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Colonies & Settlements
fort beasuejour was built by the french as a military fort and served the purpose for trading with the natives.
Fort lawrence was built by the english for accounter move to fort beausejour.
This is significant because these forts were used in later wars between the french and english. -
Exploration Discovery
Anthony Henday was one of the first European men to explore the interior of the Canadian northwest.
this paved the way for many other explores and eventually lead to the settlement of the west.
Henday travelled farther into western Canada than any white person had before him, and his journal contains important glimpses of how the indigenous population lived at that time. -
Provincial notes
Acadian delegates who refused the oath of allegiance to Britian were dispersed from Minas and over the next few months most of the Acadian population of Nova Scotia was rounded up and transported away. About one half of the Acadians perished.
This was significant because it was one of the first colonies to revolt against Britian even before the revolutionary war in America. -
Wars & Battles
At the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Quebec falls to the British. Both commander, Wolfe and Montcalm, are killed or Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
This was a pivitol moment in the seven years war because the British had taken control of one of Frances larger colonies in Canada. The British then imposed many new laws upon the inhabitants trying to assimilate them into the British culture. The French were definante and unwilling to change many of there customs. So the British Compromize. -
Wars & Battles
Early in the war, the French (aided by Canadian militia and Aboriginal allies) defeated several British attacks and captured a number of British forts.
This led indirectly to the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, which would further influence Canadian identity and boundaries, including the influx of Loyalists and the creation of Upper Canada and New Brunswick. -
Wars & battles
An ally of the French, Ottawa chief Obwandiyag, whom the English called Pontiac, began a series of raids against English forts. Their attempt to drive the English away from the area killed both soldiers and settlers. -
Governors & Prime ministers
Murray becomes civil governor of Québec, but his attempts to appease French Canadians are disliked by British merchants. Though the British were in control of the city of Quebec the French were very unwilling to change their customs this lead to a strong nationalistic ideas that the French were superior to the British and the native population of Canada. -
Provincial notes
Prince Edward Island, formerly part of Nova Scotia, becomes separate British colony. -
Notable events
The Hudson's Bay Company opens Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan. -
Provincial notes
Quebec Act, guaranteeing civil, language and religious rights to French Canadians, comes into force.
An Act for making more effective Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec in North America
This gave the french a right to have there own culture and allow them to live without fear of the British taking away there culture this improved relations between the two cultures and create a appreciation for eachother. -
Wars and Battles
Under Carleton, Québec withstands an American siege until the appearance of a British fleet. Carleton is later knighted. -
Exploration Discovery
Captain James Cook explores the Pacific Coast from Nootka, Vancouver Island, to the Bering Strait. -
Notable events
The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods. -
Notable events
In the area around the mouth of the Saint John River in Nova Scotia, thousands of United Empire Loyalists arrive to settle, with some heading on to Quebec. Loyalists are identified as those American colonists who had remained loyal to their King during the American Revolution.
From a Canadian perspective this was a good movment the Canadian population grew and helped Canada to from a greater improtance to Britian for worry that the Americans would come and take the colonies of Canada from them -
Provincial Notes
Province of New Brunswik formed.
New Brunswick is one of three provinces collectively known as the "Maritimes." Joined to Nova Scotia by the narrow Chignecto Isthmus and separated from Prince Edward Island by the Northumberland Strait, New Brunswick forms the land bridge linking this region to continental North America. -
Exploration Discovery
At the behest of the North West Company, Alexander Mackenzie journeys to the Beaufort Sea, following what would later be named the Mackenzie River. -
Provincial Notes
Quebec is divided into two colonies, Upper and Lower Canada, each with its own Assembly. Though both upper and lower Canada had there own goverment they were still loyal to the British. There was many problems with this system. many rebelions were started in both areas this was an example of how the local goverment could not keep order and they would always be asking for help from Britian. -
Colonies & settelments
Captains Vancouver and Quadra meet at Nootka to settle British and Spanish claims to the Pacific coast. -
Notable events
Alexander Mackenzie, first man to cross North America. from just north of Mexico, his arrival at the Pacific on a rock near Bella Coola, B.C.
Sir Alexander Mackenzie, fur trader, explorer (born around 1764 near Stornoway, Scotland; died 12 March 1820 near Dunkeld, Scotland). -
Provincial Notes
York (Toronto) founded by John Graves Simcoe, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada. -
Notable Events
The legislative assembly of Lower Canada votes to abolish slavery. this was the first British colony to abolish slavery there were many critisisms towards this movment but later Britian made the decree that none of there colonies would uphold slavery. -
Colonies and settlements
slavery is abolished in all british colonies.
An Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies; for promoting the Industry of the manumitted slaves; and for compensating the Persons hitherto entitled to the Service of such Slaves (also known as the Slavery Abolition Act) received Royal Assent on 28 August 1833 and took effect 1 August 1834. -
exploration and discovery
Simon Fraser travels the Fraser River for 1360 km to reach the Pacific Ocean on July 2. -
Provincal Notes
New Brunswick joins legislation -
Wars and Battles
America declares war on Britian and all her collonies which starts the war of 1812 with the collonies of canada. it
was a military conflict between the United States and Great Britain. -
Collonies and settlements
Americans burn York (present day Toronto) to the ground -
Documets acts and Treaties
War of 1812 ends with the treaty of Ghent After years of fighting the treaty of ghent is sighed ending the war of 1812 though this war had many devistaing battles and left many cities and towns burned the treaty is sighed and the war is considered a draw because nobody had really made any large victories. -
Notable events
Canada's border with the U.S. is defined as the 49th Parallel. -
Governors and Prime minsters
Future prime minister John A. Macdonald emigrated to Canada -
documents acts and treaties
The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company amalgamated. A substantial proportion of the Métis workforce suddenly found themselves unemployed. -
Provincial notes
Louis-Joseph Papineau, a member of the legislative assembly since 1814, travels from Montréal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament. Papineau would later return to Quebec to lead a rebelion against Britian demanding for equal rights in parliment as well as other demands. The rebelion would fail and Papineau would flee to America with help from some American supporters. -
Notable events
Shawnandithit the last of the Beothuks, dies at about age twenty-eight in St. John's, Newfoundland.
The story of the Beothuk is surely one of the saddest chapters in Canadian history, made personal and melancholy by the story of Shawnadithit herself -
notable events
Canada's first railway, the Champlain and St. Lawrence, starts service between Laprairie and Saint-Jean, Quebec. This was the begining fo the industrial revolution in Canada. Though there was many improvments needed it gave the goverment a goal to strive for in settling the western parts of Canada. -
wars and battles
Louis Joseph Papineau leads a rebelion in lower canada against the crown. Though the rebelion is quickly stopped and Louis flees to America. -
Provincial notes
Louis Joseph Papineau returns to Canada to lead a second rebelion and is quickly put down once again. Both rebelions leave about 300 dead the majority of them rebels. -
documents acts and treaties
Land disputes arose between lumbermen from Maine and New Brunswick. This lead to armed conflict in the Aroostook River valley. The border between Maine and New Brunswick was finally settled with the signing of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in August of 1842, ending the Aroostook War. -
governors and Prime ministers
Durham Report urges responsible government and political union for Lower and Upper Canada, and assimilation for French Canadians. -
notable event
The province of Canada adopted the Canadian Pound -
Provincal notes
An Act of Union unites Upper and Lower Canada as the Province of Canada. The Province of Canada wqs created thanks to Lord Durams recomendations to the British parlement this was seen as a good thing in their eyes because they now only had to deal with one goverment in the province of Canada. -
Colonies and settlements
Britain's claim to Vancouver Island is assured by Fort Victoria. -
Documents Acts and Treaties
The boundary of the 49th Parallel is extended to the Pacific Ocean. -
Provincial notes
Bytown is renamed Ottawa by Queen Victoria -
Documents acts and treaties
Queen Victoria designates Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada. Since Canada was still loyal the queen nobody had any say in the Capital city of canada besides the queen. This desision would still stand in modern times because all the Parlement buildings would be put in Ottawa. -
provincial notes
James Douglas is sworn in as governor of British Columbia -
Notable events
French acrobat Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope. On later tightrope walks, he crosses the falls on stilts, blindfolded, and with his feet in a sack. -
Provincal notes
Howe becomes Premier of Nova Scotia. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Sir John A. Macdonald is Canada's first Prime Minister -
Notable events
Confederation, Britain's North American colonies are united by means of the BNA Act to become the Dominion of Canada. Canada gains its own independece from Britian to make its own desisions in parlement. though Canada would still remain loyal to Britian because of there long history with the country. -
governers and Prime Ministers
Thomas D'Arcy McGee, one of the fathers of Confederation becomes Canada's first assassination victim in Parlament at the hands of a Fenian -
Notable event
Demand for leather goods leads to the destruction of northen bison herds, which in turn leads to the collapse of the western native economy. -
Provincial notes
British Columbia joins confederation -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Prime Minister Macdonald accused of corruption in negotiations over a transcontinental railway. The scandal over the partial financing of the Conservative election campaign by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. His government was forced to resign Immediately after. -
Governors and Prime Minsters
The Conservatives under Macdonald win federal election for the 3rd time. After being forced out of goverment from the railroad scam the conservatives are still elected 5 years later this is the last time the conservatives under macdonald would win. -
Notable Event
Augusta Stowe, is the first woman to graduate from the Toronto Medical School. -
Wars and battles
Louis Riel, leads the North West Rebellion who are defeated at Batoche.
The North-West Rebellion (or North-West Resistance) was a violent, five-month insurgency against the Canadian gover
Though Riel was seen as a traitor to the British goverment he also was a hero to many French speaking Candains. This was because he wanted a seperate peice of land within Canada that was for Metis inhabitants. This was something the French agreed with and wanted for themselfs so they gladly supported it. -
Provincial notes
The last spike of the transcontinental railway is put in place in Eagle Pass, B.C. -
Governors and Prime Ministers
Riel is hanged in Regina for treason. -
Provincial Notes
The Yukon is made into a provisional district separate from the Northwest territories. -
Notable Event
Gold is discovered in the Klondike this later leads to the Klondike gold rush -
Colonies and Settlements
Doukhobours begin to settle in Saskatchewan.
Doukhobors are a sect of Russian dissenters, many of whom now live in western Canada. They are known for a radical pacifism which brought them notoriety during the 20th century -
Wars and Battles
The first Canadian troops sent overseas participate in the Boer War in South Africa The Boer war was a small war in South Africa between the British and two small republics in Africa this war was not expected to last long for Britian was the worlds supper power at the time. Many Canadian's criticized why they were fighting a war half way across the world and presured the goverment to not send troops. Instead Laurier would send only volentires and about 7000 participated in 3 years of fighting -
Colonies & settelments
Saskatchewan and Alberta join Confederation. Immigrants rush to settle in the plains, mainly as wheat farmers. Because land was so cheap to buy and easy to grow crops on many immigrants could afford to move to these lands and start a new life. Many lived in sawed houses with dirt floors and for long harsh winters spent most of their time within them. Many farms were located near towns or cities so that the farmers could resupply on anything they needed and sell their crops. -
Notable events
Sir Adam Beck creates the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, the largest such company in Canada.
As mayor he led a movement of Ontario municipalities and boards of trade to get cheap electric power from NIAGARA FALLS -
Exploration Discovery
Roald Amundsen's Gjoa reaches Nome, Alaska, after becoming the first ship to sail the Northwest Passage. -
Notable events
Joseph-Elzear Bernier affirms Canadian sovereignty in the High Artic by erecting a plaque on Melville Island. -
Wars & battles
Britain declares war on Germany. Canada is automatically at war too. Canada at first was seen as only a part of the British empire and as such was to deliver supplies and troops to the mother country for the war. As the war progressed Canadians gained a great reputation as exellent soldiers and would win many important Victories for Britian. During this time Canada gained alot more respect and independece from Britian. -
Wars & battles
The Battle of the St. Eloi Craters was the first major engagement for the 2nd Canadian Division, recently arrived from England. It ended in disaster.
It was a disaster for Canada and its Allies. -
Wars & battles
The Canadian Corps, a 100,000 strong fighting formation, was ordered to the Passchendaele front, east of Ypres, in mid-October 1917. -
Wars & battles
In the final month of the war, Allied forces pushed ahead on all fronts. The Canadians, having more than 40,000 killed and wounded since August, closed on Mons, a city of huge symbolic value. Mons on the last day of the war. -
Governors & Prime ministers
Mackenzie King and the Liberals win federal election. -
Wars & battles
the Allies launched a major raid on the small French coast port of Dieppe. Operation Jubilee was the first Canadian Army engagement in the European war, designed to test the Allies' ability to launch amphibious assaults against Adolf Hitler's "Fortress Europe." The raid was a disaster: More than 900 Canadian soldiers were killed, and thousands more were wounded and taken prisoner. -
Notable event
Women in Newfoundland and Labrador won the right to vote and run for public office. After decades of lobbying government officials and promoting their cause on the public stage. As voting members of society, women became better equipped to influence public policy and advance their concerns, which often included domestic violence, maternal health, child welfare, and public education. -
Provincial events
Britain's Privy Council awards Labrador to Newfoundland instead of Québec. The territorial limit between Québec and Newfoundland in the LABRADOR peninsula, at over 3500 km long, is the longest interprovincial boundary. It has not yet been surveyed and marked on the ground. -
Notable event
The Great Depression begins. The value of the New York stock market fell dramatically, the Great Depression was a time when Canadians suffered unprecedented levels of poverty due to unemployment.
The worldwide Great Depression of the early 1930s was a social and economic shock that left millions of Canadians unemployed, hungry and often homeless. -
Notable events
Cairine Reay Wilson is the first woman in Canada appointed to the Senate. -
Documents acts & treaties
British parliament passes the Statute of Westminster, giving Canada final independence. The Statute of Westminster, of 11 December 1931, was a British law clarifying the powers of Canada's Parliament and those of the other Commonwealth Dominions. It granted these former colonies full legal freedom except in those areas where they chose to remain subordinate to Britain. -
Notable events
Seven hundred and eighty Canadians died when temperatures exceeded 42 degrees Celsius from Alberta to Ontario, in Canada's longest and deadliest heat wave. -
wars & Battles
The Second World War starts. After Germany invades Poland and Britain declares war, Canada declares war as well.
Canada carried out a vital role in the Battle of the Atlantic and the air war over Germany.
Canada declares war because of still feeling strong ties to Britian after gaining independance only eight years earlier. Canada would participate in many battles along side the allied forces through out the war. -
Wras & Battles
The Fall of Hong Kong. More than 500 Canadians die in battle or of starvation and ill-treatment in Japanese prison camps. -
Documents act & treaties
A national plebiscite approves amendment of the National Resources Mobilization Act to permit sending conscripts overseas, once again revealing deep divisions between Québec and English Canada. -
wars & battles
Canadians win the Battle of Ortona, a German stronghold on the Adriatic. -
Governors & prime ministers
Louis St. Laurent succeeds Mackenzie as prime minister. -
Notable events
Hurricane Hazel touches down in Toronto with 178 millimeters of rain. Eighty-three people died, entire streets in west Toronto was destroyed and many bridges were washed away in the worst inland storm in Canada.
Many acts of heroism took place during Hurricane Hazel as rescuers risked their own lives taking to boats on the swollen rivers -
Document acts & treaties
The Canadian Labour Congress is a national UNION CENTRAL founded on 23 April 1956 from the merger of the CANADIAN CONGRESS OF LABOUR and the TRADES AND LABOR CONGRESS OF CANADA. -
notable events
The Springhill Mining Disaster. Shifting rock kills seventy-four coal miners. Some of the survivors are trapped for eight days before being rescued. The springhill disaster was caused by a small earthquake that lead to the cave in of the mine. the earthquake was heard throughout the region and would be under the spot light fo many media companies. out of the 174 miners trapped in the rubble 75 would have died or not been found. -
Notable events
Queen Elizabeth II and U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower officially open the St. Lawrence Seaway, which lets ocean vessels reach the Great Lakes. -
Notable events
The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Canadian Flag or the Maple Leaf Flag (l'Unifolié in French), consists of a red field with a white square at its centre atop of which sits a stylized, 11-pointed red maple leaf. A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons voted for the present flag in 1964 against formidable odds. After months of debate, the final design, adopted by Parliament and approved by royal proclamation, became Canada's flag on 15 February 1965. -
Notable events
The air force, army, and navy are unified as the Canadian Armed Forces. -
Governors & prime ministers
Pierre Trudeau succeeds Pearson as leader of the Liberals and wins a majority in a federal election. -
Notable events
English and French are both recognized as offical languages by the federal government. In 1969 the law was adopted with all-party support in the House of Commons. Despite this, there was not universal support for the law. The premiers of the three Prairie provinces requested that the Official Languages Bill be referred to the Supreme Court of Canada to determine its constitutionality but the court ruled that the bill was within federal juristriction. So Canada followed the ruling of the bill. -
Notable events
The War Measures Act is invoked, banning the FLQ and leading eventually to nearly 500 arrests. This was the third time in Canadian history the goverment has invoked the war measures act. This allowed the milltary and poice to arrest anyone suspected of treason in relation to being part of the FLQ or other terrorist acts. This was not seen as a popular decision among the people and after the crisis was over the charter of rights and freedom was put into place to prevent this situation again. -
Notable events
Few Canadian have been credited with deeds as momentous as the goal Paul Henderson scored for Team Canada The converted rebound, with thirty-four seconds remaining in the final game of the first ever Canada-Russia series, turned back a relentless Soviet Union advance in the climactic eight mach and gave Canada a victory that may never be forgotten. -
Governors & prime ministers
Trudeau's Liberals win a majority government. -
Notable events
Toronto's CN Tower becomes the world's tallest free-standing structure. -
Notable event
Terry Fox dies of cancer in the middle of his cross-Canada Marathon of Hope at the age of 22. Terry Fox is One of Canada's greatest icons. Running from coast to coast to raise money for cancer a genetic disorder that was becoming more comon in the 20th century. The Terry Fox fondation was formed shortly after Terry had died. to date the Terry Fox fondation has made 650 milion dollars in support of cancer research. -
Provincial notes
The federal government and every province except Quebec reach agreement for patriating the Canadian constitution (bringing it to Canada from Great Britain). -
Documents acts & treaties
Canada gets a new Constitution Act, including a Charter of Rights and Freedoms. -
Governor's & prime ministers
Jeanne Sauve is Canada's first woman governor general. -
provincial notes
A land dispute causes a 78-day armed confrontation between Mohawks and the army on a reserve near Oka, Quebec. -
governors & prime ministers
Paul Martin abolishes the $100.000 Lifetime Capital Gains Exemption in his first budget as finance minister, except for qualified farm property and qualified small business corporation shares. -
Governors & Prime ministers
Catherine Callbeck becomes the first woman Premier, in Prince Edward Island. -
Provincial notes
The most desctructive and disruptive ice storm in Canadian history dropps close to one hundred millimetres of freezing rain in central and eastern Canada.
It is significant because it caused damage to our lands. It led to 35 fatalities. The ice storm led to the largest deployment of Canadian millitary since the korean war. the millitaries job was to keep the peace and help trapped civilians. This was one of the biggest power outages canada has ever seen.
