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Common School
Common Schools originated in New England as community funded instruments of education for all children of the region or neighborhood. -
Plessy V Ferguson
Plessy V Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. It all started because of an incident that occurred in 1892. Homer Plessy refused to sit in car for blacks. They rejected his argument about him stating that his constitutional right were violated. The court ruled that, "a law that implies merely a legal distinction between whites and blacks was not unconstitutional." -
Brown V. The Board of Education, Topeka
Brown V. The Board of Education, Topeka was a Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that separate public schools for blacks and whites students were to be unconstitutional. This started after Brown's daughter was denied entrance to Topeka's all white elementary school. He claimed that schools for blacks were not equal to white schools. Many African American students were affected by this because educational facilities were unequal. -
Little Rock, Arkansas
This was not an act but a incident that happened in Little Rock, Arkansas. Governor Orval sent national guards to physically prevent 9 African American students from enrolling in a all white school. President Eisenhower sends federal troops to enforce the court order. They stated it was because he was not going to let a state governor use military power to defy the U.S. federal government. -
Higher Education Act
This act strengthen the educational resources of colleges and universities and provided financial assistance for students in secondary school and higher education. HEA created grants, loans and programs to help students obtain education further than secondary school. This act was created because President Johnson stated the need for higher education to lower and middle income families. -
Serrano v. Priest
This case involved students in Los Angeles County public schools and their families. Which they argued that California School Finance system, disadvantaged the students in the districts with lower income. This concluded to the California Supreme Court to find that the system violated the Equal Protection Clause. -
Title Ix
This case prohibited sex discrimination in educational institutions that received federal funding. Although this did not prohibit sex discrimination against persons employed at educational institutions. -
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
Parents of Students who attended the Texas school district argued that the school finance system in Texas. Why? Because they believed that there was a disadvantaged to children who districts were in a poorer area. The supreme court found that the system did not violate the Equal Protection Clause. -
Keyes v. School District No. 1
This case was about Latinos and African Americans students claiming that their Denver school district was practicing de jure segregation. The Supreme Court found that the district could not consider a school desegregated only because it had both Latinos and African Americans. Also that if a portion of the school district were shown to be de jure segregated, the rest could be assumed to practice it as well. -
Milliken v. Bradley
This case covered plans for public school integration across districts. This involved busing students into and out of neighboring school districts that were not de jure segregated. This concluded to the courts finding it and ruling it as unconstitutional. Also that integration is only to be legally enforced in districts that displayed de jure segregation. -
Education of all Handicapped
This act required that all public schools that were accepting federal funds were to provide equal access to education and 1 free meal a day for children with disabilities. This only qualified for students that have either a mental or physical disability. Eventually this act was changed to the IDEA Act (Individuals with Disabilities Education). This provided those with a disability a similar opportunity to learn and achieve at the same level that students without disability work on a daily basis. -
Pyler V. Doe
This case denied funding for education for undocumented children. This affected undocumented children because school districts attempted to charge $1,000 tuition fee to compensate for lost of state funding.
