*Went to study in Rome with Giovanni Battista Costanzi at age 13 Most Known for:
*String Quintet in E, Op.
*Cello Concerto in B-flat
*influenced the development of the string quartet https://www.britannica.com/biography/Luigi-Boccherini -
Classical Era Style - Sonata
Sonata 'Sonata' is a music composition for a solo instrument or a small instrumental ensemble with 2 movements or sections, each related in a key but with different unique musical character. Prominent composers of this style were Franz Schubert and Joseph Haydn. https://www.britannica.com/art/sonata -
Romantic Era - Chopin's Nocturnes
Frédéric Chopin
freely flowing rhythm, based on the classical music style
1827 and 1846 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blga9Bmz97A -
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Romantic Era - Niccolò Paganini
Year Born/Died: October 27, 1782 - May 27, 1840
Birthplace: Genoa, Italy Childhood:
*Parents: Teresa & Antonio Paganini
*His first instrument was a mandolin until he turned 7 when he started playing the violin and composing at 8 Most Known for:
*composed 24 Caprices for Solo Violin Op. 1(1817)
*composed La campanella(1851)
*famous violin virtuoso in the 19th century
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Niccolo_Paganini -
Romantic Era Style - Mazurka
Mazurka The 'Mazurka' is a music style that originated from Poland and got popular throughout Europe during the Romantic Era. Mazurka consists of distinct rhythms and a meter structure in 3/4 or 3/8 time signatures, with a prominence in the 2nd beat. Prominent composers of this style were Frédéric Chopin and Edvard Grieg. https://www.m5music.hk/en/dictionary/mazurka/#:~:text=It%20gained%20popularity%20during%20the,emphasis%20on%20the%20second%20beat. -
Romantic Era Style - Nocturne
Nocturne 'Nocturne' is a musical style that suggests a romantic or dreamy figure inspired by the night, that's usually played as a character piece for piano. Prominent composers on this style were Frédéric Chopin and Robert Schumann. https://www.britannica.com/art/nocturne -
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Romantic Era Style - Lied
Lied Lied(plural noun: Lieder) originally referred to an art song set to German poetry for solo voice and piano or sometimes an orchestra. Prominent composers of this style were Hugo Wolf and Johannes Brahms. https://study.com/learn/lesson/composer-music-lied.html#lesson -
Period: to
Romantic Era to the 20th Century
The Romantic Era was a break free from the strict age of order of the Classical period. The 20th century still uses that freedom to its full extent, though it further pushes the boundaries of music, experimenting with the popular symphonic forms of the time. Composers like Mahler, Strauss and Sibelius started the music transition, while ones like Debussy became most prominent today, especially with him starting the Impressionist movement for music in France. -
Romantic Era - Edvard Grieg
Year Born/Dead: June 15, 1843-September 4, 1907
Birthplace: Bergen, Norway Childhood:
*Parents: Alexander Grieg & Gesine Judithe Hagerup
*Learn to play piano at age 6 by his mother
*Studied at Tanks Upper Secondary School
*Studied at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig Most Known for:
*Founder of the Norwegian nationalist school of music
*Lyric Pieces, Op. 12
*Peer Gynt Suite No. 1
*Piano Concerto in A Minor https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edvard-Grieg -
Romantic Era - The Queen of Spades
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
classical masque in baroque style
1887 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA3lTy7OMM8 -
Romantic Era - Amy Beach
Year Born/Dead: September 5, 1867-December 27, 1944
Birthplace: Henniker, NH Childhood:
*Parents: Charles Abbott Cheney & Clara Imogene Marcy Cheney
*Could accurately sing 40 songs at a year old(child prodigy)
*Started composing simple melodies at age 4
*Started piano lessons at age six
*first public recital at Boston Music Hall at age 16 Most Known for:
*Gaelic Symphony
*First American woman to have widespread recognition as a composer https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amy-Marcy-Beach -
Romantic Era - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Year Born/Dead: May 7, 1840-November 6, 1893
Birthplace: Votkinsk, Russia Childhood:
*Parents: Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky & Alexandra Andreyevna d'Assier
*The second eldest of 6 siblings
*Started taking piano lessons at age 5 Most Known for:
*first Russian composer to have his music make a lasting impression internationally
*Romeo and Juliet
*Swan Lake
*The Nutcracker
*The Oprichnik
*The Queen of Spades https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pyotr-Ilyich-Tchaikovsky -
Romantic Era - Gaelic Symphony
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20th Century - Pelléas Et Mélisande
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20th Century - The Rite of Spring
Igor Stravinsky
Modernism, barbaric rhythms, dissonance
1913 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP42C-4zL3w -
20th Century - Teresa Carreño
Year Born/Dead: December 22, 1853-June 12, 1917
Birthplace: Caracas, Venezuela Childhood:
*Parents: Manuel Antonio Carreño & Clorinda García de Sena y Rodríguez del Toro
*Exiled because of a revolution(went to NY at 9)
*was a pianist, soprano, composer, and conductor Most Known For:
*Valkyrie of the piano
*internationally renowned virtuoso pianist
*String Quartet in B minor
*Kleiner Walzer (Mi Teresita)
*Serenade for string orchestra https://www.britannica.com/biography/Teresa-Carreno -
20th Century - Claude Debussy
Year Born/Died: August 22, 1862 - March 25, 1918
Birthplace: Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France Childhood:
*Parents: Victorine Manoury Debussy & Manuel-Achille Debussy
*Eldest of 5 siblings
*Started taking piano lessons at age 7
*Entered the Paris conservatory at age 10(was a child prodigy) Most Known for:
*Clair de lune
*Nocturnes
*Pelléas et Mélisande
*Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun Claude Debussy | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claude-Debussy -
20th Century Style - Impressionism
Impressionism 'Impressionism' in music is more loose and focuses against the rhetoric of the Romantic Era. Composers focused on things such as static harmony, melodies that lack directed motion, an avoidance of traditional musical form, and more. Prominent composers of this style were Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. https://www.britannica.com/art/Impressionism-music -
20th Century - Rhapsody in Blue
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20th Century Style - Jazz
Jazz 'Jazz' originated from African-American communities in the US. It's reminiscent of the Blues, Ragtime, Folk music, Guitar Mashing, and Work songs. It is composed very loosely and played with various instruments and vocals. Prominent composers of this style were Roberta Flack and Astrud Gilberto. https://www.britannica.com/art/jazz -
20th Century Style - Modernism
Modernism 'Modernism' is an aesthetic stance that developed due to the changes in music during the time. It changed harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music to match changes in time. Prominent composers of the style were Wallingford Riegger and Darius Milhaud. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(music) -
20th Century - Nadia Boulanger
Year Born/Dead: September 16, 1887-Oct. 22, 1979
Birthplace: Paris, France Childhood:
*Parents: Ernest Boulanger & Raissa Myshetskaya
*Siblings: Lili Boulanger
*star pupil at the Paris Conservatory at age 5
*father was a composer Most Known For:
*first woman to conduct the London Philharmonic Orchestra
*won second place in the Prix de Rome with her La Sirène https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nadia-Boulanger -
20th Century - Germaine Tailleferre
Year Born/Died: April 19, 1892-November 7, 1983
Birthplace: Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France Childhood:
*Parents: Marie-Desiré Taillefesse & Arthur Taillefesse
*Youngest of 6 siblings
*Attended Paris Conservatoire, 1904(against her father's will) Most Known for:
*only woman in Les Six
*Concerto pour Piano et 12 Instruments
*helped blend contemporary mode and classical tradition
*played jazz https://guides.lib.fsu.edu/c.php?g=353115&p=2383519
