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School Museums
1st school museum opened in 1905 in St. Louis Visual instruction (steregraphs, slides, films, study prints, charts, etc.) considered "supplementary curriculum materials" -
Keystone View Company
published Visual Education, a guide to stereographic images -
Instructional Films
the first catalog of instructional films Rochester, New York was the first public school system to adopt films for regular instructional use -
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Visual Instruction Movement
Five national organizations established Five journals began publication More than twenty teacher-training institutions began offering courses in visual instruction School systems developed bureaus of visual education -
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Advances in Radio, sound and motion technology
Led to increased interest in instructional media -
Department of Visual Instruction
Three national organizations for visual instruction merged and cosolidated leadership within the DVI -
Ralph Tyler- behavioral objectives movement
He stated that each objective should be clarified in terms of the kind of behavior the course is trying to develop. -
Charles Hoban published Visualizing the Curriculum
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World War II
Instructional design and educational psychology used for military training Military used training films with a variety of technologies like projectors, simulators, and training devices. -
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Theories or models of communication
Focused on the importance of the communication process. -
"Cone of Experience" Edgar Dale
Students learn by doing. -
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Instructional Television 1950s and 1960s
1952- FCC set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes. By 1955, 17 public or "educational" televison stations By 1960, more than 50 stations Ford Foundation funding- more than $170 million -
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CAI- Computer Assisted Instruction
IBM developed first CAI author language and one of the first CAI programs to be used in public schools Gordon Pask- adaptive teaching machines Richard Atkinson and Patrick Suppes- some of the earliest apllications of CAI at public school and university levels -
B.F. Skinner's "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching"
Behaviorism theory which is the basis for most instructional design. -
Benjamin Bloom's- Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
The hierarchical progression of levels of learning. -
1960s- Instuctional design models
Models for systematically designing instructional materials "instructional design," "system development," "systematic instruction," "instructional system" -
Robert Mager's Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
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Robert Glaser- criterion-referenced measures
determined how well a student was learning based on specific objectives. -
Robert Gagne- The Conditions of Learning
Five domains of learning outcomes
Nine events of instruction -
Michael Scriven coined formative and summative evaluations
Also, Susan Markle developed evaluation techniques -
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The ADDIE Process
Five phases of instruction design- Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. -
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1970s- present Information Processing Theory
Different from behavioral in that it explores internal processes within the learner. -
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1970s
U.S. military branches adopted instructional desin model
Many graduate program for ID were created
Journal of Instructional Development first published -
1980s
computer-based instruction
new models of instructional design to accomodate interactive capabilities -
Personal Computers
Personal computers being used actively for instructional purposes. -
1990s
human performance improvement movemenet
constructivist views of teaching and learning
electronic performance support tools and systems -
2000s
Increased use of internet
Increasing reliance on informal learning
Concerns with "traditional" instructional design and the desire for more efficient models -
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Online Courses, Variety in technologies, and mobile devices
Rapid Increase in online courses at higher ed locations.
Varities in technology increased use like video, satellite, and CD ROM for training
Mobile devices like smartphones and tablets used for instructional purposes