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Influence of Church
-After 1837 the bishops became more and more powerful, the cures became the most important person in the parish.-Church was still in charge of registering births, marriages, deaths.-Controlling education (Laval University 1852)-Orphanages, Shelters, Charities, Religious festivals-R.C. Church attendance was very high-Protestants were divided (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists etc…) Ministers still influential but not as powerful as R.C.-Protestant Universities: McGill(1821), Bi -
Parties Created
Moderate→ Liberal-Conservatives led by John A. Macdonald(West) and Georges-Etienne Cartier(East)
Canada East:Parti Rouge led by Dorion (Focused on French, wanted to end tithe and make the gov’t in charge of schools)Canada West:Clear Grits led by Brown(Wanted to expand the prov. Wanted the governor and legis. council to be elected, also wanted proportional representation…number on reps relative to pop.) -
End of Reciprocity Treaty
In 1864 the 10 year agreement with Canada and US ended. They did not renew their contract so Canada had to find someone else to trade with.The demand for timber war dropping and was replaced by iron. -
Charlottetown Conference
Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
Quebec Conference
Same members of last time (+ Nfld.) They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible… A federal system 24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats)Assembly elected by “rep by pop”Build a railway between colonies -
London Conference
They form the dominion of Canada in 1867. Canada went to London to ask if they can form a federation with the other provinces in Canada. -
North Western Territories
North Western Territories were brought in from Hudsons Bay Company. -
Manitoba
Manitoba became a province in Canada in 1870 but only enlarged in 1912 -
Population Change
-National Policy favored immigration-From 1871-1901 Pop. of Qc & Cdn. rose 30-49%-Que. Birth rate remains very high, however people kept leaving Que. (Farms still over crowded)-People were moving to urban centers, new unskilled labor demands-Better jobs in the USA, Ont, Western Cdn.-Church encouraged people to populate new areas→ these people had a tough time, cold temp., no support. -
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First Phase of Industrialization
Skilled craftsmen using costly/time consuming methods→ Factories, first assembly lines, more efficient, boring work. Many industries in Montreal (food processing, textiles, wood) -
British Columbia
Joined in return for railway completion -
Prince Edward Island
It was in serious debt, joined to save economy -
National Policy of John A. Macdonald
-Increase Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
Yukon
(Territory):pop too small to create a province -
Imperialism and Nationalism
Imperialism: Loyalty to the mother country
Nationalism: Loyalty to Canada -
Trade Unions
Trade Unions grew even though they were opposed by employers -
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Second Phase of Industrialization
-The Second phase of Industrialization begun, in this phase natural resources are exploited (minerals, pulp & paper) -Many new factories opened, usually financed by USA/Britain.-New Railways were built and new regions opened up because they were found to be valuable in resources (Abitibi, Lac St-Jean)-With the 2nd wave of industrialization we see an even stronger divide between rich and poor. -
Alberta and Saskatchewan
Recent settlement allowed them to be provinces -
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World War 1
-All the world powers had been stock pilling weapons and training men for years it was only a matter of time until an international armed conflict broke out.-Germany invaded neutral Belgium and thus larger allies such as Britain and France got involved.-As soon as Britain goes to war so does Canada.-Everyone was for the war, and it was thought the troops would be home for Christmas. This was not the case. -
Conscription
Conscription means forced to join the war. It was stated in Canada in 1917. This angered the french greatly because they were imperialism. -
Womens Rights
Women obtain the right to vote in Federal election. They were allowed to vote in place of their husbands. -
Womens Rights
Women still dealt with sexism, poor jobs, inferior schooling. Lucky ones became teachers or nurses. Once married they were expected to stay home. Women had to fight to get the vote in Federal elections, still didn’t have voting rights in Quebec. -
Peace Talk
In Versailles, -
Great Depression
People were buying shares in companies on borrowed money, when debts were called in the stocks plummeted! “Black Thursday”-Stocks dropped below zero, people were ruined, many committed suicide.-The boom that had occurred as a result of the first world war came to an abrupt end, the 1930’s are characterized as the Great Depression for this reason. -Most sectors of the economy were hit hard (Wheat Farmers esp., made worse by drought/plague of insects)-Massive lay offs-Families bought little -
Government Solutions For Great Depression
-Public works projects to boost economy-Work Camps-Direct Aid-Encouraged Farming -
Statute of Westminster
Sigh of Canadas independance -
Padlock Law
Padlock Law was passed originally to eliminate communist activists and sympathizers. The law permitted the police to lock any building used for communist activity. However it was also used against unions and government opponents. It was eventually declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada. -
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World War 2
-Canada was much more independent, we went to war on our own accord. World war two however was over a higher ethical issue.
-Natural increase and immigration- The baby boom hit.
-Women’s increased participation-To keep control the federal government centralized its power new Quebec Political parties formed.
-Another conscription crisis “Conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription”- W.L. Mackenzie King. -
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Maurice Duplessi
He liked old traditions, so he liked the Church and Agriculture. He pushed for people to live and do agriculture. He brought electricity to the country. He believed in Capitalism. He brought the US into Canada to use our territory for work (taxed them). Was not the best ruler, he set back Quebec a few years compared to everywhere else. -
Fleurdelise
Duplessi brought in the fleurdelise as Quebec's flag. -
Newfoundland
Joined up for economic reasons -
The Asbestos Strike
It pitted workers against the state and company scabs. It is often seen as a turning point in organizing opposition to Duplessis. -
Income Tax
Duplessi introduced a provincial income tax plan. -
Agricultural changes
the government undertook a program of rural electrification, 90 % of the farms had electricity. Farm credit was offered to farmers who wanted to buy new equipment and agricultural cooperatives became more important. -
Quiet Revolution
Quebec is in a period of modernization jobs moved away from rural or hard labour, you have more intellectuals, university trained specialists (technocrats). Union membership also doubled, as commissions were established to promote industries like steel, mining, compensation funds. -
The Pill
Pill is invented to moderate menstrual cycle…also infertileBirth control is illegal. -
Office de Langue de Francaise
It was created to promote the French language. The language issue was very big in Quebec politics and several pieces of legislation were passedBill 63, Official language act, Bill 22, -
Bill 101
-Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools (since changed to Educated in Canada)-English fought back with Bill 178 and Bill 86-This battle continues and today the struggle of Quebec remaining in Canada continues, the parties involved are either -Federalists-want Quebec to stay-Separatists-want Quebec to be independent -
Rene Levesque
He quit the Liberal party to form the Mouvement Souverainte association (MSA)..along with the RIN and the RN…they form the Parti Quebecois (PQ) form in 1968 (lead by R.Levesque) -
October Crisis
FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. The Prime Minister Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army, and hundreds of FLQ members are arrested. Laportes body is found in the trunk of his car, Cross is released. -
Referendum
Leader of the PQ Rene Levesque felt so strongly about the issue that he held a referendum in 1980, about 60% voted against the issue of separation. -
Constitution Act
Constitution Act was passed in April 1982, plus a Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect indivividual liberties. It was passed with the approval of most provinces -
Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
To unify the country Pierre Elliot Trudeau met with the provincial leaders to discuss a method of patriating the constitution, and assuring full independence from Great Britain, all the provinces agreed except Quebec but the Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. -
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Meech Lake Accord
The Meech Lake Accord was written with various reforms but it was denied by two provinces Nfld and Mani. -
Native Issues
In the summer of 1990 Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka just outside Montreal, when a golf course wanted to expand its 9 holes onto native land. The natives militarily organized themselves and the Canadian Forces were called in to handle the situation. The Oka crisis lasted 78 days, when the stand-off finally came to an end with out armed conflict, however the issues remained.The Charlottetown Accord was created to deal with these issues. -
Charlottetown Agreement
Later the Charlottetown Agreement sought to do the same (including recognize aboriginal and Quebec rights) it was voted against by the people. -
2nd Referendum
Referendum was held in 1995 led by Jacques Parizeau. With even closer results 50.6% against, and 49.4% for. The issue is still not resolved and another referendum could be held in the future. Presently 50% plus 1 is needed to separate.
