ENTIRE Apush Timeline

By Dolphin <3
  • Period: 1491 to

    Period 1: Discovering the Americas 4%-6%

    • Columbus discovers the Americas
    • Columbian Exchange
    • Spanish settle in St. Augustine Florida
    • Spanish encomienda system
    • French establish fur trading with Native Americans
    • Virginia Company (Joint stock company) establishes Jamestown in Virginia
  • 1492

    Columbian Exchange

    • Transfer of food, animals, minerals, people and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
    • Introduced new foods and technologies to Europe and Americas
    • Smallpox introduced to the Americas which decimate Native populations
  • Oct 12, 1492

    Christopher Columbus Discovers the Americas

  • 1500

    Triangle Trade

    • Trade route of Rum from New England to Africa, Slaves from Africa to Americas, and Sugar Cane from Americas to New England

  • Establishment of Jamestown

    • First British settlement
    • Settlers died of malnutrition and disease as they spent time looking for gold instead of food
    • Saved when John Smith takes over (husband of Pocahontas) and establishes good relations with Native Americans
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1607-1776)

    • Emergence of agrarian economies based on cash crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo; expansion of trade networks with Europe and other colonies
  • Period: to

    Period 2: Colonization of the Americas 6%-8%

    • Tobacco (New tobacco developed by John Rolfe) becomes a major cash crop export
    • Virginia House of Burgesses established in Jamestown
    • Introduction of slaves
    • Mayflower lands in Massachusetts
    • John Winthrop and Puritans establish Massachusetts Bay Colony
    • Rhode Island (Roger Williams), Carolina, and Pennsylvania (William Penn) established
    • Navigation Acts created
    • Dutch New Netherland becomes New York
    • King Philips War
    • Bacons Rebellion
    • Great Awakening
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1607-1776)

    • Establishment of self-governing colonies with varying degrees of autonomy; growth of democratic principles in colonial assemblies
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1607-1776)

    • Formation of diverse colonial societies with distinct cultural, religious, and ethnic backgrounds; development of slavery and indentured servitude

  • Virginia House of Burgesses

    • First form of self-governance in America
    • Democratically elected legislative body in Jamestown
    • Granted supplies and created laws to maintain order

  • Maryland Toleration Act

    • Act ensuring religious freedom to all Christian settlers in Maryland
  • Period: to

    Britain's Navigation Acts

    • Series of laws passed by British Parliament
    • Set restrictions on colonial trade
    • Promoted trade with only England
    • Not enforced until George Grenville becomes Prime Minister

  • King Philip's War (Metacom's Rebellion) (1675-1678)

    • Native American revolt against the colonists in attempt to stop them from settling in Native territory
    • Destroyed many Native American tribes allowing for the continued English settlement

  • Bacon's Rebellion

    • Lord Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, exempted himself and his councilors from paying taxes
    • Colonists want more land and fight with Native Americans
    • Berkeley refuses to send military support
    • Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion, destroying the Native Americans and kidnapping Berkeley
    • Bacons army consisted of Indentured Servants and the rebellion initiated the shift towards African slaves

  • Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion)

    • The Pueblo Natives revolt against the Spanish conquistadores who enslaved them as part of their encomienda system
    • Their religious practice, culture, and land were restricted under their rule
    • Only war that Native Americans have won against a European nation

  • Enlightenment

    • Emphasis on reason over superstition and science over blind faith
    • Ideas of natural rights, social contract, questioning of authority
  • Period: to

    Great Awakening

    • American religious revival after the loss of faith by Enlightenment ideas
    • Protestants revive evangelical Christianity
    • Ordinary people encouraged to make a personal connection with God

  • Stono Rebellion

    • South Carolina
    • Slave uprising when Spanish allows freedom for escaped slaves in Florida
    • New taxes on imported slaves as a result

  • Albany Plan

    • A proposed plan by Benjamin Franklin that would unify the colonies under a more centralized government
  • Period: to

    Period 3: American Revolution 10%-17%

    • French and Indian War
    • Proclamation Line of 1763
    • Tax Acts
    • Boycott of English goods
    • Boston Massacre
    • First Continental Congress
    • Common Sense by Thomas Paine
    • American Revolution
    • Articles of Confederation created
    • Shay's Rebellion
    • Continental Convention
    • Constitution adopted
    • George Washington elected
    • Bill of Rights added
    • Washington's Farewell Address
    • John Adams elected
    • Alien and Sedition Acts
  • Period: to

    Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

    • Started over land disputes between France and Britain in the colonies
    • Washington attacks Fort Duquesne in 1754 starting the French and Indian war
    • Native Americans ally themselves with whatever nation promised better benefits
    • Iroquois Confederacy allies with Britain
    • War ends with the Treaty of Paris in 1763
    • France cedes all of the land East of the Mississippi River to Britain, the rest of the land is given to Spain
    • Enormous British debt starting taxation
    • Proclamation Line of 1763

  • Treaty of Paris 1763

    • Ended the French and Indian War

  • Proclamation Line of 1763

    • Established a boundary at the Appalachian Mountains prohibiting colonists from settling on Native American territory

  • Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1765)

    • War against Britain's rule in the Great Lakes region after the French and Indian War
    • Large alliance of Native American tribes fight the British in the Ohio Country
    • Causes the establishment of the Proclamation Line of 1763

  • Tax Acts

    Sugar Act (1764): Tax on sugar and molasses imported, issue in the colonies who's major export was rum and needed the materials, led to New England boycott of British imports Stamp Act (1765): Tax on all printed materials, led to mass protests and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress Townshend Acts (1767, 1768): Indirect taxes on some British imports, reason for the Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts (1774): Included the Boston Port Act, MA Government Act, Quartering Act, and Quebec Act

  • Declaration of Rights and Grievances

    • Passed by the Stamp Act Congress demanding representation in Parliament
    • Taxation without representation
    • Declared the taxes on the colonists were unlawful

  • Boston Massacre

    • 9 British soldiers shoot at a crowd of colonists who were harassing them killing 5 colonists
    • Colonists were angry because of the tax acts
    • Further angered colonists and intensified anti-British sentiment

  • Boston Tea Party

    • Sons of Liberty protest against the Tea Act
    • Tea Act granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the colonies
    • Dressed as Native Americans and threw chests of tea into the Boston Harbor
    • Leads to British passing the Intolerable Acts

  • First Continental Congress

    • All colonies except Georgia attended
    • Wanted Britain to fix existing problems in the colonies
    • They did not want independence yet
    • Creation of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

  • Second Continental Congress

    • Creation of the Declaration of Independence
    • Continental Army established
    • George Washington appointed as the commander

  • American Revolution (1775-1783)

    • War starts April 19 with "Shot heard around the world" at the battle of Lexington and Concord
    • America isn't sure if they want to declare independence
    • Declaration of Independence signed 1776 at the Second Continental Congress
    • Battle of Saratoga wins French support
    • America gains independence with the Treaty of Paris 1783
    • All lands east of the Mississippi river given to the US except Florida and New Orleans
    • Americans promise to compensate Loyalists
    • Idea of Republican Motherhood

  • Battle of Lexington and Concord

    • Start of the American Revolution

  • Sons of Liberty

    • Political organization formed to fight British taxation
    • Employed extreme forms of civil disobedience
    • Responsible for the Boston Tea Party
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1776-1820)

    • Transition from agrarian to early industrial economy; expansion of westward settlement and trade; establishment of the First Bank of the United States
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1776-1820)

    • Heightened sense of American identity and nationalism; increasing tension over issues of slavery and women's rights
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1776-1820)

    • Formation of a new federal government under the Constitution; debates over federal versus state power

  • Common Sense by Thomas Paine

    • Influential pamphlet that convinced many Americans to fight for independence and create a new government
    • Most people still wanted to stay with Britain as they provided many benefits

  • Declaration of Independence

    • Written mainly by Thomas Jefferson, declared the reasons the US wants independence and officially separated from Britain
    • Written at the Second Continental Congress

  • Articles of Confederation Created

    • Loose confederation "firm league of friendship"
    • No branches of government, states could do what they wanted
    • Each state had 1 vote making it nearly impossible for any legislation to be passed by the 9 out of 13 votes needed
    • Congress was purposefully made weak (did not want to be like Britain)
    • Congress could not regulate trade or enforce taxes
    • There was also no federal army (made clear with Shay's Rebellion)
    • Loose model for what a government should be

  • Battle of Saratoga

    • Turning point in the Revolutionary War
    • Lifted patriot morale
    • Showed that the US could stand a chance against Britain
      • Benjamin Franklin convinces the French to ally with the US against Britain
    • Marquis de Lafayette (French general) helps the US

  • Treaty of Paris 1783

    • Ends the American Revolution
    • Recognizes the US as an independent country
    • All lands east of the Mississippi river given to the US except Florida and New Orleans
    • Americans promise to compensate Loyalists
    • Agreed withdrawal of all British troops

  • Shay's Rebellion

    • Uprising of rural citizens who could not pay the high state taxes following the Revolutionary war
    • Demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
    • Eventually led to the creation of the Constitution

  • Connecticut "Great" Compromise

    • Modern day government
    • Senate representation, equal representation, 2 representatives from each state
    • House of Representatives, representation based on population
    • State related issues left ambiguous
    • States would choose electors who would choose the president (electoral college)
    • No property requirements for voting

  • Anti-Federalist Party Founded

    • Thomas Jefferson's Party
    • Opposed a strong central US government
    • Concerns for the new Constitution
      • Concerns satisfied with the addition of the Bill of Rights
    • Mainly small farmers, rural Americans

  • The Constitutional Convention

    • Original purpose was to amend the Articles of Confederation
    • James Madison instead drafted a new constitution

  • Virginia Plan

    • Plan for US government structure
    • By James Madison
    • Favored large states
    • Bicameral legislature
    • Representation based on population

  • New Jersey Plan

    • Plan for US government structure
    • By William Paterson
    • Favored small states
    • Unicameral legislature
    • Equal state representation

  • 3/5 Compromise

    • Foreign slave trade will be protected until 1808
    • Established that slaves will count as 3/5's of a person towards representation in the House of Representatives

  • Northwest Ordinance of 1787

    • Established a government for the Northwest Territory
    • Established the process of how land west of the Appalachian Mountains were to be surveyed and sold
    • Established a clear path for territories to achieve statehood
    • Outlawed slavery in the territory

  • Federalist Papers by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

    • A collection of 85 articles and essays to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the US

  • Constitution of the United States

    • Establishes the US government
    • Ratified on March 4, 1789
    • Created three branches with systems of checks and balances

  • Federalist Party Established

    • Alexander Hamilton's Party
    • Wanted a strong government that could promote economic growth and form international relationships
    • Wanted the ratification of the Constitution
    • Urban and elite interests
  • Period: to

    George Washingtons Presidency

    • Established the Capitol along the Pontiac River
    • Federal government assumes all states debts
    • Alexander Hamilton creates the first US bank
    • Ratifying of the Bill of Rights
    • Proclamation of Neutrality
    • Whiskey Rebellion
    • Battle of Fallen Timbers
    • Washington's Farewell Address

  • Bank of US Created

    • Created by Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton
    • Assumed all states debts
    • Allowed the collection of taxes
    • Allowed the government to make loans
    • Paid for the government's expenses

  • Bill of Rights Ratified

    • Added to satisfy anti-Federalist concerns with the new Constitution
    • Protects individuals rights and freedoms
    • Allowed the full ratification of the Constitution

  • Democratic-Republican Party Created

    • Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
    • Focused on states rights
    • Mainly for rural and agricultural interests
    • Mostly Southerners
    • Strict interpretation of the Constitution
    • Opposed the National Bank and Protective Tariffs

  • Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney

    • Dramatically decreased the amount of time and effort to separate cotton seeds from cotton fiber
    • Increased production of cotton significantly
    • Led to increase in slaves sold as they needed more labor to run the machines

  • Proclamation of Neutrality

    • Declared the US will stay neutral during the war between the British and French
    • Declared that the US will not join any wars and continue trade with both warring countries
    • The basis of US foreign policy for the next century

  • Battle of Fallen Timbers

    • War against Native Americans
    • Gave the US major strategic areas of Native land
    • Guaranteed US dominance over the Native Americans

  • Pinckney's Treaty

    • Resolved territorial disputes between the US and Spain
    • Gave the US access to the Mississippi river
    • Allowed the US to use a port in New Orleans
    • Established the border between the US and Spain at the 31st parallel for Florida

  • Washington's Farewell Address

    • Washington's address near the end of his presidency
    • Starts tradition of 2 term presidencies
    • Warns against the formation of political parties
    • Advocates for the US to remain neutral in foreign affairs

  • XYZ Affair

    • Diplomatic incident between the US and France where French diplomats demanded bribes before they negotiated
  • Period: to

    John Adams Presidency

    • XYZ affair
    • Alien and Sedition Acts
    • Naturalization Act
    • "Midnight appointments"
    • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

  • Alien and Sedition Acts

    • Restricted free speech against the government
    • Restricted immigration

  • Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

    • Responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts
    • Created idea of nullification where states can nullify laws passed by Congress if they deemed them to be unconstitutional
  • Period: to

    Period 4: US Development 10%-17%

    • Thomas Jefferson Elected
    • Second Great Awakening
    • Louisiana Purchase
    • Embargo Act of 1807
    • James Madison Elected
    • War of 1812
    • Hartford Convention
    • Second Bank of the US
    • Missouri Compromise
    • James Monroe Elected
    • Monroe Doctrine
    • John Quincy Adams Elected
    • Andrew Jackson Elected
    • Indian Removal Act
    • Texas War for Independence
    • Trail of tears
    • Start of Manifest Destiny
  • Period: to

    Thomas Jeffersons Presidency

    • Opposed a strong central government
    • Advocated for states rights
    • Strict constructionist
    • Marbury v Madison
    • Louisiana Purchase
    • Corps of Discovery
    • 12th Amendment
    • Embargo Act
    • Non-Intercourse Act

  • Lewis and Clark: Corps of Discovery

  • Louisiana Purchase

    • 530 million acres of land west of the Mississippi river bought from France for $15 million
    • Gave Jefferson an existential crisis as the Constitution did not state whether the government was allowed to purchase new land
    • It was also purchased with the help of the National Bank which he opposed
    • Corps of Discovery created to explore the new land (Lewis and Clark Expedition)
    • The start of Manifest Destiny

  • Marbury v Madison

    • Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver on John Adams "midnight appointments"
    • Supreme Court under John Marshall stated that it was illegal to not deliver the appointment, but the midnight appointments in itself were unconstitutional
    • John Marshall establishes Judicial Review increasing the power of the Supreme Court

  • Embargo Act of 1807

    • Response to British and French interference during their Napoleonic War
    • Act outlawed trade with all foreign countries leading to outrage and increasing tensions between the US and Britain (leading up to the war of 1812)
    • Economy decreases
  • Period: to

    James Madisons Presidency

    • War of 1812
    • Hartford Convention
    • Creation of the Second Bank of the US
    • First Protective Tariff

  • War of 1812 (1812-1815)

    • War between US and Britain over issues of British impressment of US ships, disagreements over trade (Embargo Act), westward expansion, and Native American policies
    • Battle of New Orleans makes Andrew Jackson a war hero
    • No one really won the war
    • Treaty of Ghent:
      • Ends the war, returns all conquered areas, establishes a border between US and Canada, no discussion on Native Americans who fought with the British

  • Lowell Factories

    • Textile mills where all steps of manufacturing were done in one building
    • Employed women

  • Henry Clay's American System

    • Stated ideas to improve American economy
    • Called for federally funded internal improvements (such as roads, canals, and infrastructure)
    • The creation of federal protective tariffs
    • The creation of the Second Bank of the US
    • Jefferson and Monroe rejected the idea of federally funded internal improvements (because they opposed a strong government) but accepted the rest of the ideas

  • American Colonization Society

    • Founded by Robert Finley
    • Advocated for freed slaves to return to Africa
    • Supported by William Lloyd Garrison
  • Period: to

    James Monroe's Presidency

    • Marshall Court Decisions
      • McCulloch v Maryland
      • Dartmouth College Case
      • Gibbons v Ogden
    • Acquisition of Florida from Spain (Adam-Onis Treaty)
    • Missouri Compromise
    • Monroe Doctrine
    • Sectional Tariff of 1824
    • "Corrupt Bargain" election

  • Adam-Onis Treaty

    • US and Spain border between US and Mexico territory
    • Spain gives Florida to the US
    • Negotiated by John Quincy Adams
    • US recognizes Spanish sovereignty over Texas

  • Missouri Compromise

    • Compromise made by Henry Clay when Missouri wanted statehood as a slave state
    • Missouri becomes a slave state
    • Maine becomes a free state
    • Establishes slave line at 36 degree 30 North
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1820-1860)

    • Heightened sectionalism and tensions between North and South over issues such as slavery and states' rights; expansion of suffrage to white males
  • Period: to

    Market Revolution

    • Fueled by population growth, immigration, and transportation and communication improvements
    • Lowell System
    • Sewing machine
    • McCormick Reaper, steel plows, and thresher improve farming in Northwest
    • Increased standard of living, beginning of middle class
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1820-1860)

    • Industrialization accelerates in the North while the South remains predominantly agrarian and reliant on slave labor; growth of transportation networks like canals and railroads
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1820-1860)

    • Intensification of debates over slavery and abolitionism; growth of reform movements such as temperance, women's rights, and education

  • Monroe Doctrine

    • Warning to European nations that colonization in the Americas was now off limits

  • Election of 1824/28

    • Election of 1824: John Quincy Adams vs Andrew Jackson
    • 4 candidates ran but none got enough electoral votes to win
    • Vote goes to the House of Representatives where John C. Calhoun (the Speaker of the House) supported John Q. Adams
    • "Corrupt Bargain"
    • Election of 1828, Jackson wins presidency
    • Development of the two party system similar to today

  • Erie Canal Opened

    • Connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River
    • Made New York a major exporter

  • Hudson River School

    • First art school in the US celebrating the beauty of nature in the US
    • Art style distinct from European
  • Period: to

    John Quincy Adams Presidency

    • Erie Canal Construction
    • Tariff of Abominations

  • Tariff of Abominations

    • A very high protective tariff passed by John Q. Adams to protect Northern interests
    • South hated the tariff and eventually leads to the South Carolina Nullification Crisis

  • Democratic Party

    • Formed by Andrew Jackson
    • Wanted to expand voting rights
    • Supported states rights and Native American removal
  • Period: to

    Andrew Jackson's Presidency

    • Jacksonian Democracy
    • Spoils System
    • Tariffs of 1832 and 1833
      • Compromise tariffs that lowered the Tariff of Abomination
    • Killed the Second bank of the US
    • Indian Removal Act
    • Caused the formation of the Whig Party

  • Indian Removal Act

    • Allowed the president to grant Native American tribes land west of the Mississippi river in exchange for their homeland
    • Causes the relocation of all Native American tribes and leads to the Trail of Tears

  • Nat Turners Rebellion

    • Slave rebellion led by Nat Turner
    • They kill 57 people
    • As a result slave owners increase restrictions of slaves out of fear of another rebellion

  • The Liberator

    • Abolitionist newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison
    • Called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves

  • South Carolina Nullification Crisis

    • South Carolina threatens to secede and nullifies the Tariff of Abominations
    • Congress passes the Force Bill allowing Jackson to use force against South Carolina to pay the tariff taxes

  • American Anti-Slavery Society by William Lloyd Garrison

    • Party formed with the goal to immediately and unconditionally abolish slavery
    • Frederick Douglass joined this society

  • Whig Party

    • Formed in opposition to Jacksons Democratic Party
    • Supported corporate charters, a national bank, and paper currency
    • Wanted a stronger central government
    • Eventually fell apart into two parties: Cotton Whigs and Conscious Whigs

  • National Road Finished

    • First federally funded road connecting the East (Pennsylvania) to the West (Illinois (Modern day Midwest))
    • Opened the Ohio River Valley and Midwest for settlement

  • Texas Gains Independence

    • Mexico allows American colonists to settle in Texas if they converted to Roman Catholicism and abolished slavery
    • They did not agree and led a revolution for independence
    • Battle of the Alamo
    • Battle of San Jacinto
      • Force Santa Anna to recognize Texas as an independent republic
    • US did not want to offend Mexico so they did not annex Texas until a year later

  • Battle of the Alamo

    • Mexican army destroys American rebels

  • Battle of San Jacinto

    • Led by Samuel Houston, the Texan Army defeats Mexico's army and force a recognition for independence
  • Period: to

    Martin Van Buren's Presidency

    • Panic of 1837
      • Cause of over speculation and no US bank
    • Refused to annex Texas
    • Enforced Jacksons Indian Removal Act leading to the Trail of Tears
  • Period: to

    Not really important Presidencies

    William Henry Harrison: 1841
    John Tyler: 1841-1845
    James Polk: 1845-1849 (Actually important)
    Zachary Taylor: 1849-1850
    Millard Fillmore: 1849-1850
    Franklin Pierce: 1853-1857
    James Buchanan: 1857-1861

  • Know Nothing Party

    • Nativist political movement
    • Strongly against immigrants and wanted to uphold American traditions
    • Worked to prevent Catholics (Irish) and immigrants from being elected to political office
  • Period: to

    Period 5: Civil War 10%-17%

    • James K. Polk elected
    • US annexes Texas
    • Wilmot Proviso
    • Mexican American War
    • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Gadsden Purchase
    • Seneca Falls Convention
    • California Gold Rush
    • Kansas-Nebraska Act
    • Bleeding Kansas
    • Abraham Lincoln elected
    • Civil War
    • Emancipation Proclamation
    • Lincoln assassinated
    • 13th Amendment
    • Reconstruction

  • Manifest Destiny

    • Coined by John O'Sullivan
    • Belief that it is Americas god given right to colonize the rest of America from sea to sea
  • Period: to

    James Polk's Presidency

    • Texas becomes a state
    • Oregon boundary settled
    • Wilmot Proviso
    • Mexican American War
    • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

  • Wilmot Proviso

    • Unsuccessful proposal that suggested the banning of slavery in all of the new acquired territory gained from Mexico

  • Popular Sovereignty

    • Idea that the people of the territories should vote on whether they want slavery or not
    • Used when Kansas and Nebraska apply for statehood
    • Leads to new problems of border ruffians (people going into the state just to vote)

  • California Gold Rush

    • Gold discovered in California leads to mass migration of up to 300,000 people
    • Boom towns

  • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

    • Ended the war between the US and Mexico
    • Mexico cedes 55% of all their land including present day states of California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado
    • The large acquisition of new land will lead to disputes over whether they should be slave states or not

  • Free Soil Party

    • Opposed expansion of slavery (not for moral causes)
    • Believed that only free laborers should be allowed to farm on new territory
    • Mainly Northern Democrats and Whigs

  • Mexican American War

    • War over disputes on where the border should be located
    • First US armed conflict fought on foreign soil
    • Leads to large acquisition of land by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Gadsden Purchase

  • Seneca Falls Convention

    • Convention to discuss and fight for social, civil, and religious rights for women
    • Launched the women's suffrage movement
    • Declaration of Sentiments created
    • Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

  • Declaration of Sentiments by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

    • Modeled after the Declaration of Independence
    • Proclaims that men and women should be considered equal
    • Advocates for women's right to vote

  • Compromise of 1850

    • Created by Henry Clay
    • Admitted California as a free state
    • Settled New Mexico and Texas border and assumed all of Texas's debt
    • Implementation of the Fugitive Slave Act
    • Banned slave trade in Washington D.C.

  • Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Bleecher Stowe

    • Book providing insight on the injustices of slavery
    • Powerful emotional response evoked in the North and contributed to the start of the Civil War

  • Gadsden Purchase

    • US purchases southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico form Mexico

  • Kansas Nebraska Act

    • Violated the Missouri Compromise by separating Kansas-Nebraska into two territories and allowing popular sovereignty
    • Leads to "Bleeding Kansas"

  • Republican Party Created

    • Created to stop the expansion of slavery into American territories following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
    • Northern Protestants, factor workers, businessmen, prosperous farmers
    • Formed by previous Whigs and dissolved the Whig party

  • Bleeding Kansas (1854-1859)

    • Series of violent civil confrontations in the Kansas Territory over the issue of slavery
    • Southerners and Northerners were illegally moving to Kansas to vote on the issue of slavery
    • Abolitionists formed the Emigrant Aid Company sending anti-slavery settlers
    • Missouri border ruffians send pro-slavery settlers
    • John Brown's Harper Ferry Raid
    • Two governing bodies established, one pro-slavery and one anti-slavery
    • President Franklin Pierce only recognizes the pro-slavery legislature

  • Dred Scott v Sandford

    • Landmark Supreme Court decision that stated that American citizenship did not extend to slaves and they therefore can not use the court system or have American rights

  • Harpers Ferry Raid by John Brown

    • Effort by John Brown to start a slave uprising by taking over a US arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia
    • Convinced slaveholders that abolitionists will not stop until the abolishment of slavery and that the only choice was war
    • "Dress rehearsal for the Civil War"

  • Election of 1860

    • Steven Douglas vs Abraham Lincoln
    • Lincoln doesn't push for the abolishment of slavery, instead only wants to stop the spread of slavery
    • Democratic party was not unified and Douglas and John Breckinridge split the vote
    • Because of this, Lincoln wins the election
    • South Carolina is the first state to secede in 1860 followed by 6 more Southern states who will eventually form the Confederate States of America

  • Underground Railroad (1860-1865)

    • Network of secret routes and safe houses established to aid escaped African Americans to freedom
    • Harriet Tubman was a famous "conductor"

  • Civil War (1861-1865)

    • War between the Union (North) and Confederate (South) over the issue of slavery
    • Souths strengths: defensive war, more experienced leaders such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson
    • Norths strengths: 4x the population of the South, advanced Navy, economically superior, well established government
    • Use of new technologies: ironclads, balloons, railroads, etc.
    • Started with the Battle of Fort Sumter where the Confederate attacked first

  • Anaconda Plan

    • General Winfield Scotts plan
    • Unions military strategy calling for a naval blockade and securing control of the Mississippi River
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1861-1877)

    • Civil War leads to the abolition of slavery and centralization of federal power; Reconstruction policies aimed at rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves into society
  • Period: to

    Abraham Lincoln's Presidency

    • Civil War
    • Homestead Act of 1862
    • Morill Act (federally funded colleges)
    • Emancipation Proclamation
    • 10% plan
    • Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1861-1877)

    • Emancipation of slaves and subsequent Reconstruction efforts; struggles for civil rights for African Americans
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1861-1877)

    • Industrialization continues to transform the Northern economy; Reconstruction leads to economic and social upheaval in the South; emergence of sharecropping and tenant farming

  • Battle of Fort Sumter

    • Confederacy fires upon Union Fort Sumter starting the Civil War

  • Pacific Railroad Act

    • Provided land grants and loans to railroad companies to construct the Transcontinental Railroad

  • Homestead Act of 1862

    • Provided 160 acres of land if they farmed it in the west to promote settlement

  • Battle of Gettysburg

    • Bloodiest battle of the Civil war
    • Turning point in the war
    • Union victory
    • Gettysburg Address

  • Battle of Vicksburg

    • Union gains control of the Mississippi River

  • Emancipation Proclamation

    • Declared that all slaves in the Confederate states are free under the Union
    • Made the war not just about reuniting the US but now about slavery
    • North now has moral superiority and slaves have a reason to rebel and support the North
  • Period: to

    Reconstruction

    • Different proposed plans for the reintegration of Southern states
    • Lincolns 10% plan: rejoin the Union after 10% of the male population took loyalty oaths and recognized the 13th amendment (actual plan used)
    • Wade Davis Bill: required 50% of eligible voters to take loyalty oaths and recognize the 13th amendment, vetoed by Lincoln
    • South became segregated with Black Codes
    • Military Reconstruction Act passed separating the South into 5 districts overseen by Union soldiers

  • Freedmen's Bureau Established

    • Established to aid freedmen in the South
    • Established schools, helped them purchase land and locate family members, etc

  • 13th Amendment

    • Abolishes slavery
  • Period: to

    Andrew Johnson's Presidency

    • 13th Amendment
    • 14th Amendment
    • Amnesty Plan
    • Military Reconstruction Plan
    • Tenure of Office Act
    • First president to be impeached
    • Formation of KKK
    • Black Codes
  • Period: to

    Period 6: Gilded Age 10%-17%

    • Reconstruction
    • 14th Amendment passed
    • 15th Amendment passed
    • End of Reconstruction
    • First Transcontinental Railroad finished
    • Great Railroad Strike
    • John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil Company
    • Andrew Carnegies Carnegie Steel
    • Chinese Exclusion Act
    • Haymarket Square Riot
    • Dawes Severalty Act
    • Frontier closed 1890
    • McKinley Tariff Act
    • Homestead Steel Strike
    • Pullman Strike
    • Plessy v Ferguson

  • Confederacy Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

    • End of the Civil War
    • Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant

  • 14th Amendment

    • Granted citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the US giving citizenship to freed slaves

  • Knights of Labor Founded

    • First major labor organization
    • Organized skilled and unskilled workers
    • Anyone could join including minors and minorities
    • Worked towards the destruction of trusts and monopolies as well as the abolishment of child labor
    • Fell apart after the Haymarket Square Riot
  • Period: to

    Ulysses S. Grant's Presidency

    • First Transcontinental Railroad
    • 15th Amendment
    • Tweed Ring
    • Panic of 1873
    • Credit Mobilier Scandal
    • Whiskey Ring

  • 15th Amendment

    • Guaranteed African American men the right to vote
    • Made it illegal to discriminate voting based on race

  • John D. Rockefeller: Standard Oil

    • Monopoly on Oil
    • Used Horizontal Integration tactics to rule the market
      • Horizontal integration was buying up all competing businesses

  • Indian Appropriation Act of 1871

    • Ended recognition of the sovereignty of Native Americans and canceled all previous treaties

  • Women's Christian Temperance Union Founded

    • Movement to promote abstinence from alcohol
    • Believed that alcoholism was bad for families and societies

  • National Grange Movement Created

    • Originally formed to unite isolated farmers
    • Became a movement opposing manufacturing and processing monopolies and high railroad rates farmers had to pay
    • Granger Laws:
      • Commerce Act of 1886: required railroad prices to be reasonable and established the Interstate Commerce Commission (although would be underfunded and weak until Teddy Roosevelts Hepburn Act of 1906)

  • Compromise of 1877 (Hayes Tilden Compromise)

    • Rutherford B. Hayes given presidency but has to remove Union troops from the South
    • Ends reconstruction

  • Reconstruction Ends

    • Reconstruction ends with the Compromise of 1877
    • Compromise was to settle the disputed election of 1876
    • Because of this, Jim Crow laws are enacted throughout the South

  • Great Railroad Strike

    • Strike against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad when they cut wages
    • Spread across multiple states
    • Resulted in violence and Hayes is forced to send federal troops in
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1877-1900)

    • Rapid urbanization and immigration lead to cultural diversity and social tensions; rise of labor movements and reform efforts
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1877-1900)

    • Dominance of Republican Party and pro-business policies; Progressive Era reforms emerge in response to corruption and social inequality
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1877-1900)

    • Industrialization expands rapidly, creating wealth for a few and poverty for many; emergence of big business and trusts; growth of consumer culture and mass production
  • Period: to

    The Forgotten Presidents

    Rutherford Hayes: 1877-1900
    - Ended reconstruction
    James Garfield: 1881
    - Was assassinated
    Chester Arthur: 1881-1885
    - Pendleton Civil Service Act
    Grover Cleveland: 1885-1889
    - Knights of Labor
    - Haymarket Square Riot
    - Interstate Commerce Act
    Benjamin Harrison: 1889-1893
    - Sherman Anti-Trust Act
    - Populist Party forms
    - McKinley Tariff
    Grover Cleveland (again): 1893-1897
    - Panic of 1893
    - Hawaiian Incident
    - Pullman Strike
    - American Federation of Labor

  • Exoduster Movement

    • African American migration North to escape the racism in the South

  • Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

    • Addressed issue of railroad monopolies
    • Set guidelines for how railroads could do business

  • American Federation of Labor Founded

    • Led by Samuel Gompers
    • Association of skilled craft workers
    • Fought for higher wages and safer working conditions

  • Haymarket Square Riot

    • Knights of Labor were protesting for 8 hour work days when a bomb explodes
    • Blamed for the bombing and leads to the disbanding of the labor union

  • Dawes Act

    • Abandoned reservation system and divided the land into plots of 160 acres to be farmed by the Native Americans
    • Promised citizenship if they assimilated to US culture
    • Goal was to end Native American cultures and traditions

  • American Protective Association

    • Nativist secret society against Catholics (Irish)
    • Largest anti-Catholic movement in the US
    • Rural American fears of immigrants taking their jobs

  • Jane Addams: Settlement Houses

    • Established the Hull House
    • Educated women worked in settlement houses to share their knowledge with immigrants and help them assimilate into American society
    • Additionally provided and assisted the poor
    • Taught them essential skills and basic knowledge

  • Oklahoma Territory Opened for Settlement, Frontier Declared Closed

    • Frederick Jackson Turners Frontier Thesis
    • Believed the closing of the thesis was bad

  • Battle of Wounded Knee

    • Shooting involving 300 Lakota Native Americans
    • US stopped the Ghost Dance movement which was the believe that if they participated in the dance, the ghosts of their ancestors would rid the white settlers from their land
    • Considered the end of the Indian Wars

  • Sherman Antitrust Act

    • Banned businesses from becoming a monopoly or colluding to stop them from manipulating the prices of markets
    • Was weak at first being used against labor unions rather then monopolies
    • Strengthened by Teddy Roosevelt
  • Period: to

    Period 7: World Wars 10%-17%

    • Spanish American War
    • Hawaii Annexed
    • McKinley assassinated, Teddy Roosevelt becomes president
    • Roosevelt Corollary
    • The Jungle published
    • 16th and 17th Amendment
    • Clayton Anti-Trust Act
    • WWI
    • Zimmerman note
    • Wilson's 14 Points
    • First Red Scare
    • 18th and 19th Amendment
    • Warren G. Harding elected
    • Roaring 20s
    • Calvin Coolidge becomes president
    • Dawes Plan
    • Stock Market crash
    • Great Depression
    • Franklin Roosevelt elected
    • New Deal programs
    • 20th and 21st Amendment
    • WWII

  • Populist Party Founded

    • Wanted the direct election of senators, implementation of initiatives and referendums, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, 8 hour work days
    • No candidates ever elected but Democratic Party takes some ideas such as unlimited coinage of silver

  • Andrew Carnegie: Carnegie Steel Company

    • Monopoly on steel industry
    • Used Vertical Integration
      • The process of owning every step of the manufacturing process to cut out the middleman and profit more

  • Homestead Steel Strike

    • Strike against Carnegie Steel Company
    • Barricaded the factory
    • Pinkerton mercenaries hired to stop the strike causing the death of 16 people

  • Pullman Strike

    • Strike against the Pullman Railcar Company
    • Eugene V. Debs was a prominent leader during the strike
    • Led to the jailing of several protesters including Debs

  • Plessy v Ferguson

    • Supreme Court ruling stating that the segregation is legal
    • "Separate but Equal"
  • Period: to

    William McKinley's Presidency

    • New imperialism
    • Spanish American War
    • Open Door Policy
    • Boxer Rebellion
    • Assassinated

  • Spanish American War

    • US supported Cuba attempting to gain independence from Spain
    • USS Maine blows up in a Cuban harbor
    • Yellow journalists blame the explosion on the Spanish starting the Spanish American War
    • "Rough Riders": regiment of volunteers led by Teddy Roosevelt in Cuba
    • Ends with the Treaty Paris 1898
    • US prestige increases worldwide, however, shows US hypocrisy
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1900-1920)

    • Continued industrial growth but with increased government regulation; emergence of the conservation movement and environmental concerns
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1900-1920)

    • Heightened activism for social justice, women's suffrage, and labor rights; reforms in education, healthcare, and working conditions
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1900-1920)

    • Progressive reforms at local, state, and federal levels; expansion of federal government's role in regulating business and protecting consumers
  • Period: to

    Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency

    • Panama Canal
    • "Big Stick" Diplomacy
    • "Square Deal"
    • 3 C's: Consumer protection, Conservationism, Control of businesses
    • Roosevelt Corollary

  • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Published

    • Muckraker
    • Book investigating the working conditions of the meat packing industry
    • Uncovered the unsanitary and dangerous conditions

  • Taft's Dollar Diplomacy

    • Taft's foreign diplomacy to expand US influence
    • Increase American political influence abroad by increasing investments in foreign countries
    • Decrease the danger of Europeans meddling in Latin American affairs
  • Period: to

    William Taft's Presidency

    • Paine-Aldrich Tariff
    • 16th Amendment
    • Dollar Diplomacy

  • The Great Migration (1910-1970)

    • The migration of African Americans from the South to the North to escape segregation and to take up industrial jobs
  • Period: to

    Woodrow Wilson's Presidency

    • Underwood Tariff
    • 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments
    • Federal Reserve System
    • Federal Trade Commission
    • Clayton Anti-Trust Act
    • "Moral Diplomacy"
    • Sent troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic Haiti, Virgin Islands, and Mexico
    • WWI
    • Sinking of Lusitania
    • Zimmerman Telegram
    • 14 Points
    • Treaty of Versailles
    • "New Freedom"

  • World War I Begins

    • WWI begins after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
    • Allied Powers vs Central Powers

  • Food Administration

    • Began advocating for Americans to conserve food

  • Committee on Public Information Created

    • Created by George Creel
    • Created to influence public opinion and promote the war effort

  • Espionage Act/Sedition Act

    • Passed to restrict protests against the war effort
    • Schenck v US
      • Supreme Court rules that the first amendment can be violated during wartime

  • War Industries Board

    • Regulated the production and manufacturing of goods
    • Allocated more resources to the production of wartime materials

  • Zimmermann Telegram

    • An secret diplomatic message intercepted on its way to Mexico
    • Proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the US
    • Brought the US into the war

  • US Joins WWI

  • Treaty of Versailles vs 14 Points

    • Wilson proposes some guidelines for rebuilding after WWI known as the 14 Points
      • He wanted the end of secret treaties and alliances
      • Freedom of the seas
      • and the establishment of the League of Nations
    • They were accepted into the Treaty of Versailles but Congress refused to join the League of Nations out of fear of other countries relying on the US

  • 19th Amendment

    • Granted women's suffrage

  • Harlem Renaissance (1920s)

    • Revival of African American arts and intellectual pursuits
    • Age of Jazz
  • Period: to

    Roaring 20s

    • Period of prosperity with dramatic social, economic and political change
    • At this time more Americans lived in cities than on farms
    • US wealth doubles
    • Flappers
    • Lost Generation of writers
    • Includes the Harlem Renaissance
    • First Red Scare
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1920-1941)

    • Economic boom of the 1920s leads to the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression; New Deal programs aim to provide relief, recovery, and reform
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1920-1941)

    • Republican dominance in the 1920s gives way to the New Deal and Democratic Party under Franklin D. Roosevelt; government intervention in the economy increases
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1920-1941)

    • Cultural shifts including the rise of consumerism, jazz, and the Harlem Renaissance; Prohibition and organized crime; Dust Bowl migration and rural poverty during the Great Depression

  • Emergency Quota Act of 1921

    • Limited immigration annually to 3% of the number of residents from the country living in the US
    • Targeted mainly Southern and Eastern Europeans
  • Period: to

    Warren Harding's Presidency

    • Teapot Dome Scandal
  • Period: to

    Calvin Coolidge's Presidency

    • Dawes Plan
    • National Origins Act of 1924 (Immigration Act of 1924)
    • Kellogg-Briand Pact

  • National Origins Act of 1924

    • Restricted immigration further lowering the quota to 2%

  • Stock Market Crash

    • Black Tuesday (Oct 9, 1929)
    • Caused by Buying on Margin
      • People taking loans to invest in the stock market
    • Causes the Great Depression
  • Period: to

    Herbert Hoover's Presidency

    • National Origins Act revised
    • Great Depression
    • Stock Market Crash
    • Hawley-Smoot Tariff
    • Reconstruction Finance Corporation
    • Bonus Army
    • 20th Amendment
  • Period: to

    Great Depression

    • Started by the Stock Market Crash

  • FDR's New Deal Policies (1930s)

    • Roosevelts domestic policies to combat the Great Depression
    • 3 Rs: Relief for the unemployed, economic Recovery, and financial Reform (Relief, Recovery, Reform)
    • Formation of corps to provide jobs:
      • CCC, FERA, CWA, TVA, WPA
    • Government assistance for recovery:
      • AAA: paid farmers to farm less, PWA: increased spending on public projects
    • New federal programs for Reform
      • Social Security Act: creates Social Security, National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), CIO

  • Glass-Steagall Act

    • Creates the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) providing insurance for banks
    • Ends epidemic of bank failures
    • Restores public faith in banks
  • Period: to

    Franklin D. Roosevelt's Presidency

    • New Deal and "alphabet" government
    • 21st Amendment
    • Huey Long, "Share Our Wealth" program
    • Court Packing scheme
    • WWII
  • Period: to

    Roosevelts Build up to WWII

    • FDR implements a Cash and Carry system to aid Britain but not get directly involved in WWII
    • He also persuades Congress to pass a looser Neutrality Act
    • Cash and Carry system meant that allies could purchase weapons from the US if they paid in cash and transported them on their own ships
    • Later implements the Lend Lease Act when Britain became low on money, allowing them to buy more arms on US credit

  • House Un-American Activities Committee

    • Committee created to investigate alleged communists
    • Known for imprisoning 10 Hollywood screenwriters and blacklisting hundreds of others
  • Period: to

    US Mobilization for WWII

    • War Production Board stops all manufacturing of non-essential items
    • Office of Price Administration created to issue rationing books
    • War Labor Board imposes ceilings on wage increases (step back from the progress made by labor unions)
    • Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943 essentially banned labor strikes allowing the government to take over striking industries
    • Creation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliance
      • Leads to increased African American employment

  • Tuskegee Airmen

    • First African American pilot corps
    • Flew over 15,000 missions and received many awards for their bravery

  • Womens Army Corps

    • Women allowed to enlist in the army
    • Women additionally were encouraged to fill factory jobs to support the war effort
      • Rosie the Riveter
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1941-1991)

    • Mobilization for war effort leads to social changes including increased employment for women and racial minorities; Civil Rights Movement gains momentum
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1941-1991)

    • United States emerges as a superpower after World War II; Cold War tensions lead to containment policies and conflicts such as the Korean War and Vietnam War
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1941-1991)

    • Post-war economic boom fuels suburbanization and consumer culture; Cold War competition drives technological innovation and military spending

  • Pearl Harbor

    • Japan attacks US naval base in Pearl Harbor
    • Because of this the US declares war and joins the war against Germany, Italy, and Japan

  • Battle of Midway (Jun 4-Jun7)

    • Turning point in fight against Japan
    • Stopped growth of the Japanese empire
    • Start of US offensive on Japan

  • Double V Campaign

    • Movement campaign for a victory in the war abroad and over racism at home

  • Bracero Program

    • Contracted Mexican migrants to fill labor shortages on farms caused by the WWII draft
    • Continued 20 years after WWII becoming a feature in many western states

  • Executive Order 9066

    • Forced 10,000 Japanese-Americans into internment camps following the attack on Pearl Harbor
    • Economic and racial motives underlie the claim of "military necessity"
    • Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of the internment camps in Korematsu v US

  • Zoot Suit Riots

    • "Zoot-suit" Mexican Americans in Los Angeles attacked by white sailors
    • Continued racism in the US despite the war against Nazi's racism

  • D-Day Invasion

    • Allied forces land and capture the beaches of Normandy starting the Allies offensive push against Germany
    • Paris liberated in August of 1944

  • GI Bill Passed

    • AKA Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944
    • Provided benefits to WWII veterans
    • Paid for college educations, unemployment insurance, and housing loans
    • Worked to help transition WWII veterans back into civilian life
  • Period: to

    Harry Truman's Presidency

    • Potsdam Conference
    • End of WWII
    • Taft-Hartley Act
    • Truman Doctrine
    • Marshall Plan
    • Executive Order 9981
    • Berlin Airlift
    • NATO
    • Fall of China to communism
    • Korean War
    • "Fair Deal"

  • VE-Day

    • Nazi Germany surrenders

  • Little Boy Atomic Bomb Dropped on Hiroshima

  • Fat Man Atomic Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki

  • VJ-Day

    • Japan surrenders
  • Period: to

    Period 8: Cold War 10%-17%

    • Cold War
    • Truman Doctrine
    • Marshall Plan
    • Truman elected
    • Formation of NATO
    • Korean War
    • Second Red Scare
    • Eisenhower elected
    • Brown v Board of Education
    • Civil Rights Protests
    • JFK elected
    • Bay of Pigs
    • Cuban Missile Crisis
    • LBJ becomes president
    • 24th Amendment
    • Civil Rights Act passed
    • Great Society
    • Vietnam War
    • Voting Rights Act
    • Nixon elected
    • EPA created
    • Pentagon Papers
    • 26th Amendment
    • Roe v Wade
    • Jimmy Carter elected
    • Energy crisis
    • SALT agreements

  • Truman Doctrine

    • Stated that the US will provide military and economic assistance to countries being threatened to fall to communism
  • Period: to

    Second Red Scare

    • Fear of alleged communists
    • Joseph McCarthy a Wisconsin Senator makes accusations that there are a large number of communists and Soviet spies in the US government

  • Marshall Plan

    • Created by George Marshall
    • Provided over $13 billion in foreign aid to help rebuild European countries that had been destroyed during WWII

  • Rise of Suburban towns (Levittown)

    • White flight
    • Mass migration to the Sun Belt states
    • Cities were becoming too racially diverse and dense
    • Rise of middle class allowed people to travel to the suburbs

  • Korean War

    • Proxy war against North Korea
    • North Korea invades South Korea, US military is sent to aid
    • Pushes them nearly into China when China intervenes and pushes South Korea back to where they started
    • Demonstrates America's new foreign policy of anti-communism
  • Period: to

    Dwight D. Eisenhower's Presidency

    • 22nd Amendment
    • Brown v Board of Education
    • Beginning of Civil Rights Movement
    • Suez Crisis
    • Eisenhower Doctrine
    • Space Race
    • Federal Highway Act of 1956
    • Alaska and Hawaii become states
    • U-2 Spy plane incident

  • Brown v Board of Education

    • Overturned Plessy v Ferguson
    • Ruled that segregation of public schools is unconstitutional
    • Began the desegregation of the South

  • Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)

    • Protest against segregated busses
    • Started with Rosa Parks arrest
    • Martin Luther King Jr. becomes a prominent leader during this movement

  • Vietnam War (1955-1975)

    • US war against North Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism
    • Very long, costly conflict that the US eventually looses
    • North Vietcong use guerilla warfare tactics preventing the progression of the US army
    • At its peak 500,000 soldiers were in Vietnam
    • Highly criticized as most people saw no reason for the war and deaths of American soldiers
    • Ends with the Fall of Saigon in 1975

  • Interstate Highway Act Passed

    • Authorized the federally funded building of a lot of highways
    • Main purpose was to provide quick escapes in event of a nuclear bomb being dropped
    • Eventually proved to be very good for the economy and allowed for faster and easier traveling

  • Southern Christian Leadership Conference

    • Formed by MLK
    • Focused on desegregating the South
    • Coordinated protests (March on Washington)

  • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Commitee

    • African American students who coordinated peaceful protests fighting for civil rights

  • Greensboro Sit-ins

    • Peaceful protests where African American students sat at white only lunch counters
    • Led to the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

  • Freedom Riders

    • Civil Rights activists protesting against segregation
    • Rode on busses throughout the South

  • Berlin Wall Constructed

  • Period: to

    John F. Kennedy's Presidency

    • Peace Corps
    • Bay of Pigs Invasion
    • Cuban Missile Crisis
    • "New Frontier"
    • Civil Rights Movement
    • Assassinated

  • Silent Spring Published by Rachel Carson

    • Book documenting the environmental harm of using pesticides
    • Advocated for environmental and health safety regulations

  • March on Washington

    • Peaceful protests against employment discrimination and civil rights abuses
    • MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech

  • Feminine Mystique by Betty Freiden

    • Described women's frustrations with traditional gender roles and unfair work place practices (lower wages)
    • Sparked public activism for gender equality
  • Period: to

    Lyndon B. Johnson's Presidency

    • Income tax cuts
    • Civil Rights Act of 1964
    • Voting Rights Act of 1965
    • Civil Rights Movement
    • Great Society
    • Medicare
    • Medicaid
    • Vietnam War
    • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
    • Tet Offensive
    • Counterculture and Hippie movement

  • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

    • Authorized LBJ to do whatever he wanted in Vietnam
    • Allowed him to escalate the Vietnam war
    • Did not actually declare war on North Vietnam

  • Civil Rights Act of 1964

    • Act prohibiting discrimination and segregation based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965

    • Banned discriminatory voting practices such as poll taxes or literary taxes
    • Made it illegal to discriminate against voters

  • Black Panther Party Founded

    • African American militant party founded by Huey Long
    • Focused on monitoring police officer behavior with Panther Patrols
    • Ran community programs such as Free Breakfast for Children
    • Black Power

  • Tet Offensive

    • North Vietnam launches a surprise attack on South Vietnam
    • US defeats them but this attack shows that North Vietnam is still strong
    • Turning point in public opinion as people realize that the war is not almost over
  • Period: to

    Richard Nixon's Presidency

    • Moon Landings
    • Warren Burger becomes Chief Justice
    • Woodstock
    • EPA
    • 26th Amendment
    • Pentagon Papers
    • Visits China
    • Visits USSR
    • SALT negotiations
    • Vietnam (bombing of Cambodia, War Powers Act of 1973)
    • Vietnamization
    • Kent State Massacre
    • Watergate Scandal
    • Resigns

  • Pentagon Papers Leaked

    • Papers detailing Americas involvement in the Vietnam war
    • Revealed the US had been lying about the scope of their operations in Vietnam
    • Showed that they expanded Vietnam war rather then working towards decreasing it
    • Credibility Gap
    • Loss of public trust

  • Watergate Scandal

    • Group of ex-federal agents hired by the Republican Committee to reelect the President break into the Watergate complex and bug the Democratic headquarters
    • They are caught and more evidence links the break-ins to hire level positions in the government
    • Nixon tries to cover it up but is caught and he resigns
    • Gerald Ford later pardons him
  • Period: to

    Stagflation

    • Rise in inflation with no economic increase leading to high rates of unemployment
    • Partly caused by the energy crisis

  • OPEC Embargo

    • Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries imposed an embargo against the US because of the US supported Israel
    • Causes energy crisis with increased prices on oil

  • War Powers Resolution Passed

    • Overturned the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
    • Made it required that the President inform Congress of any war actions
    • Reduced the Presidents involvement in wars
    • Didn't allow US troops to operate outside of South Vietnam
  • Period: to

    Gerald Ford's Presidency

    • First appointed President
    • Pardoned Nixon
    • OPEC crisis
  • Period: to

    Jimmy Carter's Presidency

    • Panama Canal Treaty
    • Established relations with China
    • Three Mile Nuclear Accident
    • Egypt and Israel Peace Treaty (Camp David Accords)
    • USSR invades Afghanistan
    • Stagflation
    • Energy Crisis
    • Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics in protest of the invasion of Afghanistan

  • Camp David Accords

    • An agreement brokered by Carter between Egypt and Israel making a peace treaty between the two countries

  • Iran Hostage Crisis (Nov 4, 1979 - Jan 20, 1981)

    • 53 US diplomats are taken hostage by Iranian students after they invade the US embassy in Iran
    • Started because the US provided medical treatment to the previously overthrown Shah and refused to turn him over
    • Held them for 444 days, Carter sent a rescue mission that failed and heightened tensions
    • Hostages released on Ronald Reagans inauguration day
  • Period: to

    Period 9: Middle Eastern Affairs 4%-6%

    • Ronald Reagan elected
    • Iran Hostage Crisis hostages released
    • Reagans SDI plan
    • Iran-Contra Scandal
    • Fall of the Berlin Wall
  • Period: to

    Ronald Reagan's Presidency

    • Hostages released from Iran
    • Iran-Contra Affair
    • Strategic Defense Initiative
    • Supply Side Economics tax cuts
    • Reagonomics

  • Iran Contra-Affair

    • US sells weapons to Iran in hopes of them releasing hostages taken by Hezbollah terrorists, they then send the money made to the Contra in Nicaragua to support the over throw of the Sandinista regime
    • Violates the Boland amendment
    • No evidence of Reagan knowing

  • Berlin Wall Taken Down

  • Period: to

    George H.W. Bush's Presidency

    • Saving and Loans Scandal
    • Berlin wall falls, reunification of Germany
    • USSR collapses ending the Cold War
    • Operation Desert Storm (Kuwait)
  • Period: to

    Social Trends (1991-present)

    • Continued debates over civil rights, immigration, and identity; emergence of social media and digital culture; increasing awareness of environmental issues and climate change.
  • Period: to

    Political Trends (1991-present)

    • End of the Cold War reshapes global politics; partisan polarization intensifies in domestic politics; globalization and trade agreements shape economic policies
  • Period: to

    Economic Trends (1991-present)

    • Information age and technology revolutionize industries; globalization leads to outsourcing and offshoring of jobs; economic recessions and financial crises impact global markets
  • Period: to

    Bill Clinton's Presidency

    • NAFTA
    • Troops sent to Bosnia
    • Oklahoma City Bombings
    • Improvement of economy
    • National debt lowered
    • Lewinsky Affair, Impeachment
  • Period: to

    George W. Bush's Presidency

    • 9/11 attacks
    • Bush Doctrine
    • Homeland Security
    • PATRIOT Act
    • Tax cuts
    • No Child Left Behind
    • Hurricane Katrina
    • Great Recession

  • APUSH TEST GOOD LUCK!!