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Hilary Putnam: American Philosopher
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Twin Earth
Putnam states that somewhere, there is a Earth exactly like ours (a Twin Earth), where he states that Earth has H20, and Twin Earth has a same substance but composed of different chemicals, XYZ, and that both planets would thrive the same exact way, and the difference wouldn't affect either planet because basically peoples thoughts are what give things meaning. -
Linguistic Labor
Putnam introduces the Linguistic Labor theory which basically sates that in order for different people from different cultures can only understand a collective meaning for a word (his example was the word gold),if they are involved in the same work, jobs, tools, or knowledge. -
Brain in a Vat
Putnam introduces the theory of skepticism in relation to externalism- by suggesting that if a human being was a brain in a vat of nutrients, all of your experiences and thoughts could simply be electrical impulses. Everyone who is skeptical of this theory is told "but do you know for a fact that you're NOT a brain in a vat?" -
Why There Isn't a Ready Made World
Putnam releases a journal discussing metaphysical realism- discussing: 1. statements can be or false, and our opinions don't have an effect on that, and 2. humans do not have access to a "mind-independent" world. He also argues that there is a "ready-made world" that exists regardless of whether or not we can perceive it's existence. -
Video of Hilary- Brain in a Vat
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Bibliography 1
Ben-Menahem, Yemima. “Hilary Putnam.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 9 Mar. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Hilary-Putnam. Intelecom, director. Brain in a Vat (Part 1). YouTube, 18 Apr. 2018, youtu.be/DuDH3aYWeU8. McKinsey, Michael. “Skepticism and Content Externalism.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 23 May 2018, plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-content-externalism/. -
Bibliography 2
Putnam, Hilary. “Why There Isn't a Ready-Made World.” Synthese, vol. 51, no. 2, May 1982, pp. 141–167., doi:10.1007/bf00413825. Yurtoğlu, Nadir. “Http%3a%2f%2fwww.Historystudies.net%2fdergi%2f%2fbirinci-Dunya-Savasinda-Bir-Asayis-Sorunu-Sebinkarahisar-Ermeni-isyani20181092a4a8f.Pdf.” History Studies International Journal of History, vol. 10, no. 7, 2018, pp. 241–264., doi:10.9737/hist.2018.658.