-
Period: 476 to 1453
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
The Catholic Church only allowed the organ in liturgy and no other instruments. Most instruments were only used in secular music. Nobody wrote these compositionsdown, so we don´t have a faithful record of what they were like. -
Period: 600 to 800
GREGORIAN CHANT
The Roman Catholic Church compiled its liturgical plainsongs. Gregorian chant was called in honour of Pope Gregory the Great -
Period: 600 to 800
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREGORIAN CHANT
- Monophonic texture, without instrumental accompaniment. -Use of modal scales and is in free time -The text is in Latin with religious theme. -Performed by male voices and alternates between a soloist and the choir, or between two choirs.
-
800
NEUMES AND NEUMATIC NOTATIONAL SYSTEM
They established rules of musical notation. The first symbols were called neumes and they were written on top of the words to show the changes of pitch. A neumatic notational system was used on a four-line stave. -
800
LITURGICAL POLYPHONY
A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born. -
800
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC ( CHARACTERISTICS)
- Monophonic texture with instrumental accompaniment
- It uses modal scales and rhythmic modes. -Designed for fun or entertainment
- It´s writtten in the local language.
- It´s performed by male and female voices.
-
Period: 800 to 1200
MINSTRELS AND GOLIARDS
-Minstrels: Musicians who played secular music. They had two functions Some of them performed in village or city to entertain the people, and court misntrels were part of the court in palaces. -Goliards: They wrote poetry in Latin, which was often satirical or critical of the Church. -
Period: 800 to 1200
MENSURAL NOTATION AND MEDIEVAL LITURGICAL POLYPHONIC FORMS.
Musical notation was also envolving, because a more precise system was needed to write the rhythmic richness of the more complex polyphony ( Mensural notation) Polyphonic forms: -Organum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH71sxmG9wY
-Discantus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTaCjhIxO4s
-Conductus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t59qIY3i5c -
Period: 800 to 1200
SONGBOOKS
The songs of minstrels were written in songbooks. One of the most common is the Cantigas de Santa María from the reign of King Alfonso X the Wise. -
Period: 992 to 1050
GUIDO D´AREZZO
He was a teacher in the cathedral school in Arezzo, Italy. As well as inventing the Guidonian hand, he created the four-line stave and gave the notes the names that we stil use today. To do this, he used a hymn dedicated to Saint John the Baptist called Ut Queant Laxis. -
Period: 1453 to
Renaissance Secular Vocal Music
Italy: - madrigal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_o1xDJyiOU
Inglaterra: - songs.
France: - chansons.
Spain: -romance.
- villancico.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9db4ocgfmCw
- ensalada.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCTaLuLPfX4 -
Period: 1453 to
Religious Vocal Music
-Motet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNbVNVCw-to
-Mass.
-Chorale. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOTY2AnN62s -
Period: 1453 to
Instrumental Vocal Music (RENAISSANCE)
-Compositions based on vocal music (tiento). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBAEIewAvvg
-Compositions based on improvational feel (toccata) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLlQWVwlSjM
-Variations (differencias). -
Period: 1453 to
Renaissance textures.
1º) Imitative counterpoint: Several independent melodic lines imitate each other, but they start at diferent times. The simplest one is the canon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOqHEw5Ll_8
2º) Homorhythmic homophony: Several similar melodic lines that move simultaneously. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZGaZtR4LbA
3º) Melody-dominated homophony. There is a main melodic line that can be identified clearly, with a harminic accompaniment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RgClsrWBLY -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin Luther
-
Period: to
BAROQUE MUSIC CHARACTERISTICS
- Arouse emotions -Contrasting elements and overlaborate melodies
- Based on diatonic scales
- Insistent rhythms with repeated beats
- Texture: melody-dominated homophony
-
Period: to
Basso Continuo
It was composed with the texture of melody-dominated homophony.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTGVOvTv0zE -
Period: to
BASSO CONTINUO
-
Period: to
BAROQUE ORCHESTRA
It has different sections:
- Basso continuo
- Strings
- Wind
- Percussion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WvmCcaqUIY -
Period: to
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
Fugue: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddbxFi3-UO4
Suite: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CM_J3r-Nt4
Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j69IL3QAVdg
Concerto: There are 3 types:
- Concerto grosso: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RydMnTCwJvQ
- Concertino: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHIuEBQ8238
- Solo concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne7XYi1i5l0 -
Period: to
VOCAL MUSIC (OPERA)
It first appeared in Italy as a long narrative composition. There are two types of opera.
-Opera seria(dramatic opera): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0evKSG3-SI
- Opera buffa ( comic opera): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiNDcJ7x30w -
Period: to
Parts of an opera
-Overture: Introduction to work, gives a taste of melodies that will come
-Interlude: Secton that gives time for scene changes.
- Recitative: Semi-sung part. It helps to tell te story
-Aria: Part where one or two soloists perform
-Chorus: Part performed by all the singers or a large proportion -
Period: to
RELIGIOUS FORMS
-Cantata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI3CFEs8Mc0
-Oratorio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98UjjwzJBFE
-Passion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0yjZNbBTnY -
Period: to
COURT BALLET
-
Period: to
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
Sonata: -Sonata form: ABA´ -Theme and variations: AA1A2A3
-Minuet:ABA -Rondo: ABACA
There are different names:
- Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oIdtq9E2ZU
- Trio, quartet, quintet, etc: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwPz7rWLxv0
- Symphony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA
-Concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNU-XAZjhzA -
Period: to
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
Orchestra: It added an orchestra conductor and larger concert halls.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA -
Period: to
OPERA
-Opera seria: Mythological or historical plots. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXk8ilGn0c4
- Opera buffa: Everyday situations plots with some comedy or romance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKU6Qwr1-xc -
Period: to
RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC
-
Period: to
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD IN SPAIN
-Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbkILM0x_z4
- Fernando Sor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEota4mmJnc
-Luigi Boccherini: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dmWAve3Pvk
- Vicente Martín y Soler: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSD8n0Q2oUc -
Period: to
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLASSICAL MUSIC
-Balanced, clear and bright. - Express formal perfection and beauty
-Forms with well defined-structures and smooth transitions
-It emphasised the melody, using short musical phrases that were symmetrical.
- Use of a simple harmony. - Use of melody-dominated homophony. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auP64YEsotw -
Period: to
MUSIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
- Express emotions
- Aiming for virtuosity -Important means of expression in melodies -Wider vocabulary in scores -Melody-dominated homophony -Appearing in small musical forms designed for venues -Aiming for unity by using the repetition of musical ideas
-
Period: to
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC IN THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
1)Woodwind:
-Saxophone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcAyZuvQIZI
-Contrabassoon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xSlEe9i2A4
2) Brass:
-Trombone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBVU_ejKHfI
-Tuba: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYOsNp4O7AU
3) Percussion:
- Celesta: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faHXQugcz9A
-Bass drum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D07NA-7B4pE -
Period: to
COMPOSITIONS FOR PIANO
- Short pieces for solo piano: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWpHS7t4IkM
- Chamber music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KoTfvaaiFc
- Longer works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM8CFR01KwQ
-
Period: to
SYMPHONIC MUSIC
- Programme music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ledg3A1b7vo
- Programme symphony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0jhkYx2x5Y
- Symphonic poem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=budSyYjt5cw
-
Period: to
OPERA
- In Italy: Bel canto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjY8IOExv_k Verismo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rvvmHxghjg
- In Germany: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDGjCYVtHRo
- In France: Grand opera: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UHAzkgAIrtk Operetta: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5eqwhSyRis
-
Period: to
ZARZUELA AND LIED
Zarzuela:
- Zarzuela grande: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbylv1dpt_0
- Género chico: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lADUG11BbNk
Lied: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rno4wrkSIzY -
Period: to
Musical nationalism
- Russia. The Five: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwDoV2zsULE
- Hungary: Ethnomusicology: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fYKxvKnbAis
- Spain. Felipe Pedrell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V59WWAxzTYU
-
Period: to
ROMANTIC DANCE AND BALLET
- Ballet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VcO5zlUsbo
- Ballroom dances: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsbUt0T1Pw8
- Waltz: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXqre5Egnmo
-
Period: to
FIRST HALF OF 20th CENTURY
-Imprssionism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lof6AHvXCPw
- Expresionism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sakZz-8gKCo
- Sprechgesang: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyh-Wvxpe8k
- Atonality: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_CGHbd_rhg
- Twelve-tone technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YifVP91wPiI
- Neoclassicism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x93i1N-z03U -
Period: to
20th CENTURY MUSIC IN SPAIN
It represented Spanish musical nationalism.
- Generación del 27: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye-FvKCZp3s
- Generación del 51: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys5a0aq4Gh4 -
Period: to
20th CENTURY BALLET AND CONTEMPORARY DANCE
- Ballets Russes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=37nWgmDkgSY
- Contemporary dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_63g5TICeY
-
Period: to
20th CENTURY MUSIC
Characteristics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EVWGRB0jL78
INSTRUMENTS:
- Theremin: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6KbEnGnymk
-Sampler: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aw70LqYUUCY
-Synthesiser: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeMcbhXvLsM
- Vibraphone: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y02VBGoTi9w -
Period: to
SECOND HALF OF 20th CENTURY
- Aleatoric music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_ik4VMcLkA
- Musique concréte: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZkHo7KiY-TI
- Electroacoustic music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMZZxt_sFww
- Electronic music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6pcAMgSW6s
- Minimal music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RaYvMwQd3cs
