-
Colonies and Settlements
In 1751, both Fort Beausejour (French) and Fort Lawrence (English) were built to attempt to establish control and dominance in the area. This was one example of the intense rivalry of the English and French as they competed for colonial rule over North America. -
Notable Events *
The French and Indian War began in 1754 following French expansion around the Ohio Valley. Britain and France were fighting for control of North American territory. War was officially declared in 1756. Britain eventually won the war after prominent victories such as Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac, and Quebec (Plains of Abraham).
*Cause and Consequence: Due to this war, Britain had Acadians expelled from Canada out of fear they'd ally with the French. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Charles Lawrence was named Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia in 1754 and promoted to Governor in 1756 following his orchestration of the expulsion of the Acadians. He forced Acadian representatives to swear an oath that proved their loyalty to Britain.They refused to take the oath and Acadians were exiled, resulting in the displacement and deaths of thousands of people. -
Wars and Battles
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was a game-changing battle in Quebec City that was part of the larger French and Indian/Seven Years’ War involving Britain and France. Under Wolfe’s leadership, Britain won, so the territory was handed over to Britain in the Treaty of Paris (1763). -
Notable Events
The Treaty of Paris (signed 10 February, 1763) finalized France's loss, giving the land to Britain, who renamed it Quebec. The signing of the treaty marked the official ending of the Seven Years’ War. -
Wars and Battles
Pontiac’s War was a rebellion led by a combination of First Nations groups to oppose the growing English control in the region following France’s loss in the Seven Years’ War. Pontiac was a famous Ottawa chief who represented Aboriginal interests at the time and was at the forefront of their efforts to reclaim their land. After allies slowly abandoned the effort, peace was declared in July of 1766. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties *
The Royal Proclamation outlined the role of government in Britain’s colonies in North America after France lost its territory in the Treaty of Paris. It also addressed First Nations land rights. It is considered an act of assimilation because of its dismissal of French culture, including language and religious freedoms.
*Continuity and Change: Comparing this act and the Quebec Act (1774) shows the shift in mentalities over time; the change in policy from assimilation to accomodation. -
Provincial Note
The Quebec Gazette is the oldest newspaper in North America, established in 1764. It was published in both English and French until 1842 when it transitioned to English only. After merging with The Daily Telegraph in 1925, it became The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, as it is known today. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties
The Quebec Act of 1774 was an act of accommodation as opposed to assimilation. This act guaranteed the protection of French culture, allowing them to keep their language and religion, and was likely passed to gain the favour of the French to secure their loyalty regarding the conflicts in American colonies. Another aspect of the act involved expanding Quebec borders south of the Great Lakes, which was considered the “Fifth Intolerable Act” and was a factor in causing the American Revolution. -
Wars and Battles *
Sparked by a series of “Intolerable Acts”, including the Quebec Act, American rebels attacked British North America in order to gain independence. They invaded Canada, attacking Quebec City. However, forces were able to hold them off until reinforcements arrived. The areas that were captured by American rebels and French troops became America, and the areas in which Britain maintained control became Canada.
*Significance: This war began the notion of a clear divide between America and BNA. -
Colonies and Settlements
The first Loyalists arrived to Canada in 1776. Those who supported the British during the American Revolution were considered Loyalists and many of them joined British forces, allied with the Iroquois, to fight against rebels. Some moved to Canada during and following the conflict, settling in New Brunswick and Ontario. -
Notable Events
The North West Company was founded in 1779 by those surrounding Montreal - many Scottish immigrants and Loyalists - who wanted to create competition within the fur trade and especially to resist the expansion of the Hudson’s Bay Company. -
Colonies and Settlements *
Throughout the 1780s, as more Loyalists continued to move from America to Canada, they brought their slaves to Atlantic and Central Canada. This is when the Underground Railroad began operating, though it wasn’t referred to as such until the 1830s. Some free Blacks also made the move north, especially to the Maritimes, Ontario, and Quebec.
*Ethics: From the beginning, Canada has been more open to racial equality, at the forefront of welcoming immigrants and abolishing the slave trade. -
Notable Events
The American Revolution formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783), which recognized the independence of American colonies and established a border between American and British territories that ran through the Great Lakes. Britain also gave America some of the land that had previously been set aside for First Nations people, who were not consulted. -
Provincial Notes
In 1784, New Brunswick was recognized as a province, joining Quebec and Nova Scotia as provinces of Canada. The decision was made after a huge influx of refugees arrived at the St. John river from America, including German, Dutch, and Black Loyalists. -
Exploration Discovery
Alexander Mackenzie began his journey in 1789. He was an explorer and fur trader who travelled towards the Beaufort Sea at the request of the North West Company. He crossed North America, and was the first European to do so. The Mackenzie River was named after him. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Quebec into two parts: Upper (English) and Lower (French), with populations of approximately 14,000 and 160,000 respectively. This only intensified the divide between the two groups. -
Exploration and Discovery
Captain George Vancouver began his exploration along the Pacific Coast in 1792, meeting with Spain to negotiate disputes between Spain and Britain over land ownership along the coast. -
Provincial Notes *
Upper Canada passed the Act Against Slavery in 1793 which placed limitations on slavery in a British colony for the first time. It didn’t completely abolish slavery, but set restrictions to gradually fade out the practice; for example, no new slaves were to be brought into the province.
*Continuity and Change: Canada remains consistent in its position to limit - and eventually completely abolish - racial inequity, especially in the form of slave trading. -
Notable Events
Jay's Treaty (1794) was signed between Britain and America to resolve remaining issues after the American Revolution. The treaty allowed for merchants, including Aboriginal people, to cross the border in order to boost trade. -
Wars and Battles *
The relationship between Tlingits and Russians grew tense due to land disputes, and in 1802 Tlingit warriors attacked Russian settlements. Two years later, the Battle of Sitka led to the displacement of First Nations.
*Ethics: This marks only one of many examples of European colonists disrespecting the traditions and establishments of First Nations people. Because of the Europeans' more advanced technology and desire for power, First Nations groups were expelled from their homes. -
Exploration Discovery
Lewis and Clark began their famous expedition towards the Pacific in 1804 at the request of President Thomas Jefferson. They returned in 1806 with knowledge of the area’s geography, people, plants, and animals. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties
The Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was the next prominent step in abolishing slavery after the Act Against Slavery was passed in 1793. This act made the slave trade illegal throughout the British Empire, but did not make slavery itself illegal. Upper Canada played a large part in reducing slavery within Canada and the British Empire. -
Notable Events
Because of the conflict between France and Britain involving trade and shipping, American trade suffered. In response to a British attack of an American ship, Thomas Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, which drastically reduced American exports. One consequence of this act was the increased smuggling of goods, especially across the Canadian border. -
Colonies and Settlements
The Hudson’s Bay Company gave a grant to Thomas Douglas (Earl of Selkirk) to form a settlement on the Red River in what later became Manitoba and Canada’s fifth province. -
Wars and Battles
After French and British rivalry (especially regarding trade that negatively impacted America), America declared war on Britain, starting the War of 1812. Canada was heavily involved as a colony of Britain, and was invaded throughout the war. One instance is the Battle of Queenston Heights, which took place in Upper Canada and ended in an American surrender. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties
The Treaty of Ghent marked the end of the War of 1812. Points included in the treaty involved returning conquests made during the war and ending hostilities with First Nations people. The war resulted in a clear identity emerging for Canadians, separating them both from the Americans and the British. -
Notable Events *
In 1815 began the Great Migration of Canada, which was a time period where Canada received many immigrants, due in part to the movement for independence in America and the Industrial Revolution leaving many people looking for jobs. Canada offered new land and new opportunities, which was an appealing idea at the time.
*Cause and Consequence: Immigration resulted in a sharp increase in Canada’s British population, causing tension with the French population. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Louis-Joseph Papineau travelled to Britain from Montreal in order to oppose a Bill of Union. He was a member of Lower Canada’s Assembly and wanted French Canada to have more recognition. He became a significant figure in the fight for the rights of French Canadians, particularly well known for his prominent role in the 1837 Rebellions. -
Notable Events *
The United States finished building the Erie Canal in 1825, which would compete with Canada’s trade routes.
*Cause and Consequence: America and Canada were in direct competition due to the proximity of the trade routes by the Great Lakes. In response, to America's construction of the Erie Canal, Canada finished building its Welland Canal four years later. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties
Feelings of anger and resentment towards the British, especially the elite groups, began to resurface. 87,000 people from Lower Canada signed a petition against the elite English officials in the Chateau Clique, while elections also showed Lower Canada’s support for Parti Patriote, the primarily French party. -
Provincial Notes
The Welland Canal opened in 1829. It linked Lake Ontario and Lake Erie which allowed for the transportation and trading of many goods. It contributed to the growth of the city of Toronto. -
Notable Events
There was an outbreak of Cholera in 1832. In an attempt to stop the spread of the disease, a quarantine area was set up at Grosse Ile, Quebec. Cholera ended up killing 10% of the population. -
Provincial Notes
York was renamed Toronto after becoming the biggest city in Upper Canada. Toronto, though spelt differently, was the original name of the area dating back to Champlain’s visit in the early 1600s. -
Wars and Battles *
Rebellions that took place in both Upper and Lower Canada in 1837 represented the discontent people had for the way the government handled French and English relations. People sought a responsible government.
*Cause and Consequence: These rebellions led to the 1840 Durham report and Act of Union, which was seen at the time as the best solution to the issues raised in the rebellions. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties
After his investigation of events surrounding the 1837 Rebellions, Lord Durham submitted his report outlining the policy he recommended moving forwards with French and English relations. He suggested a policy of assimilation, uniting Upper and Lower Canada. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties *
Based on Lord Durham’s report, the Act of Union rejoined Upper and Lower Canada as one. The goal was to speed up the assimilation of French culture.
*Continuity and Change: BNA's policy has changed from assimilation to accommodation, and now back to assimilation. This remained an unpopular policy and only led to more tension between English and French Canadians. -
Colonies and Settlements
The signing of the Oregon Boundary Treaty confirmed the boundary of British North America and the United States to be at 49 degrees north latitude. This meant Vancouver Island would be within a colony of Britain. -
Notable Event
Canada received its first telegraph in 1846. The Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara and St Catharines Telegraph Company was established in December of that year. This was a significant development that changed how Canadians would communicate in their everyday lives. -
Provincial Notes
Nova Scotia gained a responsible government in 1848. With the election of a Reform government led by James Boyle Uniake, Canada (and the British Empire) had its first responsible government. -
Exploration and Discovery *
After Franklin and his crew went missing in 1845 in the Canadian Arctic, a massive search effort was launched. As they searched, they discovered and mapped many locations in the Arctic, including the entirety of the Northwest Passage.
*Significance: The search for Franklin and his crew went on for years - it was not until 2014 that a breakthrough was made. This event was important because Canadians were invested in the story and learned much more about our geography up north. -
Notable Events
The Grand Trunk Railway was completed in 1856, becoming the main railroad of its time. It connected two major Canadian cities, Toronto and Montreal. -
Provincial Notes
Ottawa became Canada's capital in 1857. Queen Victoria was asked to choose a capital for the Province of Canada and she decided Ottawa was the best choice. Other options for consideration were Toronto, Montreal, and Quebec. -
Colonies and Settlements
The Fraser River gold rush began in 1858. Many miners and new immigrants arrived in what is now British Columbia after moving north from California hoping to strike gold. The population in British Columbia increased dramatically. having only been populated by mainly First Nations and Hudson’s Bay Company workers before. To attempt to control the situation, the colony of British Columbia was founded in the same year. -
Notable Events
Lasting from 1861-1865, the American Civil War was a conflict between the northern and southern U.S. states. The distrust it sparked within British North America led to Confederation in 1867. -
Documents, Acts, and Treaties *
Four provinces as we know them today joined Confederation and formed the Dominion of Canada in 1867: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario. The decision to unite was made in part due to wariness of the United States after the American Civil War.
*Continuity and Change: At the time, only four provinces were part of Confederation. Now. we have ten provinces and three territories that compose our country! -
Governors and Prime Ministers
With Confederation came the need for a Prime Minister, and John A. MacDonald took on the job. He is famous for his National Policy involving the development of Canada’s railway, settling immigrants, treaties and land negotiations with First Nations, and establishing a police presence. -
Wars and Battles
When Rupert’s Land was arranged to be transferred into Canadian hands, Louis Riel and many Metis were upset because they occupied some of the land in that area. They didn’t want their culture and land to be controlled by the Canadian government, so an uprising was staged (known as the Red River Rebellion) and Louis Riel became famous for his role in it. These events led to the creation of Manitoba, Canada’s fifth province. -
Documents Acts and Treaties *
Canada's fifth province, Manitoba, was made. The Manitoba Act stated that Métis lands would be protected but all other lands were the property of the Dominion of Canada.
*Cause and Consequence: The creation of Manitoba was due to Louis Riel and the Red River Rebellion, which sparked negotiations to ensure French and Metis had cultural freedoms within the Dominion of Canada. -
Notable Events
Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory. In 1870, when Canada purchased these territories from the Hudson's Bay Company, they were renamed the Northwest Territories. Some of this area was originally part of Rupert's Land due to inaccurate maps. -
Provincial Notes
Manitoba joined Confederation in 1870. Following the Red River Rebellion, the Metis were recognized (though Louis Riel was exiled) in the creation of Manitoba, Canada’s fifth province. -
Notable Events
The North West Mounted Police force (later the RCMP) was formed in 1873 to enforce laws and showcase Canada as an independent nation. -
Governors & Prime Ministers
The National Policy was an economic and political strategy of the Conservative Party under Prime Minister John A. Macdonald, The National Policy was initially seen as a protectionist measure. Over time, however, the policy took on a larger scope. -
Notable Events *
The Canadian Pacific Railway recruits thousands of underpaid Chinese Labourers. Chinese who were brought here from China to work on a small part of the railway. They put on the tracks through the Rocky Mountains. The work was dangerous and rates of casualties were very high. Ethical Dimensions: Many Chinese labourours were treated differently becase they were of a different ethicity and cultural background. it was very difficult for them to handle living in such brutal elements. -
Wars and Battles
Louis Riel and the Northwest Rebellion. The Canadian government had wisely brought peace and order to the frontier before the huge increase in settlers. Métis frustration caused them to send a delegation, that was led by Gabriel Dumont of Batoche, -
Notable Events
The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed in 1885, which connected Eastern Canada to BC and played an important role in the development of the nation. It marked the end of a saga of natural disasters, financial crises, and even rebellion that plagued Canada's first transcontinental railroad -
Provincial Notes
The first Provincial Premiers Conference takes place in Quebec City. Negotiations among political leaders from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia resulted later in the Imperial Parliament's adoption of the British North America Act, which united those three colonies into a federal state in 1867. -
Exploration Discovery
Gold is discovered in the Klondike. This led to the establishment of Dawson City and subsequently, the Yukon Territory. This accidental discovery was in fact the result of a tip from a Canadian prospector, Robert Henderson, now credited as co-discoverer. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Liberals under Laurier win federal election (Manitoba Schools) It was a French-English issue, a Catholic-Protestant controversy, a conflict over the roles of the federal and provincial governments, and a struggle about the proper relationship between church and the state. -
Colonies and Settlements
Thousands of Doukhobors left their homeland of Russia to settle in Canada. The turn of the 20th century was a time of prosperity and Canada’s western regions along the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway. At this time, the Canadian prime minister, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, and Sir Clifford Sifton, were advertising free land to encourage people to settle in Canada -
Wars and Battles *
The first Canadian Troops were sent overseas to participate in the Boer War, which marked Canada's first official dispatch of troops to an overseas war. Many English-Canadians supported Britain's cause in South Africa. Cause and Consequence: The cause of the Boer War was partly because of the economic issues, imperialism and republicanism. Some consequences are many people died and lives were ruined. -
Wars and Battles
It is Canada’s first major military expedition abroad and the first time Canadian troops distinguished themselves in battle overseas. It fuelled a sense that Canada could stand apart from the British Empire, and it also highlighted the French-English divide over Canada's role in world affairs. -
Exploration Discovery
Silver is discovered at Cobalt, Northern Ontario. Canada also lost the Alaska boundary dispute between th U.S. British tribunal representative Lord Alverstone sides with the United States. -
Colonies and Settlements
The land that now forms Saskatchewan and Alberta was originally part of the Northwest Territories. By the beginning of the 1900s, many people wanted this to change. The leader of the Territories was F. W. G. Haultain. Some believed this would be good because the economy had changed and it was more affordable to be joined together, -
Notable Events *
Governor General Earl Grey activated the press to strike the Dominion's first domestically produced coin, a fifty-cent piece. The Royal Mint coincided with an era of burgeoning gold production in the in British Columbia and the Yukon. The Mint was founded in Ottawa. Continuity and Change: We still continue to proudce theses coins, however many more have been made over-time because there is a high demand for them and because more people are now living in our country. -
Wars and Battles
Britain declared war on Germany. Canada, as a member of the British Empire, was automatically at war, and its citizens from all across the land quickly responded. Canada went from a colony to a nation, at a cost of nearly a quarter of a million casualties. -
Notable Events
The Lusitania ship neared the coast of Ireland. At 2:10 in the afternoon a torpedo fired by the German submarine U 20 and slammed into her side. A mysterious second explosion ripped the liner apart. New York newspapers published a warning by the German embassy in Washington that Americans traveling on British or Allied ships in war zones should be aware of the potential attack. -
Governors and Prime Ministers *
The criticism of the Minister from within his own party gradually led the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Laird Borden, to tighten the reins on Hughes.The Prime Minister therefore had no choice but to ask for his resignation. Borden asked him to tone down his meddling, however Hughes refused and began to scheme against the Prime Minister. Primary Source Evidence: This picture of the document proves that there was a resignation and that Borden told Hughs to resign from his position. -
Documents Acts and Treaties
Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended its involvement in World War I. Canada obtained a small share of the indemnities to be paid by Germany. Sir Robert Borden insisted that Canada should have the same representation as Belgium and other countries at the Conference. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
The Conservatives won the 1922 election under the Andrew Bonar Law. Conservative withdrawal forced Lloyd George to resign and the King then invited Bonar Law to form a new administration in 1922. -
Provincial Notes
It was in 1922 that the Comité provincial pour le suffrage féminin was created. English-speaking and French-speaking activists joined forces for the same cause. Alberta passes the Married Women’s Property Act, which gives married women in Alberta the same legal capacity as men. -
Documents Acts and Treaties *
An act that aimed to eradicate First Nations culture in favour of assimilation into Euro-Canadian society.It was only for First Nations peoples, not to the Métis or Inuit. The Act was an attempt to generalize a vast and varied population of people an assimilate them into non-Aboriginal society. Ethical Dimensions: Many First Nations were seen as not acceptable, because of their skin color and way of life. They were eradicaded from the social norms and felt betrayed by others. -
Notable Events
Five men of the Privy Council decided, “the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. And to those who would ask why the word ‘person’ should include females, the obvious answer is, why should it not?” Women now account for more than one-third of the Senate’s membership, one of the highest proportions of women in any legislative assembly in North America. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
In 1931, the Canadian government was granted the responsibility to be able to make recommendations to the Sovereign for the position of governor general. British Parliament passes the Statute of Westminister, which gave Canada full independence. -
Notable Events
A British law clarifying the powers of Canada's Parliament and those of the other Commonwealth Dominions. It also granted these former colonies full legal freedom except in those areas where they chose to remain subordinate to Britain. Lord Balfour, Britain’s Foreign Minister, suggested that all Dominions should be granted full autonomy in their legislations. -
Provincial Notes *
The Federal government re-examined the distribution of federal provincial powers and responsibilities in relation to social and economic changes over the previous 70 years, the Rowell–Sirois Commission heard briefs from concerned individuals, organizations, institutions and governments. Primary Source Evidence: This picture shows that the Federal government had a meeting to re-examine different powers and responsibilites. They sat down and disscused matters that had happened years earlier. -
Wars and Battles
King George VI announced that Canada had declared war on Germany. Prime Minister Mackenzie King's plan was to ensure that Canada played only a limited role in the war.Prime Minister Mackenzie King promised that only volunteers would serve overseas. -
Wars and Battles *
A surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The Royal Rifles of Canada from Québec and the Winnipeg Grenadiers - and they had arrived in Hong Kong only three weeks before as part of an attempt to strengthen the island colony's defences. Cause and Consequence: The major cause was the intensifying Japanese-American rivalry in the Pacific. A consequence was that many people died and many ships were sunk or damaged. -
Documents Acts and Treaties
The Family Allowance began in 1945 as Canada's first universal welfare program. Many families had suffered because their wages had not matched wartime inflation. Benefits were awarded without reference to the family's income or assets and was based on the idea that all Canadian children are worthy of public support. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
As a member of the Liberal Party, Saint Laurent was elected to the Canadian House of Commons from Quebec . He was persuaded to accept the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1948 and succeeded Mackenzie King as prime minister -
Provincial Notes
Newfoundland was a divided dominion. However, the people of Newfoundland considered every aspect of their decision between uniting with Canada, remaining under the Commission of Government or taking the responsible government deal. Newfoundland officially became the tenth and final province. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Vincent Massey is best remembered as Canada's first native-born governor general. In 1952, Massey became governor general, a post he filled with distinction and in a manner that minimized the break with the past that the appointment of a Canadian represented. -
Wars and Battles *
Canadian military personnel served in the Korean War, during both the combat phase and as peacekeepers afterward. Over 26,000 Canadians fought in the the Korean war, On 27 July 1953 the Armistice Agreement was implemented. Continuity and Change: The continuation of smaller countries asking for help and the opposing views of communism continued into and after the Korean War. The change is that things got slightly resolved and the war is no longer in effect. -
Notable Events
Pearson was Canada's foremost diplomat and formulated its basic post-WWII foreign policy. The government implemented a Canada Pension Plan, a universal medicare system, a unified armed force, and a new flag. In 1957, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for his diplomatic efforts in facilitating Britain and France’s departure from Egypt during the Suez Crisis. -
Exploration Discovery
It permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. The completion of the joint U.S.-Canadian St. Lawrence Seaway navigation project links the Great Lakes region to global markets. -
Notable Events
In 1960, his government changed the section of the Indian Act which denied First Nations people the vote. People believed that by voting they would be giving up their distinct Status and become assimilated. Also, property requirements or on the grounds that they received financial aid from the government -
Provincial Notes *
Known as the father of the Quiet Revolution, he led his province during that modernizing period of huge change in the collective life of Québec. Liberals under Jean Lesage win the Provincial election, he also fought to unseat the Union Nationale.
*Continuity and Change: The Quiet Revolution in Quebec marked a turning point from the "Great Darkness" of Pre-War Quebec to a modernized province. -
Documents Acts and Treaties
An Auto Pact was an important trade agreement between Canada and the United States. It was signed by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. It represents the single most important factor in making the Canadian automotive industry what it is today. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Trudeau was arguably Canada’s best-known politician, both at home and abroad. He was instrumental in negotiating Canada’s constitutional independence from the British Parliament and establishing a new Canadian Constitution with regards to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. -
Notable Events
The FLQ orchestrated the abduction of British diplomat, James Richard Cross. Negotiations were being held with Robert Bourassa's Quebec government. The following day, the Federal government, led by Pierre-Éliott Trudeau, proclaimed the War Measures Act. -
Documents Acts and Treaties *
Trudeau invokes the War Meausures Act. When the crisis was over, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau pledged to refine and limit the application of the Act. The October Crisis led to the War Measures Act. The kidnapping raised a quick response from the federal government, under Liberal leader Pierre Trudeau.
*Significance: The October Crisis was significant because it emphasized the remaining tension between French and English Canadians, as the FLQ took drastic measures to make its voice heard. -
Provincial Notes
Rosemary Brown was elected to the provincial legislature of British Columbia, and became the first black woman in Canadian history to be a member of a Canadian Parliamentary body. At the time, traditional roles of race and gender were being challenged in Canadian politics. -
Wars and Battles
The country's troop deployments to Vietnam were limited to a small number of national forces in 1973 to help enforce the Paris Peace Accords. The House of Commons criticizes the U.S bombing of North Vietnam. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
The Referendum on Sovereighty- Association. Levesque set May 20th,1980 as the date for the vote and laid out their argument and their plan for taking Quebec out of Confederation. René Lévesque, who would eventually found the Parti Québécois. -
Provincial Notes *
The British North America Act, from the authority of the British Parliament, and a connection from the colonial past to Canada's federal and provincial legislatures. The Constitution was also updated with a new amending formula and a Charter of Rights. The Federal governent and every province, except Quebec was involved in the Canadian Constitution.
*Significance: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms has become a prominent document that represents Canada's values as a nation. -
Documents Acts and Treaties
The Meech Lake Accord was a series of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada. It was made to persuade the government of Quebec to endorse the 1982 constitutional amendments. The amendments were backed by most Provincial leaders in the country. -
Notable Events
The Conservative government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney backed the accord and won the election and the deal came into effect on January 1st, 1989. Canada asked to be a party to the negotiations. As a result, the North American Free Trade Agreement was signed and came into effect. -
Notable Events *
The Oka Crisis was a standoff between Mohawk protesters, police, and army. People living in the neighbouring Mohawk community of Kanesatake rose up in defence of what they said was their land, when the town of OKA wanted to expand their golf course on disputed territory
*Ethics: The conflict illustrates the broader issue of the disrespectful methods used to acquire First Nations land. Land disputes have literally shaped our nation and resulted in a divide between Aboriginal and white settlers. -
Wars and Battles
The Persian Gulf War of the early 1990s was a struggle that is well-known to many Canadians. Canadian Forces were sent to Saudi Arabia after the war to take up peacekeeping roles with the UN Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
The 1st female Prime Minister, Kim Campbell. She was Canada's first and only female Prime Minister, she is also the first Canadian Prime Minister to have held office in all three levels of government: Municipal, Provincial and Federal. -
Provincial Notes
The 1995 Quebec Referendum occured because of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. It left considerable uncertainty about the constitutional future of Canada. Voters were asked whether Quebec should proclaim national sovereignty and become an independent state.
