-
1st Amendment
Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, respecting an establishment of a religion. -
Period: to
“Age of the Steamboat”
Their use generated rapid development of economies of port cities; the exploitation of agricultural and commodity products, which could be more easily transported to markets; and prosperity along the major rivers. -
Period: to
“New Immigration"
-Main cause to migrate -Push = Pull factors
-Push Factors-oppression,poverty, war Reg. persecution
-Pull factor- freedom, $ opportunity, other family members already migrated.
-main ports -Ellis Island, Angle Island & Galveston TX
-Lived commomly in the Mid West, NY, CA & TX
-Bulk of the U.S. industrial labor pool, making possible the emergence of such industries as steel, coal, automobile, textile, and garment production -
Period: to
Harsh Working Conditions
*Children-factory workers, dangerous conditions, paid less than adult workers doing same job
*Women-face long hours, poor working conditions, and job instability,Some women were paid as little as six dollars per week, a sum much lower than a male
*Women & Children both workerd at Cotton Mills (looms)
*Children worked also in mines getting black lung diesiese before they became a teenager.
*Lack of effective government regulation led to unsafe and unhealthy work sites -
Morse Code
-A single-circuit telegraph that worked by pushing the operator key down to complete the electric circuit of the battery. This action sent the electric signal across a wire to a receiver at the other end.
-Telegraph lines normaly ran with the RR ltrac since the RR used them 1st and the routes were laid out already.
- Electric telegraphs were to reduce the cost of sending a message compared to semaphores, and could be used non-stop, 24 hours a day, independent of the weather or daylight -
Nest Cartoon
Nest used his cartoons to attack the Tammany Hall political Ring and Boss Tweed to removed from power in the election of November 7, 1871 (in NY). Tweed was arrested in 1873 and convicted of fraud. -
Period: to
Tammany Hall & Boss Tweed
-Using fresh Irish immigants for votes Tammany Hall gained power with polticians and the people
-T-H would then help Ir imm get jobs, pay rent and Americanize them.
-T-H offered votes for bribs and constrution jobs in NY(like the constuction of the Brooklyn Bridge)
-T-H was connected to the Democratic Party -
Period: to
1862 to 2009
Industrialization and the "Gilded Age",
Am. in Transition,
Progress,
Am Builds an Empire,
WWI,
Roaring Twenties,
Great Depression,
"New Deal",
Cold War,
Civil Rights,
1960's protest and change,
Crisis & Resurgence 1969-2000,
New Millennium -
Homestead Act
-The Homestead Acts were several U.S. fed. laws that gave a person ownership of land, typically called a "homestead",
-at little or no cost,totaling 160 acres if settlers improved the land in 5 years they own it.
-Most Hmsteading occured West (mainly the Gt. Plains, Ok, Nebraska).
-Harsh climates with little water high temp. (100) and blizzards in the winter.
-Farmers created sod houses and dug 300 ft. wells. Farmers also came up with DRY FARMING (planting seeds deep to reach moisture -
13th Amendment
-Equal Rights
-Eliminated Slavery
-Only North was for it -
Period: to
The Revolution Newspaper
*Publisher & Editor-Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton
*The Revolution focused primarily on women's rights, especially suffrage
Effect-Acknowledgement of women suffrage and later women’s right to vote (19th Amendment) -
14th Amendment
-Gives citizenshp & equal protection of the laws to former slaves
-The south did not like the amendment & was bitterly upset
-What the supreme court uses to tie a majority of equal protection laws -
First Transcontinental Railroad "Pacific Railroad"
-1863-1869
2000 miles accross the U.S.
-Contributed to the westward expansion by making transportation and economic growth easier
-Long hard work
-Rans means accross
-Came into native american territory
-Chinese mainly built the railroads
-Not a lot of technology/machinery
-Boats walking or horse were only ways of transportation
-Provided safety and and fast ways of travel
-Wouldn't be possible without steel -
15th Amendment
-Protects Americans rights to vote
-Gave Affricans rhe right to vote
-Cause the Jim Crows laws -
Period: to
“Gilded Age and Westward Expansion”
-The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. American wages, especially for skilled workers, were much higher than in Europe, which attracted millions of immigrants.
-Railroads were the major industry, but the factory system, mining, and finance increased.
-Labor unions became important in industrial areas.
-“This time period is characterized by economic growth, widespread poverty, westward expansion, and political corruption.” -
Vanderbilt
-Vandervilt started out poor and no money he gpt his money by borrowing money and bought a boat and bought more owned them and became a steam boat captain makes a lot of money
-Vanderbilt university founded in 1873 priveate resaech facility in nashville tennesee provided the school with 100000000 in endowment -
Establishment of the Womens Christian Temperance Union
-Known as the WCTU
-Pupose was to create a pure and sober world
-Directly related to 18th amendment
-Against alcohol and tobaco useage -
Bessemer Steel Production Process
-The removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation
-The Bessemer process revolutionized steel manufacture by decreasing its cost.
-After the introduction of the Bessemer process, steel and iron cost the same, and some users, like railroads, turned to steel.
-Steel rails lasted 10 x longer than iron rails.
-Quality problems such as brittleness prevented Bessemer steel from being used for many structural applications. -
Chinese Exclusionary Act
CAUSE
Concern of availiable jobs in the West after the Calif. gold rush.
EFFECTS
Drove employment wages down, excluding all classes of Chinese immigrants and other Asian immigrant groups
legal racial discrimination -Chinese came to america to work on the railroads and gold mines
-Signed by chester a arthur and was intended to last for 10 years and was extended
-Prohibit all chinese immigration
-Worked for low wages
-Ended in 1882 -
Andrew Carnegie
-Net worth 298.3 billion
-Horizontal - Control of a group of products which are alike yet at different price points complexities and quality
-Vertical-each member make a part to make one thing to satisfy a common need which he used
-Used bessmer proccess
-Jp morgan wanted to buy him and other to unify and cut costs
-Invested 500 into adam express and reinvesting later inveted 40000 in story farm that yielded 1000000 and used money to build empire
-Profits up workers pay not -
Haymarket Riot
*Strikers during a union action at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company that was part of a national campaign to secure an eight-hour workday
*Violent confrontation between police and labour protesters
*A bomb was thrown by an individual never positively identified, and police responded with random gunfire 7 police officers were killed and 60 others wounded
*Became a symbol of the international struggle for workers’ rights -
Sherman Antitrust Act
*Purpose-to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply
*Caused-the Standard Oil Company of Ohio, devised a new type of agreement to overcome prohibitions of owning stock in other corporations(MONOPOLIES)
*Effect-the Sherman Act is not to protect competitors, but rather to protect competition
This effected John D. Rockefeller the CAPTIAN of the Oil industry -
Interstate Commerce Act
*Law to regulate RR industry
*An Act that will regulate RR rates to shippers and farmers
"Reasonable and Just"
*1st federal law to regulateprivate industry in the US
*the Act created a Federal agency the ICC which monitored RR rates and complied with regulations -
Hull House Opening
Purpose- aiding American assimilation, "Americanization" teaching english and Am. culture, help immigants find jobs and education
-Founded and lead by two women (women normally did not lead anything at this time in history)by Jane Addams & Ellen Starr
in Chicago IL. -made to provide food and shelter for europeans
-founded by jane addams and ellen gate starr
-educational artistic and social programs
-by 1920 500 hull houses were open
-in chicago illinois
-non profit -
Period: to
Populist "people's party"
*unlimited coined silver,single term for a Pres., Direct elections of Senators, Graduated Income Tax, shorter WORK day,Immigration limits
*Cuuse-farmers in the South and Midwest against the Democratic and Republican Parties for ignoring their interests and difficulties
*Supporters-National Farmers' Alliance and the Colored Farmers' Alliance & Knights of Labor(union)
*1892 election of 5 senators,1896 & 1900 nominatedWilliam B. Jennings for Pres. nearly won both times -
Period: to
Immigration Ellis Island NY
-From 1892 to 1954, over twelve million immigrants entered the United States.
-mostly from Northern and Western Europe, passed through its doors, immigrants came from England, Ireland, Germany and the Scandinavian countries.
-The main reasons immigrants were excluded was if a doctor diagnos contagious disease or legal reasons and notionality. -
Red Record
-ida b wells wrote this
-pamphlet called red record
-told people about the lynchings (hanging)
-white people hang black people
-happens right after the civil war
-says about 10000 blacks were lynched during this time
-very big on women's suffrage and the treatment of blacks -
Homestead Strike
*Carnegie Steel Co. was determined to break the union
*locking the workers out of the plant
*Frick (Companies Manager) sent for 300 Pinkerton guards but when they arrived they were met by 10 thousand strikers, many of them armed
* After an all-day battle, the Pinkertons surrendered
*Carnegie & US Gov. help moved in quickly to institute longer hours and lower wages
*it also highlighted how difficult it was for any union to succeed against the combined power of the corporation and the gov -
JP Morgan
-jp morgan was a banker, financer, philanthropist, art collector
-dominated the corporate finance and industrial consolidation
-merged and financed a lot
-helped bring interest from investors from the business he took over -
Pullman Strike
*factory wages at the company fell about 25% but the rents George Pullman charged did not decrease
*3000 Pullman workers went on a "wildcat" strike that is w/o authorization
*June 29, 50 thousand men had quit their jobs.
*federal troops This enraged strikers, and rioters began stopping trains, smashing switches, and, again, setting fire to anything that would burn
*Pullman Strike was important because it was the first time a federal injunction had ever been used to break up a strike -
Period: to
Sanfiord B Dole
-was the president of hawaii
-hawaii was under a monarch he started a coup and overthrew the king/queen
-after he became president of hawaii and later hawaii was annexed and became a state -
Plessy vs Ferguson
*Supreme Court case ruled that "seperate but equal" facilities were legal
*Sep but Eq- constitutional law that justified and permitted racial segregation
*effects-segregated restrooms, theatres, RRcars & Schools -
Sinking of the USS Maine
-begining of the united states as a world power
-sent to havanna cuba in january 1898
-sent to protect americans
-5 tons of gunpowder blows up and sinks and kills 260 crew members
-americans pinned spain for the sinking of the ship and went to war soon after -
Theodore Roosevelt
-he was in the war called san juan hill which was in cuba
-influenced the us military to keep fighting
-theodore created the rough riders and was a cornel at the time -
Henry Cabot Lodge
-influenced us military policy around the time of the spanish american war
-he had the role of the first senate majority leader
-served as us representative
-lodge demanded congressional control of declarations of war wilson refusedus never joined league of nations
-lodge represented those who called for the annexation of the phillipines
-lodge believed the united states needed to have a strong navy -
Alfred Thayer Mahan
-was a united states navy flag officer,geostrategist,and historian
-he believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea with it's commercial ussage in peace and it's control in war
-his goal was to determine who controlled the sea and his primary mission was to secure the command of the sea
-emphasis on strategic locations such as choke points canals and coaling stations -
Open Door Policy
-keeps china open with trade for all countries
-boxer rebellion people were trying to keep culture that was there before the immigrants got there
-china dont want spear of inflkuence
-spears of influence
- a part of country that was owned and only traded with them -
Social Darwininism
-survival of the fittest
-haves and haves not
-ability compete survive reproduce
-thought that is your poor or stupid then it means that they dont deserve to have money
-the haves are supposed to have things and the have nots arent suppose to have anything -
Period: to
Progressive"Bull Moose" Party
Platform-called for major reforms including women's suffrage, social welfare assistance for women and children, farm relief, revisions in banking, health insurance in industries, and worker's compensation
Broke off f/ - Republic Party
Major Canidate-Theodore Roosevelt
3rd party split-Bull Moose Party split the Republican vote there by leading to Wilson's victory, Teddy Roosevelt lost -
Period: to
Theodore Roosevelt
*Roosevelt became President after McKinley was assassinated
*his slogan, "Speak softly and carry a big stick" said becausehe was sending the greatly expanded Navy—the Great White Fleet—on a world tour
*Roosevelt was the first president to speak out on conservation, and he greatly expanded the system of national parks and national forests
*Teddy spent periods of time hunting in the N. Dakota badlands seeing how over hunting and grazing damaged the land and game animals he tried to stop as Pres -
Period: to
Muckrackers Journalism
Muckraker journalism-muckrakers often worked to expose social corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while raising public awareness of poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues like child labor.
Effect-their agenda was to raise public awareness rising literacy rates, which meant public opinion would eventually get louder -
Roosevelt Corrolary
-was supposed to be an addition to the monroe doctrine he had the right to execise military force in latin american countries in order to keep european countries out
-articulated by president theodore roosevelt
-his foreign policy was "walk softly but carry a big stick" -
Period: to
Panama Canal Construction
*Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US-controlled canal across Central Am was a vital strategic interest to the US The idea gained a wide following after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba
*Panama area under Columbia control had rebels that the US supported and armed to revolt against Columbia then leased the area to US after they became a country
* Building cost thousands of lives and $400 mill and 10 yrs -
The Jungle
-book written by american journalist and novelist upton sinclair
-wrote to portray the lives of immigrants in chicago
-talked about the meat packing industry -
Pure Food & Drug Act
-signed by theodore roosevelt
-led to fda
-proper drug and food regulation
-first thing to regulate consumer goods
-started with coca cola which had cocaine in it but converted to caffenie which fda regulated -
Establishment of the NAACP
ensure the political, educational, social, and economic quality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination
co founded by W.E.B. Du Bois
methods: spreading the word and court cases -
17th Amendment
*17th Amendment-direct election of United States Senators by popular vote
*Direct election-choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person
*Patronage-power to grant other political favors -
16th Amendment
*16th Amendment-gives Congress the power to collect taxes on income without apportioning it among the states (levy income tax)
*progressive-implementing social reform or new liberal ideas
*Revenue-a state's annual income from which public expenses are met
*teriff-a tax or duty to be paid -
Federal Reserve Act
*Causes-Intended to begin a form of economic stability throughout the United States and start the Central Bank-people did not trust banks at that time
*Power-Create a “banker’s bank”, allowed the Federal Reserve to regulate $ in circulation & control the amount of $ banks could lend
*Effects- government can now regulate inflation, permitted national banks to make mortgage loans for farmland, the US dollar became a global currancy -
German Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
*Germany declared the area around the British Isles a war zone, in which all merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the German navy.
*the sinking of the British ship Lusitania with Am citizens by a German U-boat brought Am into the war while Woodrow Wilson was President -
Sinking of the Lusitania
*The sinking of the Lusitania occurred on 7 May 1915 during the First World War as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom of Great Britain
*sinking turned public opinion in many countries against Germany contributed to the American entry into World War I and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting campaigns of why the war was being fought -
Sussex Pledge
*a promise made to the US in 1916 during World War I by Germany
*Passenger ships would not be targeted
*Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship
*Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew
* In 1917 German thought they could defeat the Allies and broke the Sussex Pledge and th US entered the war -
Zimmer Telegram
*The Zimmermann Telegram was a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on 01/19/ 1917 to the German ambassador in the US
*the telegram proposal for military alliance between Ger. & Mex. so Mex would attck the US to keep AM out of the European war *Ger. was to offer Mex material aid in the reclaiming of territory lost during the Mexican-American War specifically the Am. states of Tx, New Mex and Arizona
*it was denied, US delcleared war on Ger -
Esponage Act of 1917
-Esponage Act made it a crimefor a person to let others know about war plans that interfered with US Army objectives during war.Newspapers could not print battle plans
-fines started @10,000 and 20 yrs in jail -
Battle of Aragon Forest
final offense of world war 1
-herching also commanded AEF
-involved 1.2 million soldiers
-fought from september to november 47 days
-lot of losses
-most americans dead in one single battle -
Alvin York
-killed 20 german soldiers and captured 132 at the head detachment in the aragonne forest
-actions got him the medal of honor -
Schenck vs U.S.
*Sup. Crt said that reasonable limits can be imposed onto the 1st Amrndment
*NO person can use "free speech" to place others in danger
*YOU CAN NOT YELL "FIRE" in a crowded theater or BOMB on a plane and call it fredom of speech -
Treaty of Versaille
-one of the peace treaties at the end of world war 1
-armistance stopped the actual fighting
-made germany pay reperations to certain countries and disarm
-total cost was 132 billion
-us did not ratify the treaty
-german economy led to inflation
-Hitler came into power to get germany on tract and took over germany -
18th Amendment
*18th Amendment-banned the sale and drinking of alcohol in the United States (only amendment to be repealed from the constitution)
*temperance-total abstinence from alcoholic liquors
*Prohibition-the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, especially in the US between 1920 and 1933
*Speakeasy-a saloon or nightclub selling alcoholic beverages illegally, especially during Prohibition. -
League of Nations
-main purpose was to maintain world peace
-weakness the onset of the second world war demonstrated that the league had failed in its primary purpose the prevention of another world war there were a variety of reasons for this failure many connected to general weakness within the organization
-u.s. refused to join
-led to the U.N. -
19th Amendment
*19th Amendment-guarantees all American women the right to vote
*suffrage-the right to vote, especially in a political election -
Stock Marktet CRASH of 1929
Buying on the margin-buying stocks by using $ you borrow from your stockbroker. Return to normalcy-return to the way of life before WW1 Amercian first plan-protection tariffs (tax imports coming to America). Disposable income-personal income is often used to gauge the overall state of the ecomomy. Bank run-customers withdraw their accounts simultaneously due to concerns about the bank's going under
Bank failure-occurs when a bank is unable to meet its obligations all of these caused the CRASHED -
Japan Expansion
-Japan took control of Korea & area of China & Russia called Manchuria
-Japan made plans to control the whole Pacific
-This plan was called "The Great East Asia Co-Prosperity (Joint success) Sphere"
-In 1940 Japan joined Germany & Italy in the "The Tripartite Pact" to create the AXIS -
Period: to
New Deal
-Programs were in response to the Great Depression, & focused on what historians call the "3 R's": Relief, Reform, & Recovery
-Relief is for the unemployed
-Recovery for the economy
-Reform of the finacial system
-It made the FED Gov more controlling over businesses, banks & the stock market, it gave more power. -
Period: to
New Deal-Economic policy and Roosevelts opponents
ROOSEVELT
-Introduced higher taxes on the rich
-Believed if it was good business, then it was good for America
-New Deal divided into three parts (Relief, Reform, and Recovery)
OPPONOETS
-Believed too generous to the corporate interests
-Confiscate any personal fortune over $3 million & use this $ to give to each family in America
-Promised -
Period: to
Axis Powers
-Nations that fought in the WW2 against allied forces
-Germany, Italy, Japan
-Joined in September 27
-Reason for alliance was to refute communism
-Unite them Politically & econmically
-To further expand their empire -
Germany Expansion
-Germany statred acquiring german speaking areas lost after WWI like Sudetenland (A section of France), Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland
-Increasingly a global political division emerged between democratic societies (US & Britain) & totalitarian states (Germany) actions
-@ 1st nothing but when Germany did not stop an all out war occured -
Period: to
Allied Powers
-Great Britain, France, US, China
-The allies formed mostly as a defense against the attacks of Axis Powers
-1941 Hitler ordered suprise attack on Russia
-Russia became an enemy & joined allies
-US was attacked by Japanese at Pearl Harbor
-The attack turned US in favor of allies -
Period: to
2nd Great Migration
-More than 5 million African Americans had migrated to the West during WW2 which lasted until the 1970's
-Moved to the Midwest & West like Cali., L.A, Oakland because they wanted to escape the discrimination, hatred, & wanted jobs in the defense industry, -
Major Events of WWII (Part 2)
-The Bantan Death March - took place in Philippines in 1942 after the Japenese took over the Philippine Islands; Amercian & Filipino prisoners of war were forcibly marched 60 miles thur thr jungle resulting in many fatalities -The invasion of Normady - June 6, 1944, Allied invasion of Northern France to repel the occupation of the German Army -
"War Bonds"
-Helped pay for tanks, planes, ships, uniforms, weapons, medicine, food & everything else the millitary needed
-Helped keep the cost of living down
-It showed their nationlism to help support their countries soldiers -
Major Events of WWII (Part 1)
-BATTLE OF MIDWAY - (considered the turning point) significant batlle in the Pacific. After the battle, Japan's shipbuilding & pilot training programs were unable to keep pace in replacing their losses, while the US steadily increased output in both areas.
-The US military advancement through the Pacific Islands - known as "Island Hopping", the goal was to attain a position close enough to mainland Japan to conduct an attack. -
Military leaders of WWII (Part 2)
-George Patton - colorful & celebrated tank commander for the Third Armored Division who spearheaded the final attack into Germany. -Bernard Montgomey - British military commander who drove the Germans out of North America & fought in Europe. -Erwin Rommel - celebrated German General; nicknamed "The Desert Fox" due to his victories in North Africa. -Yamamoto - celebrated Japenese Admiral, oversaw the attack on Pearl Harbor. -
Military leaders of WWII (Part 1)
-Omar Bradley - "The Solider's General" served with Patton in North Africa & Italy, led the First Army on the D-Day landings -Dwight Eisenhower - commander of Allied forces in Europe of the D-Day Invasion -Douglas MacArthur - commander of the US Army in the Pacific -Chester W. Nimitz - commander of the US Navy & allied land & sea forces in the Pacific -George Marshall - Chief of Staff that coorniated the war effort from Washington, D.C -
WWII Inventions (Part 2)
M-1 SEMI AUTOMATIC RIFLE
-Fired faster than a single shot rifle
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
-Atomic bombs big bombs used to destroy large area
DRIED BLOOD PLASMA
-Helped w giving blood to injured soldiers
PENICILIN
-Helped w fighting infections w wounded soilders -
"Rationing"
-Helped give the men the goods they need & sent them gasoline
-Back home families were happy to ration & help bc it'd supply their family in the war & bring them home safetly -
"Victory Gardens"
*Helped give the men the goods they need & sent them gasoline for equipment
*Helped supply families & households w fruits & veggies that were rationed in stores -
"Rosie the Riveter"
*While men were off fighting the women had build the weapontry that men were using in the war
*This helped keep things running in the towns & gave women their confidents & recgonize the rights & equality the deserved. -
Period: to
ARMS RACE
Major super powers; USA, UK, the Soviet Union & FR Details: both countries had nuclear weapons & was creating more to be = to each other Civilian reponse; the schools made the students practice duck and cover in school to protect from falling debris & the bomb shelters were set up tp protect people from missiles (Nuke War) Mutually assured destruction (Have enough to destroy your country) & every other country in the world -
"Results of WW2" PART B -After WW2 for women & minorities"
-As shipped out to fight in Europe & the pacific, millions of women & minorities were needed to work in factories, offices, & millitary bases in roles traditonally reserved for non-minority men in peace time,
-When the war ened, many women & minorities found it difficult to find/keep thier jobs b/c of the millions of non-minority men that re-entered the work force. -
"Results of WW2" PART A
*WW2 was one of the reason the Great Depression ended. WW2 gave jobs to thousands, if not millions, of people in the US Soldiers were paid & some sent $ home, men too old to be in the army replaced the men that were at war, & women worked in factories to build airplanes, ships, tanks, etc. MARSHALL PLAN
*It great benefited the American economy in helping to rebuild war-torn in Europe. It also speeded the economic recovery of Western Europe & created good will towards the US. -
Period: to
Berlin Airlift (FIRST GREAT CRISIS OF THE COLD WAR)
CAUSES (Soviet)
-B/c they thought that they if block the city of Berlin w/ no access to food/supplies FR,U.K, & the U.S would leave & the Soviet Union would have Berlin all to themselves.
Actions (American & British)
-US begins a massive Airlift of food, water & medicine to the citizens of West Berlin.
Effects
-The US is able to force soviets to back down.
- By the time the Soviets ended the blockade Germany had become a seperate & ind. nation & the Russian failure was complete. -
Marshall Plan
-The Marshall Plan was to help & aid European countries affected the war.
-US gave 17 billion $ (160 billion in todays $)in economic support
-Other European countries joined the plan
-When the US send $ it helped prevent the spread of Soviet Communism -
Creation of NATO
-Great Britain, Canada, the US & 9 other European countires were members.
-Russia helped create the warsaw pact along w other communist countries,
-It was formed so if any communist country messed w any of the NATO members they'd all go to war.
-Since the US had nuclear weapons all the members of NATO had the nuclear weapons. -
Period: to
Korean War
-CAUSES; After WWII communist North Korea invaded South Korea US fighting the Soviets in Korea -Results; A treaty divided the penninsula along the 38th parallel when N Korea turned commi. -Cease fire, today is the most guarded border -Truman doctrine; stopped the spread to other countries helping S Korea falls under the Truman doctrine bc America helped contain communism from going to S Korea / not past the 38th parallel -
Period: to
Space Race
What it was about; National Secruity reasons & symbolism began w the launch of Sputnik (Russia) Response to Spuntnik; America tried to get the first man on the moon & beat the Soviet Union in the space race Effects on Education & technology: people were more intrested in learning about the space & going to space Technology; America made better & safer rockets for crews led to the creation of NASA -
John F Kennedy presidential term
-women voted for JFK because of his looks and more presentable -one of the first canidates on tv wasnt mainly issues mainly looks
-end of presidency was when he was assassinated on november 22 1963 in Dalllas Tx
-promised to go to the moon -
Executive Order 10925 by JFK
only applies to jobs with the government
Howemployees are treated during employment without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin gender is left out women not included only men doesnt effect the whole united states only government contracted workers -
Affirmative Action
– refers to the steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens -
Sam Walton
– small-town general store owner who believed he could bring important goods to rural America
-His store Walmart (later SAM's)is now known as an industry leader in supply chain operations and brings low prices and common goods to communities across the world -
Cuban Missile Crisis
-During the Oct. 1962 crisis,
President John F K warned Soviet leader Nikita - Khrushchev that an attack launched on the US from missiles based in Cuba would be considered an attack from the Soviet Union
-In 1963 Kennedy secured a nuclear test-ban treaty w the Soviets
-Direct communication between the White House & the Kremlin was enacted so the nations' leaders could communicate in times of crisis. -
Assassination of President Kennedy
-Pres. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas Texas on November 22 1963 and was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald -Kennedy was shot while riding in the Presidental car next to his wife Jackie Kennedy -John Connaly (Gov. of Tx) was also injured by a bullet that hit Kennedy and went throught and hit him -Lee Harvey Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby -people were sad that Kennedy died and Lyndon B Johnson was sworn in as President on Airforce 1 -
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and War Powers Act
U.S. destroyer Maddox exchanged shots with North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin it served as the pretext for an immediate ramp-up of the Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave President Johnson authorization (without formal declaration of war by Congress) to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia War Powers Act (1973) limits the ability of the President to send troops into combat areas without congressional approval -
Assassination of Malcom X
Who: Black Muslim
Where: New York City, NY
Public Reaction: Reaction were varied MLK spoke "While we did not always see eye to eye methods to solve Peace Problems,
Shot at a Ballroom -
Head Start
–provides early educational opportunites for children from low income families -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens -
FHA/HUD
-Federal Housing Authority – improve housing standards and conditions; insurance of mortgages loans -Government ran, to help limit discrimination -actions of government to create economic opportunities for citizens -
National Organization for Women "NOW"
-Founded in 1966 by Betty F.
-Its purpose was to support full equality for women in America in turly equal partnership with men
-One method was to do Non Violent Protest -
Black Panthers Party
-BPP was a revolutionary nationilist & socialist organization
-One goal was to make sure no black was convicted of a crime wether he did or did not do
-One method was to use violence -
25th Amendment
It is about the succesion of the Presidents position with the Vice President
effects if the President dies, resigns, removed from office, or is unable to discharge the powers of the Presidency it makes the Vice President the succesor of the Presidents position if anyhting happens
it was neccesary because William Henry Harrison died and someone suggested that John Tyler should be President
after President Wilson's stroke no one assumed the President power or dutie
FDR's vp vacant 16 times -
Appoint Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court
nominated by LBJ who said he was the right man, right time to do it, and right place
won the vote of 69-11
its purpose was because it showed african americans can be appointed as one of the high ranked Judges in the country part of great society because it showed any person no matter what race religion or origing can do it effects: helped pave a way through the civil rights movement -
UNITED STATES v. O'BRIEN
David O'Brien burned his draft card at a Boston courthouse He said he was expressing his opposition to war He was convicted under a federal law that made the destruction or mutilation of drafts card a crime -
Tet Offensive
-full-scale offensive by regular, North Vietnamese Army and irregular forces to attack the command-and-control centers of the South Vietnamese, U.S., and other allies
-The intent was to create a general uprising and overthrow the Saigon government. -
Assassination od Martin Luther King
Who: James Earl Roy
Where: Memphis, TN Public Reaction:
They responded with riots, also known as the holy week uprising was a wave of civil disturbance which swept the US following MLKs assassination -
Policy of Vietnamization
-This policy focused on equipping, training, and giving more responsibility for combat actions to local South Vietnamese forces -At the same time, U.S. ground forces started to be drawn down and transitioned to more of an advisory role -
"The Silent Majority Speech" by Nixon
-"The Silent Majority Speech" Nixon laid out a plan for the end of the war through the process of diplomatic negotiation and Vietnamization -Nixon made this speech due to his the 1968 election campaign he spoke about ending the Vietnam War with an honorable peace -Nixon's speech was enormously successful resulting in tens of thousands of letters and telegrams of support Doves - people who wanted PEACE
Hawks - people who wanted WAR -
TINKER v. DES MOINES ISD
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that students had the right to wear armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War -It defined the constitutional rights of students (freedom of speech protected by the 1st Amendment) -Example of Effects: opened opportunities for interpretation of free speech to also mean freedom of expression -
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
– established in 1970 due to elevated concern about environmental pollution. EPA's mission is to protect human health and to safeguard the natural environment- air, water, and land. -
Fall of Saigon
Fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon capital of S Viet. event marked the end of Viet. was & start of transition period
