-
Period: to
Age of the Steamboat
Invented to replace sailboats. Greatly improved the transport of materials, goods and people. powered by coal,burning coal has a polluting effect on the environment.New Marine Diesel engine met requirements yet they emmited large amounts of pollution in the air causing serious health problems. -
Period: to
new immigration
The National origins for,mula was to determine how many immigrants were allowed to enter the U.S. They were mostly Italian. Russian,Polish and greece as well as Asians(southern or eastern europe).They mostly came for economic oppurtunities,safety,freedom and lower taxes. They settled California,NY, and texas. Women worked as maids and males worked as laborers in warehouses -
Period: to
Harsh working conditions
Dangerous machines,the factories were either very cold/hot,poor ventilation,cramped conditions lead to deformities in bones and legs,14-16 hours per day,no sanitation. Wages-$1.25 for unskilled,$3 for skilled and women and children earned 1/3 of that pay. Women and children hired for cheap labor,children jobs included sitting in the dark as ventilation openers and "scavengers" that crawl under operating machinery to get rubbish in between -
Morse Code
Electrical Telegraph system.Each letter or numeral is represented by unique sequence or dots and dashes. it was used for more than 160 years. -
Discovery of the Bessemer Steel Production Process
a procees in by which removing impurities from the iron by oxidation. Revolutionizing steel manufacture by decreasing the cost.The availability of cheap steel allowed large bridges to be built and enabled the construction of rail roads,sky scrapers and large ships. -
homestead act
several federal U.S laws,the main one was the ownership of land called " Homestead" at little or no cost "free land" 160 acres . reason for this was the land to be farmed on and better economy.caused problems with the indians -
13th amendment
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude,legally prohibited chattel slavery, except as punishment, and mooted parts of the original constitution which deal with slavery -
14th amendment
Adresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official.
The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision that precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation. -
first transcontinental railroad
first continental railroad 1,907 miles long from San Francisco to Iowa. Built by veterans and chinese/irish immigrants. no machines it was built by hand. Transports goods faster. -
15th amendment
Prohibits the state and federal governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on the citizen's color,race or previous condition of servitude. -
Period: to
Gilded age
gave the united states rapid economic growth especially in the North and Wset.Most people are actually poor. We start moving west,alot of political corruption. -
Assassination of President James Garfield
Assassinated by charles Guileau -
Chinese exclusionary Act
one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in us history prohibiting all immigration of chinese laborers. Americans in the west presisted in their steroetyping of the chinese as degraded,exotic, dangerous and competition for jobs and wages -
Pendleton Act
This was a federal law that states that government jobs should be given on the basis of merit rather than political ties. -
Interstate commerce Act
designed to regulate the railroad industry, particullarly monopolistic policies. it was passed due to growing public concern with the growing power and wealth of corporations. Did not give the foverntment power to ammend prices but forced a rule that they must be just and reasonable. -
Social Darwinism
allegedly sought out to to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology and politics.generally argues that the strong should see the power increase and the weak -
John D. Rockefeller
John Dayton Rockefeller was an american business magnate and philanthropist . He was a cofounder of the standard oil company witch dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S business trust. He shipped oil that wasnt made from kerosine and was safe. Andrew Carnigie taxed him a lot to use the railroads but strated a cartel to lower the prices for shipping the best oil. -
Andrew Carnegie
He was an industrialist and philanthropist. He started as a telegrapher. By the 1860s he had investments in railroads.in 1864, carnegie invested 40,000 in story farm on oil creek. in one year, the farm yielded over 1 million in cas dividends. He sold his steel company to Jp Morgan for 480 million. He built carnegie hall -
Sherman Antitrist Act
The government makes monopolies illegal. the people owning the monopolies are mad because the government is taking away their privatley owned businesses. A monolpoly is when a person or business takes over their whole area of business.,like andrew carnagie taking over the the steel production. -
Period: to
populist party
the partys platform for the abolition of national banks,a working day of light hours and government control of railroads,telegraphs,telephones, happens for poor white cotton farmers -
Period: to
Ellis Island
10.5 mill Europeans who were approved were asked questions about name,occupation and amount of money people with diseases were sent home .2% not admitted for diseases ,criminal background and insanity -
Red Record
author was Ida B. wells,its a pamphlet of 100 pages described lynching in the united states since the emancipation proclamation. She explains that 10,000 negroes have been killed without a formality of judicial trial and legal execution. -
Pledge of allegiance
Was written by Francis Belloney."i pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands,one nation indivisible,with justice and liberty for all"
Changes:
"my flag to be changed to 'the flag of united states" so that the immigrants would not get confuse loyalties between their country and the U.S. -
klondike gold rush
Gold was discovered in the clondike region which caused a migration of prospectors. -
Plessy vs. Ferguson
established the seperate but equal cause.this meant that white and black people had to have everything the same but they were to seperated from eachother such as restraunts, restrooms, water fountains. The problem was seperate but they definetley were not equal. Black children did not get good schools or good teachers. -
open door policy
The policy proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis; thus, no international power would have total control of the country. The policy called upon foreign powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. -
technolical advances of ww2
RADAR- gave allies early warning of enemy air attacks
Higgings Boats-used to ferry soldiers from ships to the shore areas of different geographical locations.
Torpedos- Many classes of ships including submarines and aircraft were armed with torpedos. Launched from submarines or warships against enemy flet action on high seas
Improved Submarine Warfare-Started using Deoth Charges
Started using SONAR in submarinres -
John Pierpont Morgan
Jp Morgan dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.. Morgan began talking with Charles H. Schwab. President of Carnegie Co and business man. Andrew Carnegie. The goal was to buy out Carnegie's Steel company and merge it with several other steel business, coal, mining and shipping. -
Period: to
langston Hughes
Was an author and poet. wrote a famous poem "the Negro" -
Period: to
Muckrucker Journalism
focused on more political and corporate corruption. The magazines was rasing public awareness of chronic urban poverty,unsate working conditions and social issues like child labor. their reports exposed bribery and corruption at the city and state level as well as in congress,that led to reforms and chamed elecion results such as the establishment of the pure food and drug act of 1906 -
Period: to
Panama Canal
The U.S wanted to build the panama canal because they wanted the trip to get to the pacific ocean to be shorter from the atlantic ocean. The panama Canal would also shorten shipping times and prevent loss of ships on dangerous roots. France began working on the canal in 1881,but stopped due to disease and engineering problems. The canal allows faster shipping which uses less gas,resulting in a better environment. Also means panamanians dint have to pay taxes,the canal pays for their country -
The Reserve Corollary
Was an Amendment to the monroe doctrine which stated that the U.S reserved the right to stabalize the economies of central american,south american and casrribean nations who were unable to pay off their international debts. this was done to prevent european nations from intervening in the united states "Sphere of Influence"..Roosevelt referred to foreign policy as "walk softly,but carry a big stick" -
The Jungle
written by american journalist and novelist upton Sinclair,He wrote it to portray the lives of immigrants in the U.S and Chicago and similar industrialized cities. Many readers were most concerned with his exposure of health violations and Unsanitary Practices in the American meat packing industry. The book also depicted working class poverty,absence of social programs and harsh and unpleasant living and working conditions. -
pure food and drug act
purpose to ban foreign and interstate traffic in mislabeled food and drug products,this requires active ingrediens to be placed on labels. This sets up the U.S food and drug administration. -
Senate hearings led by joseph McCarthy
He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. McCarthy made additional accusations of Communist infiltration into the State Department, the administration of President Harry S. Truman, the Voice of America, and the United States Army. He also used various charges of communism, communist sympathies, disloyalty, or homosexuality to attack a number of politicians. -
NAACP\W.E.B DuBois
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States.Du Bois was one of the co-founders. A system of whites-only primaries and violent reprisals by groups such as the KKK also suppressed black participation.Most black voters in the South faced obstacles such as poll taxes and literacy testsThe first known black voter after the amendment's adoption was Thomas Mundy Peterson. -
Period: to
Progressive Party
the progressive party was an american political party, it was formed by former pres. Theodore Roosevelt for a split in the republican party between him and william tate. Some ideas were womans suffrag -
Heritage Foundation
Conservative Resurgence- A foundation that helps give ideas -
Federal Reserve Act
Was enacted in response in a series of financial crisis.the intent of the act was to create a degree of financial stability. The act empowers the Fed to regulate and supervise banks and to develop and implement monetary policy. The Act also created 12 regional Federal Reserve banks that monitor and supervise private banks in their region. -
Period: to
world war 1
princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferninand and sarajero blamed serbia Austria joined in which caused everyone else declared war because everyone was an alliance -
Period: to
Weapons of total War
U. Boats were used to enforce the Navel Blockade. The submarines had self propelled torpedos. Mines used for defensive barrier to slow down the enemy and having some time to shoot them before they reach you.Water based mines were used for the same thing but against enemy submarines. Machine guns were another defensive weapon that caused a lot of casualties. Trench warfare,were dug as a defensive measure. -
Battle of Aragonne Forest
Was the last major battle of WW1. The U.S and France fought germany in France because germany was declaring war on a lot of nations. Tjhis involved 1.2 million American soldiers who were led by John J. Pershing. -
Alvin York
York is a famous war hero, he received a congressional medal of honor. Him and a few other US soldiers got attacked by a german machine gunner squad. the germans were at the top of the hill shooting into the trenches. York was unable to be seen in the trenches so he began shooting at the germans heads.. Killing 28. He told them to surrender after 130 germans were taken in as prisoners -
Period: to
Transitional Immigration
U.S declared neutrality at the begiining of WW1. One reasion was the immigration of people from -
Period: to
The Roaring twenties
This time period is marked by optimism,celebration,experimentation and social change,but also fear of external influences and a loss of american culture -
18th amendment
banned the manufacture,sate,and transportation of alchoholic bevergaes in the united states and its possesions. Contray to common beklief,it did not prohibit the purchase or consumption of alchohol -
Schenck vs. United states
Schenck was arrested for violating the espionage act.He was a member of the socialist party,opposed the war and printed and distrubuted pamphlets urging citizens to oppose the draft. The court ruled against Schenck that the espionage act did not violate the first amendment and that in times of war the Gov. may place reasonable limitations on freedom of speech.Justice oliver Wendel outlined the courts -
Treaty of Versailles
Germany was blamed for WW1. and were forced to pay debts and be plavced under restrictions,such as military restrictiions,with land taken. The debts were too difficult to pay and dropped germany inn a depression, and eventually resulting in WW2. The U.S did not sign the treaty as it objected to the terms,specifically the high prices given to germany. Also because the treaty seemed favorable to the britis,made its own terms in 1921 -
Fourteen Point Plan
Author: President Woodrow Wilson. Purpose: Declared that WW1 was being fought for moral causes and calling for Post War Peace. Reactiion: Largely positive, some leaders of the Allied powers hoped for territorial gain. 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace making eforts. -
League of Nations
purpose: World Peace stated in its own covenant included preventing wars through collective security and disarment andn settling international disputes through negotiations -
Teapot Dome
President Warren G Harding was convicted of taking bribes from oil executives. Oilman Harry Sinclair obtained leases to drill for oil at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Edward Doheny acquired leases for reserves at Elk Hills, California -
Emergency Quota act
Restricted immigration into the U.S. The act meant that only people of Northern Europe who had similar culturfes to that of america were likely to get in. The reason was the american government wanted to protect its culture when this act was introduced.
*soon revised by the immigration act of 1924 -
Eugenics
origins: Has roots in France,Germany,Great Britain and the United States.
Author: Francis Galton
In refernce to humans as Social Darwinism.It is allowing the most "fit" Humans to breed,however the ruling defines "fit".
Example: the Nazi program Hitler employed to accelerate evolution in the Aryan Race and discard those who were weak. -
Period: to
National origins Formula
Was an Americsn system of immigration quotas,which restricted immigration on the basis of existing proportions of the population.The goal was to maintain the existing ethnic composition of the U.S
*Modified the "Emergency Quota Act" -
LULAC
League of United Latin American Citizens,was created to combat the discrimination faced by Hispanics in the United States. LULAC promoted the full adaptation of its members into the dominant US Anglo-Saxon culture, believing this strategy would be the most successful in combating discrimination.As a method of increasing assimilation, LULAC emphasized American patriotism. It asserted that Mexican Americans should disavow any allegiance to Mexico, and remain permanently in the United States. -
Period: to
Black Tuesday
by 1932 unemployment reached 236% and it peaked in 1933 to 25%,drought persisted in the agriculture heartland businesses and families defaulted on record number of loans,and more than 5,000 banks had failed. FERA was established to help out those who were unemployed,its main goal was to create new unskilled jobs and state government. -
Dust Bowl
a period of dust storms that damaged the agriculture in the U.S caused the great depression. It forced many famalies to abandon their farms. people died because of the dust in the atmosphere. -
Japan in the 1930's
japan invades china and the other islands in the pacific ocan so they can have more land and resources. as a result japan attacks pearl harbor in hawaii -
Period: to
Roosevelt's Fireside Chats
a series of thirty radio adresses given by former president Roosevelt. This was the first media development that involved communication between the president and the citizens of the nation. -
TVA
Authority is a federally owned corporation in the united states created by congressional charter in may 1933. -
21st amendment
replaced the 18th amendment of the U.S constitution having a prhibition on alcohol on january 17,1920. -
FHA/HUD
Federal Housing Administration, It insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans,.Housing and Urban Development,to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.to strengthen the housing market to bolster the economy and protect consumers.FHA gets people into houses cheaper. -
Gold reserve act
an act that took away title to all gold certificates that were held by the federal reserve bank. the act of 1934 made the trade of gold a criminal offence for all citizens of the u.s. some of this gold was given to the U.S treasurey.it was not until 1975 that americans could again own or trade gold.. -
eleanor roosevelt
she advocated womens rights before the modern day civil rigths movements began. she supported civil rights for minorities and especially african americans. during the depression she traveled around the country gaining support for the New Deal and was an advocate of better working conditions and wages for workers. She helped her husbands political careere by gaining votes from women and labor organizations -
Social Security Act
an act that responded to the falls of old age,poverty,unemployment,dependent widows,and fatherless children by providing benefits to retired and unemployed . The Great Depression ,poverty exceeded 50% among senior citizens. The stock market crash destroyed the value of many americans retirement savings -
Francis Townsend
Townsend proposed the 'Old Age Revolving Pension' which caused for every american over the age of 60 to retire to open up jobs for the younger unemployed -
Huey Long
Long unveiled his 'share the wealth' plan,a program designed to provide a decent standard of living to all americans by spreading the nations wealth among the people. He wanted the government to confiscate the wealth of the nations rich and privileged . It called the federal government to guarantee every family in the nation and annual income of 5,000 -
Migrant Mother
Her subjects were unemployed and homeless people. Together her and Paul Taylor documented rural poverty and the exploitation of share croppers and migrant laborers. Her best known picture pis titles "migrant Mother" in which she approached a hungry and desperate mother. As a result the government rushed aid to the camps to prevent starvation -
court packing Plan
The court packing plan reffered to the judicial procedures reform bill. it was aplan to add more justices to the supreme court from parts of the new deal tha were ruled unconstituional by the court,the public was against it -
HUAC
was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives. It was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties. In 1969, the House changed the committee's name to "House Committee on Internal Security". When the House abolished the committee in 1975, its functions were transferred to the House Judiciary -
Grapes of Wrath
Written by John Steinbeck,set during the depression a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their oklahoma home by driught,economic hardship,agriculture, and forclosures driving farmers out of work -
Period: to
Robert taft
He wanted to end the new deal because he felt he would end the great depression and eliminate all the programs that came from it. he believed thta letting private enterprise and businesses restore the nations economy was better then letting relying upon government programs to end the great depression. -
allied powers
were seeking to stop germany,italian,and japanese agression. Allied powers: france,poland,great britain,canada,austraillia,new zealand,south africa, United states USSR -
Period: to
2nd Migration
African americans were most affected by this move.Between 1910 and 1970s blacks moved from 14 states of the south. 53 percent remained in the south while 40 percent lived in the north and 7 percent in the west.When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, less than eight percent of the African-American population lived in the Northeastern or Midwestern United States.century. Blacks were recruited for industrial jobs, such as positions with the expansion of the Pennsylvania Railroad. -
Period: to
Rock and Roll
evolved from a combination of African American genres such as blues,jazz and gospel. Mid 1950s singers such as Elvis Presley created a different style to the public. Rock and roll influenced lifestyles,fashions and attitudes and language around the world.The beatles producing a form of rock and roll revivalism that carried them and many other groups to national success from about 1963 and to international success from 1964, known in America as the British Invasion. -
Period: to
Civil Rights movement
FDR Prohibited racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action,to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States. -
Douglas MacArthur
An american General and field Marshall of the Phillipine Army
He played a prominent role in the pacific theatre during the world war 2 -
Congress of Ratial Equality
CORE is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.nonviolent direct action campaigns opposed "Jim Crow" segregation and job discrimination, and fought for voting rights. Outside the South, CORE focused on discrimination in employment and housing, and also in de facto school segregation. -
Isoroko Yamamato
a japanese marshal admiral and the commander -in-chief of the combined fleet during ww2,graduated in the imperial japaneses naval academy,died at war when his plane got shot down -
G.I Bill
Politicians wanted to avoid the post war confusion about veterans benefits in the 1920s and 1930s. The veterans organization mobilized support in congress that rejected FDRs approach post war assistance program.An important provision of the G.I. Bill was low interest, zero down payment home loans for servicemen. This enabled millions of American families to move out of urban apartments and into suburban homes. -
Lester Maddox
Governer of Georgia,Maddox said that he would close his restaurant rather than serve African Americans. he pretty much says he should be able to serve and do what he wants with his restraunt because its his property. -
Battle of Bulge
the battle of bulge(also known as ardennes offensive) was a mayor suprise German offensive launched through the densely forested ardennes maintain regiojn on the western front. Though initially sucessful, the battle end up being a decisive allied victory,depleting an already weakened german army as both valuable reserves and equipmant were lost
80,000 allies
200,000 Germany
Location: the Ardennes,Belgium,Luxembourg,and germany -
Invasion of Normandy
also known as D-DAY,resulted in the allied liberation of western europe of western europe from Nazi Germany's control.The allies conducted a large operation in order to make the germans think that the main invasion target was pos-de-calais which is the narrowest point between Britain and France instead of Normandy.They also made them think that other locations were invasion targets -
Omar Bradley
he was a commander and chief of the american ground forces preparing to invade France in 1944 for D-DAY. He was chosen to command the U.S.he fought in th ww1 and ww2 and the Korean wars -
AIR Conditioning
More people start moving from the northwest to the south. Helped the economy because people can work longer without being overheated in environments that were uncontrolled. -
Period: to
Arms Race
A competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. France,Germany and Russia are considered to be super powers,but mainly the soviet union and the united states were the major super powers.weapons. Both superpowers built large radar arrays to detect incoming bombers and missiles. Fighters to use against bombers and anti-ballistic missiles to use against ICBMs were also developed. -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
He defeated herbert Clark Hoover in the election. Franklin adressed in his first inagural,he said ' Only thing we have to fear is fear itself' He campaigned against Hoovers protectionist policies. and he believed to be the man responsible for the great depression -
Dwight D Eisenhower
He was the Military governer of the U.S occupation zone. In 1945,he returned to washington to replace marshal as chief of staff of the Army he opposed the use of the atomic bomb -
Period: to
Baby Boom
Soldiers caused this when coming home from war to thier wives. As a result Periods of general economic growth and stability,The number of annual births was 2 per 100 women. -
Mendez vs. Westminister
Court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools.The school district appealed to the Ninth Federal District Court of Appeals in San Francisco, which upheld Judge McCormick's decision, finding that the segregation practices violated the Fourteenth Amendment. -
Truman Doctrine
Historians often consider it as the start of the Cold War, and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.President Harry S. Truman told Congress the Doctrine was "to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.Truman reasoned, because these "totalitarian regimes" coerced "free peoples", -
22nd Amendment
Sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States"No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. -
Period: to
Cold War
The cold war started with the Truman Doctrine and ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall.The first phase of the Cold War began in the aftermath of the end of the Second World War.The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power, extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe. -
Marshall plan
The American initiative to aid Europe in wchich the United states gave economic support to help rebuild european economies after the end of world war 2 in order to prevent the spread of soviet communism.The goals of the United States were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again.The phrase "equivalent of the Marshall Plan" is often used to describe a proposed large-scale rescue program. -
Period: to
Berlin Airlift
the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city.
the Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.Aircrews from the United States Air Force, the British Royal Air Force, -
Delgado vs. Bastrop
The Delgado decision undermined the rigid segregation,without a specific state law requiring the separation was not permitted; therefore, segregation of Mexican-American children, who were considered Caucasian, was illegal. In Texas. -
Desegregation of the U.S Military
President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9981 ordered the integration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, a major advance in civil rights.Using the Executive Order meant that Truman could bypass Congress. Representatives of the Solid South, all white Democrats, would likely have stonewalled related legislation -
NATO
The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion. -
Period: to
Korean War
was a war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces.The 38th parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Korean states. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th. -
Sweatt vs. Painter
desgregation for college ONLY.The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas. brought to the Supreme court,this effected the whole country but applied mainly to graduate level schools. they wanted icolleges to be equal in aspects of learning and race. -
Period: to
Vietnam war
The U.S involed themselves to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam,According to the Domino Theory if one state turns to communism the rest will.JFK was all for going because there was so many failures in the past he decided to "draw a line in the sand" and prevent a communist victory.Johnson did not consider vietnam a priority and was more focused on his "great Society".Tonkin resolution allowed him to conduct military operation without declaring war. -
Creation of the Polio Vaccine
Jonas salk creates the polio vaccine.As a rsult in 2002 more than 500 children were immunized from polio -
Brown vs. Board of Education
United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation. -
Hernandez vs. Texas
Case that decided that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment. the jury used to be ONLY white,now Members of non-Caucasian races were allowed on the jury-selecting committees -
Montgomery bus boycott/Rosa Parks
An event in the U.S. civil rights movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person.The boycott officially ended 1956, after 381 days. The city passed an ordinance authorizing black bus passengers to sit virtually anywhere they chose on buses. -
Period: to
Space Race
It effectively began with the Soviet launch of the Sputnik 1 artificial satellite on October 4, 1957, and concluded with the co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project human spaceflight.1958, motivated to increase the technological sophistication and power of the US alongside, for instance DARPA and NASA. It followed a growing national sense that U.S. scientists were falling behind scientists in the Soviet mission in July 1975.In response the U.S government makes up NASA to send a man on the moon. -
Sputnik Launch
the American Sputnik crisis, began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range.After the launch they ran to the mobile radio station to listen to signals from the satellite. -
Southern Christian Leadership/ Martin Luther King jr.
Following the Montgomery Bus Boycott victory,it had a large roll in the American Civil Rights Movement,African-American civil rights organization and was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr..SCLC's advocacy of boycotts and other forms of nonviolent protest was controversial among both whites and blacks.1997, MLK’s son, Martin Luther King III, became the president of SCLC. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction following the American Civil War, was also Congress's show of support for the Supreme Court's Brown decision -
Orval Faubos
Governer of Arkansas,he used the National Guard to stop African Americans from attending Little Rock Central High School as part of federally ordered racial desegregation.Faubus desegregated state buses and public transportation and began to investigate the possibility of introducing multi-racial schools -
Creation of NASA
As a result of the space race between USA and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, NASA was created in 1958 from NACA.1958, the already existing National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) began studying what a new non-military space agency would entail, as well as what its role might be, and assigned several committees to review the concept. -
Student Non-Violent coordinating committee
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was one of the organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement. It emerged from a student meeting organized by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in 1960. SNCC played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, Mississippi Freedom Summer, and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party over the next few years. SNCC's major contribution was in its field work, organizing voter registration. -
23rd Amendment
Permits citizens in the District of Columbia to vote for Electors for President and Vice President. Since the passage of this amendment, the District's electoral votes have gone towards the candidates of the Democratic Party in every presidential election. -
Congressional Southern Democrats
Theyre not going pass any civil rights legislation. Blocking the civil rights Legislation. -
Affirmative Action
Refers to policies that take factors including "race,color,religion,sex,or national origin".It is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the privileged majority population. -
Construction of the Berlin Wall
A barrier created to completely cut off west berlin from surrounding east germany.The Berlin Wall was officially referred to as the "Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart.The Eastern Bloc claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the "will of the people" in building a socialist state in East germany. -
Kennedy's Moon Speech
He gave the speech to students of a university." I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth."..his speech was significant because Russia launched sputnik the U.S launched the first man to the moon. -
JFK's issuing of Executive Order 10925
Required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.It established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Gender was left out. -
Period: to
Vietnam policy of President Kennedy
JFK was all for going because there was so many failures in the past he decided to "draw a line in the sand" and prevent a war. -
Cuban Misslie Crisis
A 13-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other side,mutual assured destruction (MAD) being discussed as a determining factor in a major international arms agreement.The United States was concerned about an expansion of Communism, and a Latin American country allying openly with the USSR was regarded as unacceptable.October 27, between the Soviet Union and Kennedy, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missles in Turkey and Italy. -
Friendship 7
The Mercury spacecraft, named Friendship 7, was carried to orbit by an Atlas LV-3B launch vehicle lifting off from Launch Complex 14 at Cape Canaveral,John Glenn boarded the Friendship 7 spacecraft on February 20, 1962.Friendship 7 began its first orbit,It crossed the Atlantic and passed over the Canary Islands -
United Farm workers association/Dolores huerta/Caesar Chavez
This group was originally a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance but rapidly became a union of farmworkers. Huerta created the Agricultural Workers Association (AWA).César Chávez had already established professional relationships with local community organizations that aimed to empower the working class population by encouraging them to become more politically active. -
24th Amendment
Prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. -
George Wallace
He was the governer of Alabama,segregationist,very popular in alabama at this time.Wallace desperately wanted to preserve segregation. In his own words: "The President (John F. Kennedy) wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-communists who have instituted these demonstrations. -
Sam Walton's first store in Arkansas
creator of wal-mart and sam's club. Walton located stores in smaller towns, not larger cities. He acknowledges that his one-stop-shopping center format was based on Meijer’s innovative concept. Contrary to the prevailing practice of American discount store chain.discounted name brand merchandise -
"i have a dream" speech
Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed millions of slaves in 1863,King observes that: "one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free".When he gave a speech to the NAACPthat speech discusses the gap between the American dream and reality, saying that overt white supremacists have violated the dream, ideas in the speech reflect King's social experiences of the mistreatment of blacks. -
Letter from Birmingham
The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, arguing that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws.He wrote the letter on the margins of a newspaper, to the clergy(religious people). -
Presidential Term of John F. kennedy
Won the campaign mostly because of his looks, -
Asassination Of President Kennedy
assassinated at the Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas.,A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission concluded that Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald,Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial.many Americans suspected that a conspiracy, and not a lone gunman, was responsible for President kennedys death -
Period: to
Vietnam policy of johnson
Johnson did not consider vietnam a priority and was more focused on his "great Society".Tonkin resolution allowed him to conduct military operation without declaring war. -
Presidential Term of JFK
Won the campaign because he was more appealing to the public,younger and goodlooking.His campaign was different because of the fact that it was aired on television at the time,and his personality was more likeable then that of Nixon's. -
Oragnization of Afro-American Unity/ Malcom X
Was a Pan-Africanist organization founded by Malcolm X.The purpose was to fight for the human rights of African Americans and promote cooperation among Africans and people of African descent in the Americas. But that it would also focus on voter registration, school boycotts, rent strikes, housing rehabilitation, and social programs for addicts, unwed mothers, and troubled children. -
Civil Rights of 1964
An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations,to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity. -
Gulf of Tonkin incident/Resolution
The Vietnamese Navy attacks our Navy and we fight back.The congress provides Lyndon B. Johnson theGulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted him to continue on with military operations without reffering it as war,to keep the troops fighting as long as he wanted in South East Asia -
Assassination of Malcom X
He was about to give a speech at the Audubon Ballroom,he had 21 gunshot wounds to the chest, left shoulder, and arms and legs, of which ten were buckshot wounds from the initial shotgun.Martin Luther King, Jr. sent a telegram to Betty Shabazz, expressing his sadness over "the shocking and tragic assassination of your husband." and there was also a public debate on different conspiracies for Malcom's Assassination. -
Head Start Education
Provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families.Head Start began as part of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society campaign -
Period: to
Vietnam Era draft into Military services
conscientious objectors person who objects to the war on moral or religious grounds. 4-F status is when a person is Not fit for service,medical issues etc.Its different because In WW2 people were excited to go,in the vietnam war nobody wanted to because we were losing. -
Tinker vs. Des Moines
Mary Beth Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt wear black armbands to protest against the vietnam war and supporting the Christmas Truce."Freedom of speech" Symbolic speech over a known movement and was slightly disruptive. -
National Organization for women -Betty Friedan
(NOW) is a feminist organization,NOW issued a Bill of Rights, which they had adopted at their national conference, advocating the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, enforcement of the prohibitions against sex discrimination in employment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.Betty Friedan wrote a book to fuel movement to a women's role outside of domestic environment -
Black Panthers
Was a black revolutionary socialist organization active in the United States,Founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.They instituted a variety of community social programs designed to alleviate poverty, improve health among inner city black communities. -
25th Amendment
Deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, Results because of Kennedy's assassination. -
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
He was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee,witnesses saw James Earl Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel.For some, King's assassination meant the end of a strategy of nonviolence.Others simply reaffirmed the need to carry on his work. Leaders within the SCLC confirmed that they would carry on this Poor People's Campaign in his absence.Some black leaders argued the need to continue King's tradition of nonviolence. -
United vs. O.Brien
Started Anti-vietnam protest,Ruled that a criminal prohibition against burning a draft card did not violate the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech.First, the law was, to the Court, is the government allowed ro draft,yes. Second the cards advanced "the smooth and proper functioning of the system.Third, the registration and raising of troops was unrelated to the suppression of speech -
Tet Offensive
One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. There was a prior agreement both North and South Vietnam agree to "cease fire" during the Tet Lunar New Year celebrations.Nonetheless, The Communists launched an attack that began during the early morning hours,launching waves of attacks in the late hours.The attack stuns the U.S and South vietnam,turning point in the war. -
Policy of "Vietnamization"
Policy of the Richard Nixon admin. during the Vietnam War to end the U.S.' involvement in the war. Withdraw the U.S troops,train South Vietnamese troops and let them fight for themselves. Also known as the "Nixon Doctrine". -
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first humans on the Moon, Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin.Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by the late US President John F. Kennedy in a speech before the United States Congress, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." -
Period: to
Vietnam Policy of Nixon
Nixon Doctrine was to build up the ARVN, so that they could take over the defense of South Vietnam.Nixon ordered a squadron of 18 B-52s loaded with nuclear weapons to race to the border of Soviet airspace to convince the Soviet Union, in accord with the madman theory, that he was capable of anything to end the Vietnam War. -
Nixon's Silent Majority Speech
Is an unspecified large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly,It referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse.The people that are for the vietnam war are "Hawks" and the protestors are "Doves" -
Period: to
Drama,debt and the Digital Age
-
La Raza unida
United Race Party) was an American political party centered on Chicano nationalism. During the 1970s the Party campaigned for better housing, work, and educational opportunities for Mexican-Americans.change tactic from a "get out the vote" organization to a more community based, grassroots, revolutionary nationalist formation seeking the unity of all Chicano, Latino and Native American peoples of the Southwestern United States which is commonly referred to as Aztlan. -
Environmental Protection Agency
Potecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations,was proposed by President Richard Nixon. -
Endangered Species Act
Signed into law by President Richard Nixon,it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development. -
26th Amendment
Prohibits the states and the federal government from setting a voting age higher than eighteen.Young men who were ineligible to vote were conscripted to fight in the war, thus lacking any means to influence the people sending them off to risk their lives. "Old enough to fight, old enough to vote," was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age. The slogan traced its roots to World War II, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to eighteen. -
Gold Standard (Nixon Shock)
Every dollar can be exchanged for gold. Had gold reserves in the U.S. Europeans exchange the money we give them for gold which starts a depletion in our gold reserves and causes inflation,decreasing the value of the dollar. we get off the gold standard causing monitary policies shifting the money where we want it to go. -
Title 9
Equal funding for all genders,no discrimination,No person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance... -
Nixon's Diplomatic visit to China
Nixon is anti-communist but surprisingly visits china. His reason for going isnt for trade but for some sort of relationship with China to help us deal with the Soviet Union and Vietnam. -
Wisconsin vs. Yoder
The U.S found that Amish children could not be placed in Public School past 8th Grade.Three Amish students stopped attending High School at the end of 8th grade due to thier parent's religious beliefs. They argue this because they say they dont have to learn all these extra things if they dont need it in life. -
Watergate scandal
NIxon involved in the cover up. Fought against the senate and the supreme court said he needed to turn in his tapes stating he knew about the brake in,causing Nixon to resign. -
War Powers Resolution
A Law intended tocheck the President's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress -
OPEC oil embargo
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries -
Camp David Accords
President Carter is president,Treaty signed by the prime minister of Israel and Egypt. Do to fighting over land,oil and religion. Palestinians not happy,mad at the U.S and jews. The U.S gives billions of dollars to both countries to not fight. -
Period: to
Gerald Ford
He was the only present who became one through appointment, without being part of a presidential election ticket. -
Apollo-Soyuz Project
The first joint U.S.–Soviet space flight, and the last flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Its primary purpose was as a symbol of the policy of détente that the two superpowers were pursuing at the time.ASTP was the last manned US space mission until the first Space Shuttle flight in April 1981. -
Microsoft -Bill Gates
He got out of Harvord to work with Paul Allen. They worked with MITs.Gates wrote "open letter to Hobbyists"Microsoft became independent in 1976 now,Microsoft is the biggest software used worldwide. -
Torrijos-Carter Treaty
President Carter,Two treaties signed by the U.S and Panama. The U.S owns the panama canal for shipping so they sign the treaty to give ownership of the Panama Canal back to the panamanians because other countries viewed us as imperialistic so he did it to make the U.S look good. -
Fall Of Saigon
Also know as the Capture of Saigon,marked the end of the Vietnam War,We leave and the North comes in and wipes out the South. -
Period: to
Iran Hostage Crisis
diplomatic crisis between Iran and the U>S,52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days,After a group of Iranian students took over the US embassy. What led to this was that The U.S refused tp extradit the SHAH to iran.but he was supposed to be in iran to serve trial for all the crimes he commited. -
Moral Majority
Founded by Jerry Falwell. He wanted to get christian conservative into politics for important events,they wanted prayers at school and abortions. -
Period: to
Conservative Resurgence
Founded by Jerry Falwell,The Moral Majortiy was an American political organization associated with the Christian right founded in 1979.Sought to mobilize conservative Americans to become politically active on issues they thought were important.The Heritage foundaton's goal is to return to the good old days where WASPs ruled the world and everybody else knew their place. -
"JUST SAY NO" drug program
an advertising campaign created by first lady Nancy Reagan. The purpose was to get students from ingaging in illegal and recreational drugs. -
Period: to
Presidential term of Ronal Reagan
Reaganomics reffered to the 4 pillars of Reagan's Economic Policy were to reduce the growth of government spending,reduce federal income tax,reduce government regulation and tighten money to decrease inflation." Peace through Strength".Reagan used the phrase in his poitical campaign against Jimmy Carter -
AIDS
Originated fro[m West Central America and they were eating monkeys that had AIDS. Two main groups:gay men and heavy drug users. There is no known cure -
Bombing of the marine barracks in Beirut
it occured during the lebanese civil war,they were attacked with suicide truck bombs. The French and U.S were there to keep peace. Ronald Reagan was president at this time. -
BET
Black Entertainment.Consisted of music videos. Allows other cultures to watch it,it aired for about 2 hours. founded by Robert Johnson(first black billionaire) -
Iran-Contra Scandal
an operation to free 7 american hostages captured in lebanon,so the U.S sends weapons to israel so they can free the hostages.they didnt give back the hostages and the mney ends up going to nicaragua. -
Destruction of the Berlin Wall
Communism was no more in Eastern Europe,When the wall fell it meant that the people of Berlin could once again be a whole city. West and East combined to make the complete city of Berlin -
Period: to
George H.W Bush
George H.W Bush(republican) ran against John Kerry(Democratic). George H.W Bush (ECV)-286 and (popular vote)-62,040,610
John Kerry (ECV)-251 and (popular vote)-59,028,444 -
Period: to
Persian Gulf War (operation Desert Storm)
Started when Saddam Hussein ordered an invasion in Kuwait. Concerned, Saudi Arabia and Egypt call on the U.S to intervene.War began with the U.S leading Op.Desert Storm. -
Yugoslav War
Tito,the dictator of Yugoslav,dies and then ethnic groups fight over power. Slobodan Milosevic is the pres. of Serbia. Ethnic Cleansing. Serbians Rape(ethnic cleansing0 Bosnian&Croation women/men. NATO bombs the Federal Republic of yugoslavia. F-117 is U.S stealth bomber,Clinton was president at this time -
Appoinment of Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court
Was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court.Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best known for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court . -
U.S involvement in the Iran-Iraq War
By selling weapons to Iraq,After Iran took over few cities of Iraq, USA helped Iraq taking those cities back by supplying more weapons and some more Mass murder weapons, Also Israel,Russia,China,Singapore and Arabian Countries such as UAE,Saudi, and many more countries helped Iraq taking out Iran, -
Edgewood vs. kirby
Case concerning public school finance, the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed suit against commissioner of education William Kirby,citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. ordered the Texas Legislature to formulate a more equitable funding system,to transfer of money from property wealthy school districts to property-poor districts in order to equalize each school district spent on educating students. -
Period: to
Bill Clinton's 1st Term
Bill Clinton(democratic) runs against George H.W Bush(Republican). Bill Clinton (ECV)-370 and George H.W Bush (ECV)-168 -
Contract with America
The Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in 40 years. -
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement. Member nations: Canada,Mexico, and the U.S. Its the largest free trade area and the richest market in the the world. -
Dayton Agreement
To promote peace and stability in Borsia and Herzegovina and to enforce regional balance in and around the former republic of yugoslavia.Bill clinton was presidnt at this time. -
Period: to
Bill Clinton's 2nd Term
Bill clinton runs against Former senator Bob Dole(Republican). Bill Clinton (ECV)-379 and Bob Dole (ECV)-159 and ROSS PEROT WAS THE THIRD PARTY(A PERSON WHO GAINS A BIG PERCENT SHARE OF THE VOTE) -
9/11
A series of 4 coordinated terrorist attacks,the idea was presented to Bin Laden in 1996 by Khalid Mohammad. The group responsible for these hijackings is al-Qaeda (leader:Muhammad Atta). The attacks resulted in deaths of 2,996 people including the 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims includedn 246 on the four planes..2,606 in NYC in the towes and on the ground,and 125 at the pentagon. George W.Bush was president atthis time. -
Invasion of Afghanistan
Started after 9/11, Bush demanded to have Osama Bin Laden. The U.S kills bin laden May 2011,cost 1.28 trillion,per soldier-1 million -
invasion of iraq
The CIA gave the president info that saddam hussein was developing weapons of mass destruction and supporting terrorism with money...pres. Bush sent 148,000 troops 3,000 died in 21 days of war. when they captured saddam they gave him a trial and hanged him -
Kyoto Treaty
International Treaty set to industrialize nations to reduce emission of greenhouse gases . U.S signed protocal but did not ratify because of Byrd Hagel resolution while dissapproved of any international agreement that did not requiredeveloping countries to participate and would " seriously harm the U.S economy". -
Sandra Day O'Connor
She was the first woman to be appointed at court -
Monkey Trial
a court case that involved a law in tennesse that had stated "teaching anything against the bible was illegal." It involved a teacher by the name of John Scopes who taught Charles Darwin theory of evolution to his students from a book the school had given him. He was brought to court because of this reason, stating that he was corrupting the minds of children. Although Scopes lost the trial, he was only given a small fine.
