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Period: 476 BCE to 1500
Beginnings To Exploration
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476
Dark Ages
The "Dark Ages" is a historical period traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire. With the dark ages came feudalism which split the people into four different classes, the king being at the top, being followed by the vassals, being followed by the nobles, the peasants being the ones all the way at the bottom of the social classes. -
750
Pueblo/Anasazi
The Pueblo people are known to live in pueblos and also because of their long tradition of farming. The old original pueblo people are called "ancestral pueblo" because they are the ancestors of the new pueblo people, they are also known as the Anasazi . The pueblo people are known for living in adobe houses which are multi-story house complexes made out of adobe which is clay and straw baked together, each adobe unit was home to one family just like a modern day apartment. -
1300
Aztecs
The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in Mexico from 1300-1521. The Aztecs are mostly known for their human sacrifices which a part of their religious ceremony which they believed properly appeased their god to spare them from suffering. The Aztecs also followed a very special kind of class system called the caste system in which individuals were identified as nobles, commoners, serfs or slaves. -
1400
Technology in the Renaissance
During the renaissance period technology began to advance, sketchbooks from artisans of this period gave a deep insight into the mechanical technology. Renaissance science spawned the scientific revolution, which led to the cycle of advancement technology had. -
1440
The Printing Press
The Printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized its period. Before the printing press the people had to hand write everything they wanted to make a copy off. It costed more than some people could afford due to the labor needed to create any literature. The revolutionary part of the printing press and why its so important is because it allowed copies to be made faster and in large quantities, mass production of goods allowed it to become more affordable, and better. -
1492
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonist who completed four voyages across the Atlantic ocean under the auspices of the monarchs from Spain, Columbus never discovered "America", in fact he never set foot in North America. During four separate trips which started with the one in 1492, Columbus landed in various Caribbean islands which are now known as The Bahamas. -
1500
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange named after Christopher Columbus was the wide spread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, ideas, and technology between the Americas, West Africa, and the old world during the 14th, 15th century. The Columbian Exchange refers to period that transformed European and Native American ways of life. -
1500
The Middle Passage
This was the route that millions of slaves were forced to be on as they were sold and shipped across the sea to the New World. They suffered through a series of poor conditions, the slaves were laid side by side without any room for them to move, they were forced to stay that way during the voyage, they were also starved. About 1.5 million slaves died on the voyage, leaving the rest to the New World. There were two types of slaves the trained slaves and the "saltwater slaves" who weren't trained -
Tobacco in Virginia
In early colonial America, southern states were more suitable for plantations than the other colonial regions being the New England colonies and the Middle Colonies. A colonist from Jamestown was the first colonist to grow tobacco in America. He arrived in Virginia with tobacco seeds he had gotten in an earlier voyage, and in 1612 he harvested his inaugural crop for sale on the European market. Tobacco is also known for saving Jamestown from economical problems because it was the cash crop. -
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English Colonial Societies
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Slavery In Virginia
The first known slaves in Virginia in the 17th century came from Dutch traders who brought African slaves taken from a Spanish ship to Jamestown, the slaves were also generally treated as indentured servants in the early colonial era and took up 1% of the population. Slavery in Virginia ended in 1865, along with the end of the American Civil War and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. BY 1860 it was reported that almost half a million Virginians lived in slavery -
Calvinists
Calvinism also referred to as the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other theologians. Calvinists do not believe that the atonement is limited in its value or power, but rather than the atonement is limited in the sense that its intended for some not all. -
Plymouth Colony
Plymouth was an English colonial venture in North America from 1620 to 1691 at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by captain John Smith. The settlement served as the capital of the colony and developed as the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. Plymouth holds a place of great prominence in American history, folklore, and culture, and is known as "Americas Hometown". The Colony agreed on a treaty with chief Massasoit which helped to ensure the colony's success. -
Conflict With Natives
During the years colonist always had issues with the natives mostly because they wanted the natives land. The Indian Removal Act implemented the federals government policy towards the Indian population, which called for moving Naive American tribes living east to the Mississippi river to lands west of the river. This led to the "Trail of Tears" which is the trail the natives took on their way to their new land. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witch craft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1592 ad may 1693, more than two hundred people were accused of witchery, nineteen of whom were found guilty by the people and were executed by hanging, the people even executed two dogs for the crime. By 1693 the hysteria began to lose steam. The governor ordered an end to the witch trials after hearing that his own wife was accused of witchcraft. -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade is the transatlantic exchange of goods between the New World, Europe, and African, Because of this the economy for the New World and the South grew. Slaves were also a part of the transatlantic exchange, they were sent to the New World and traded for rum, the slaves were used in order to produced raw materials which were then sent to Europe, in which Europe would then make finished goods and send them back to the New World. -
New England Economy
The New England colonies were established in the North. They faced very dry and cold weather , and poor soil. Although their geography didn't allow them to grow crops and profit from it, they did have other resources as alternatives, such as an abundance amount of wood and bodies of water. Because of these resources The New England colonies to have an economy based on manufacturing, fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding, and trade. Loggers, blacksmiths, and wailing were jobs in the colonies. -
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Colonial America to 1763
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The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment also known as the "Age of Enlightenment" or " The Age of Reason" was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century. the people based what they knew on based on belief and on what was passed down without proof of it being true. They used reason and science to support their own beliefs, this caused people to distant themselves from religion and other superstitions. -
Proprietary Colonies
Proprietary colonies were grants of land in the for of charter, or a licence to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle these areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors expense during the costly settlement years. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was the reaction to the Enlightenment, it was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen colonies between the 1730's and 1740's. The revival movement permanently affected Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. A preacher by the name of George Whitfield is the reason why this movement spread through England and its thirteen colonies. His preachers were so good that it made a personal impact on the people. -
Slave Rebellion
During the years of slavery, slaves suffered due to the conditions of the plantations slaves were forced to work in, their masters would get on them with physical abuse and were starved. Due to this poor treatment given to the slaves by their masters slave rebellions rose, such as the Stono Rebellion. The Stono rebellion involved 20 slaves from North Carolina. The slaves raided stores and killed white shopkeepers, stole guns and ammunition, the armed slaves killed 60 people, including children. -
Seven Years War/ French and Indian War
The French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War, was a battle between Britain, France and Spain. The three fought for territory in America, Britain fought because it wanted more land west from the colonies and France wanted more land south from Canada. The majority of the Native Americans took an alliance with France but this didn't help France, Britain won the war but ended up owning a lot of dept which fell upon the colonies, which was the main reason for the Revolutionary War. -
Britain's Financial Situation
After The French and Indian War Britain took a huge financial toll, all the costs of supplies for the troops piles up. The British thought the colonist should help pay for the cost of their own protection. Furthermore the French and Indian War had cost the British treasury $70,000,000 and doubled their national debt to $140,000,000. The colonist saw no reason to pay England for the war, or to keep them in the British Empire. -
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The Revolutionary War
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Revenue/Sugar Act
The Sugar Act also known as the Revenue Act, was a tax placed on the colonies by the parliament of Great Britain. The tax was brought among the colonies because of the debt Great Britain had from the French and Indian War, and taxes was a way for Great Britain to gain profit from the colonies. Colonist were very upset because parliament had put these taxes on them without their consent. -
Boston Massacre
After the taxes brought upon the colonist such as the taxes on tea, papers, glass, molasses. The colonist became furious and revolted against parliament, a well known revolt in this time is the Boston Massacre which involves a crowd of colonist who harassed British soldiers, which led to the soldiers shooting at them and killing five of the colonist. Later a false story of the indecent came out which caused the outrage of many colonist. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston tea party was a political and mercantile protest by the sons of liberty in Boston. 342 chests of tea belonging tot he British East India Company were thrown from the ships into the Boston harbor by American Patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians. Because of the Boston Tea party Britain shut down the Boston harbor until the colonist paid all 34 chests, this was implemented under the 1774 Intolerable acts and known as the Boston Port Act. -
Common Sense
Thomas Paine, a English -born American wrote a well known pamphlet called "Common Sense". The pamphlet advocated American Independence from Great Britain. The pamphlet argues for a democratic representative government rather than the monarchy they colonies are currently in with Britain. It attacked the Britain monarchy and it was the reason the view of many colonist changed, because of this many colonist grew hatred for the British monarch. -
Declaration of Independence
The declaration of independence is the statement adopted by the second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State house in Philadelphia Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776. The declaration of Independence is defined as the formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. -
Battle of Saratoga
The battle of Saratoga which happened in New york is known as the turning point of the Revolutionary War. It was led by general George Washington, this battle was a major win for Americans against Britain. Because of this battle the French government saw the strength the Americans had in the war which initially led to the French becoming an ally of the colonist. The French provided troops and a navy which played a huge role in upcoming battles. -
The Articles Confederation
The articles of Confederation was an agreement among the thirteen original states of the United States of America that served as its first. The Articles of Confederation suited the goals of the Americans when they were fighting for freedom from the monarchy. Yet these documents, which favored states rights over federal power, are inadequate after the revolution when a strong central government becomes necessary. -
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The Constitution
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Th New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey plan was proposed in to the Constitutional Convention. It was an option towards how the United States would be governed, the plan was introduced by William Paterson. The New Jersey Plan had 11 resolutions, and some of the key ideas included, restoring the unicameral structure from the Articles of Confederation. It also stated that each state was equal regardless of the size of its population, this was good because it didn't allow bigger states to take advantage of small states. -
Connecticut Plan
The Connecticut Plan was adopted at the Constitutional Convention providing the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation int The House of Representatives. Reconciled the two sides by making up one house of the legislature, the Senate of two equal representatives to be distributed according to the population of each state. It was proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth, Connecticut's delegates the Constitutional Convention. -
Election of 1788
The United States Presidential election of 1788 was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday December 15 1788 to Saturday January 101789. It was conducted under the new United States Constitution, Which had been ratified earlier in 1788. George Washington was elected for the first President of the United States, with John Adams becoming the first Vice President. The electors were chosen by legislatures in many states not by popular vote. -
The Second Great Awakening
This was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th Century in the United States. The movement began around 1790 gained momentum by 1800 and, after 1820, membership began rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. The Second Great Awakening was extremely important as it led to the establishment of reform movements to address injustice and alleviate suffering such as the Temperance Movement in which people advocated for emancipation on religion. -
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Cultural Changes
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Bill of Rights
The Firs ten amendments tot he US constitution, ratified in 1971 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly and worship. The English constitutional settlement of 1669, confirming the deposition of James ll and the accession of William and Mary, guaranteeing the protestant succession, and laying down the principles of parliamentary supremacy. Some of the amendments include freedom of speech, press, and religion. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington, ultimately under the command of the American Revolutionary War veteran Major James McFarlane. It afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within the states boundaries, as officials moved into the western Pennsylvania to quell an uprising of settlers rebelling against the liquor tax. -
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The Republic
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Bank of The US
The President, Directors and Company, of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto central bank. It was built while Philadelphia was still the nations capital. Alexander Hamilton conceived of the bank to handle the colossal war debt- and to crate a standard form of currency. -
Cotton Gin
The cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, enabling much greater productivity than manual cotton separation, The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens, while any undamaged cotton issued largely for textiles like clothing. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney and it is known as the machine that revolutionized the south and its production of cotton. -
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The American Industrial Revolution
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First Cabinet
George Washington's cabinet included four original members, which were Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of State Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Washington held his first full cabinet meeting on February 26 1793. In order to establish both credibility and balance, George Washington chose a cabinet that included members from different parts of the country. On September 11, 1789, George Washington sent his first cabinet. -
Washington's Farewell Address
In a 32 page handwritten address, Washington urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In foreign affairs, he warned against long-term alliances with other nations. The address was printed in Philadelphia's American Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796. Washington discussed the dangers of divisive party politics and warned strongly against permanent alliances between the United States and other countries. -
Mass Production
Mass Production is the manufacture of large quantities of standardized products, frequently using assembly line or automation technology. Mass production refers to the production of a a large number of similar products efficiently. American Inventor Eli Whitney introduced mass production in 1798 to produce weapons. The assembly line, a conveyor belt carrying the work through a series of assembly areas, was introduced in 1913 by Henry Ford. -
Kentucky Resolution
The Kentucky and Virginian Resolutions or resolves were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginian legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. Madison hoped that other states would register their opposition to the Alien and Sedition as beyond the powers given to the Congress. The Kentucky Resolutions asserted that states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. -
Shakers
The Shakers were a united societies of believers in Christ's second Appearing, a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded in the 18th century. They were also known as the "Shaking Quakers" because of their elastic behavior during worship centers. The Shakers beliefs included communal living, celibacy, humility, simplicity, efficiency, hard work, and equality between the sexes. -
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The Age of Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principle author of the declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he had been elected the second Vice President of the United States serving under John Adams from 1797 to 1801. He became president in March 4, 1801 and his terms ended in March 1809. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. The U.S paid fifty million francs and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs for a total of sixty-eight million francs. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the territory of the United States. -
Hamilton V.S Burr
The Burr-Hamilton duel was fought between prominent American politicians Aaron Burr, the sitting Vice President of the United States, and Alexander Hamilton, the former Secretary of the Treasury, at Weehawken, New Jersey. On the morning of July 11, 1804 Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr raised their dueling pistols and took aim. Hamilton the former secretary of the treasury, and Vice President Burr were longstanding political rivals and personal enemies. -
War of 1812
The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the united States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815. Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theater of the Napoleonic Wars, in the United States and Canada, it is seen as a war in its own right, though it was separate. The immediate causes of the war of 1812 were a series of economic sanctions taken by the British and French against the US as part of the Napoleonic Wars and American outrage. -
Panic of 1819
Panic of 1819. in 1819 the impressive post-war of 1812 economic expansion ended, Banks throughout the country failed mortgages were forced foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in the united States. It was followed by a general collapse of the American economy that persisted through 1821. -
Lowell Mills
The Lowell Mills was a farm were women and young girls came to work at the textile factory were housed in supervised dormitories or boarding houses and were provided with the educational and cultural opportunities. Despite all the work these women did they would only get paid three or four dollars a week, they suffered a lot as they weren't able to spend a lot of time with their families due to the fact that they were always working -
Temperance Movement
This was a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Participants of the movement criticized alcohol intoxication or promote complete abstinence, with leaders emphasizing alcohol's negative effects on health, personality, and family life. The movement was led by Frances Willard under the his group was led under the motto "Do Everything" to protect women and children. This encouraged fellow Americans to reduce the amount of alcohol they consumed. -
Abolitionist
Abolitionist are the people who supported the movement of abolitionism which was the movement to end slavery. Abolitionist believed that slavery was a national sin, and that it was the moral obligation of everyone to help eradicate it from the American landscape by gradually freeing the slaves and returning them to Africa. Fredrick Douglass a former slave was the most famous black man among the abolitionist. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was an effort by congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the united States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free. The Missouri Compromise was the legislation that provided for the admission to the United States of Maine as a free state along the Missouri as a slave state. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. The Monroe Doctrine is the best known US policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization o puppet monarchs. -
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Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
In the United States presidential election of 1824, john Quincy Adams was elected president on February 9, 1825, after the election was decided by the house of representatives. In this election, the Democratic Republican party splintered as four separate candidates sought the presidency. The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824 -
Andrew Jackson
The U.S election of 1828 involved the rematch between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams. Andrew ran for office as a democrat. He won a plurality of electoral votes in the election of 1824. Andrew Jackson was a very well known guy due to him becoming a national war hero after defeating the British in the Battle of new Orleans during the war of 1812, he became the seventh president of the United States in 1828. -
Sing Sing
This is a correctional facility that is a maximum security prison operated by the New York State Department of corrections and community supervision in the village of Ossining. SIng Sing is located 30 miles north from New York City on the east bank of the Hudson River. Sing Sing was named from the name of a Native American tribe, "Sinck Sinck" from whom the land was purchased in 1685. SIng Sing holds about 1,700 prisoners.Ruth Snyder became famous for being the first woman executed at Sing Sing. -
Spoils System
A spoils system is a practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters. President Jackson was known for his abuse of this system as he got rid of existing government employees and rewarded his supporters by giving them positions in the government. The Spoils System ended in 1881, a disappointed office seeker, assassinated President James Garfield. Civil service reform was passed in 1883, focusing on job security. -
Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. All were enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by white democratic dominated state legislatures after the reconstruction period, the laws were enforced until 1965. The state of Tennessee enacted 20 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1995, including six requiring school segregation, three which segregated railroads and two requiring segregation for public accommodations. -
Changes in Transportation
The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial revolution, such as waterways, roads, and railroads. the roads also improved immensely during this time period. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the Invention of the steamboat, which had the twelve paddles and was propelled by a steam engine. -
Mormons
In the 1820's and 30's Joseph Smith started a Restorationist Christianity religion called Mormonism. The name Mormon is given to the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saint. Joseph led the Mormons until he was murdered by an angry mob, after his death Brigham Young became Smith's successor as the prophet and leader of the Mormon church. Young is known for leading his persecuted Mormons along the Western wagon trails in search of a sanctuary in a place no one wants. -
John Calhoun
John Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, he was the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832. Some people called John a war hawk because he encouraged the nation to go to war against England in 1812. He became vice-president of the United States under both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. But he never became president, and this disappointed him. He is most known for his views on the protective tariff, states, rights, secession. -
Nullification Crisis
This was a United states sectional political crisis in 1832 during Andrew Jackson's presidency. It involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. This was the scene when South Carolina adopted the ordinance to nullify the tariff acts and label them unconstitutional. Despite sympathetic voices from other Southern states, South Carolina found itself standing alone. In November 1832 the Nullification Convention met -
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Westward Expansion
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The Battle of San Jacinto
The Battle of San Jacinto was a battle fought due to Texas wanting independence from Mexico, it happened on April 21, 1836. The Texas militia under Sam Houston launches a surprise attack on the Mexican Army of General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna along the San Jacinto River. The Mexican forces were thoroughly routed, and hundreds were taken prioners, including their leader General Santa Anna himself. This is an important battle due to fact that a small militia army defeated the big Mexican army. -
Iron Plow
Jethro Wood was the inventor of a cast-iron moldboard plow with replaceable parts, the first commercially successful iron moldboard plow. His invention accelerated the development of American agriculture in the antebellum period. It was used for farming to break up tough soil without soil getting stuck to it. -
Telegraph
Long before Samuel F.B Morse electrically transmitted his famous message "What hath God wrought" fro Washington to Baltimore on May 24, 1944 there were signaling systems that enabled people to communicate over distances. An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse who is responsible for Morse code due to him and his assistant being able to to signal the alphabet through the telegraph. -
The Trail of Tears
The Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to Migrate to an area in present day Oklahoma, this happened due to Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy in 1838. The Cherokee people called this journey " The Trail of Tears" because of its devastating effects. The Cherokee were not allowed time to gather their belongings, and as they left whites looted their homes, and bean to march the trail were 4,000 of them died due to cold, hunger, and diseases. -
Worcester vs Georgia
This was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statue that prohibited non-native Americans from being present on Native American land. Because of this refusal, the army entered the Native American lands and arrested Worcester along with the other 6 people. Following his arrest, Worcester vs Georgia began on February 20th of 1832. -
Tenant Farmers
Tenants farmers were people who resided on land owned by a landlord. Tenant Farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land. It is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and, often a measure of operating capital and management, while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. -
Bear Flag Revolt
On June 1846 a small group of American settlers in California rebelled against the Mexican Government and proclaimed California an independent republic, this event is Known as The Bear Flag Revolt. The California Republic was an unrecognized breakaway state that for 25 days in 1846 military controlled an area north of San Francisco, in and around what is now Sonoma County in California. The revolt was under the leadership of Merrit and another settler by the name of William Ide. -
Mormon Migration
The Mormons migrated across the United States from the Midwest to the Salt Lake Valley in what is today Utah. The Mormons migrated because of religious persecution in which they were on a search for a place were they could built a sanctuary. The Mormon Trail started in Nauvoo, Illinois which was the principal settlement of the Latter Day Saints from 1839 to 1846 and ended in Salt Lake City Utah, which was settled by Brigham young and his followers beginning in 1847. -
Mexican American War
Important being forced onto the remnant Mexican government, ended the war and enforced the Mexican-Cession of the northern territories of Alta California. The very first battle of the Mexican was the Battle of Palo Alto which killed a total 102 killed, 129 wounded, 26 missing. A cause of the war was slavery. Prior to the Mexican American war mexico suffered from many internal difficulties. Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Texas, California were territories that were gained from Mexico. -
Wilmot Proviso
This was a proposal to prohibit slavery in the new territories acquired by the United States at the conclusion of the Mexican American War. David Wilmot a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania proposed the Wilmot Proviso. The Proviso passed through the House of Representatives but it was then defeated in the Senate. The Wilmot Proviso was one of the major events leading to the American Civil War, it also eventually led to the Compromise of 1850. -
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Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
The Gold Rush began when gold was found by James W Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. 300,000 people "rushed" to California from the rest of the United States. The Gold Rush was the largest mass migration in American history since it brought 300,000 people to California. Miners extracted more than 750,000 pounds of gold during the gold rush. Just days after Marshall's discovery the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed, which allowed the migration of all 300,000 people. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo or the treaty of peace, friendship, limits and settlement between the United States of America and mexico, the treaty was signed on February 2 1848, in the villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo. This treaty officially ended the Us Mexican War, and it is the oldest treaty still in force between the U.S and Mexico. Because of this treaty the United States gained many states such as Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. -
Seneca Falls Convention
This convention was the first women's rights convention, it advertised itself as a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman. The American women's right movement began with a meeting of reformers in Seneca Falls. A historic document was born after the first convention, the Deceleration of Sentiments which demanded equal social status and legal rights for women, including the right to vote. This was organized by women who were abolitionist. -
James K. Polk
Known as the 11th president of the United States and for the territorial expansion of the United States due to the Mexican-American War, he previously was the speaker of the House of Representatives and the Governor of Tennessee. Andrew Jackson was a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate of the Jacksonian democracy. He also reduced tariffs, reformed the national banking system, and settled a boundary dispute with the British that secured the Oregon Territory for the United States. -
Underground Railroad
This was a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the United States during the early to mid-19th century, and used by slaves who were trying to escape into the free states up North and Canada, they were able to do this with the help of abolitionist and allies and who were sympathetic to their cause. Harriet Tubman was the person who started the underground railroad, he made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom. Most escaping slaves traveled to Canada. -
Compromise of 1850
On January 29, 1850 Senator Henry Clay introduced a series of resolutions in attempt to seek a compromise and avert a crisis between North and South. A part of the Compromise of 1850 the Fugitive Slave Act was amended and the slave trade in Washington D.C was abolished. The Compromise called for the admission of California as a free state. The general solution was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by the state to the federal government to organize two new territories. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin was a novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that is based on anti-slavery, published in 1852 the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S and is said to have helped lay the groundwork for the civil war. Uncle Tom's Cabin helped secure Abraham Lincoln's victory. Harriet Beecher wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in reaction to the recently tightened fugitive slave laws. The book had a major influence on the way American public viewed slavery. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed people int he territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which didn't allow slavery north of the 36,30 line. The initial purpose of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to open up thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. Senator Stephen Douglas was the person who introduced this bill that divided Missouri. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas was a series of violent civil confrontations in the United States between the years 1854 and 1861 which came from a political debate over the legality of slavery in Kansas. This was an important staging ground of the first battles of the Civil War, because it was in this battlefield were the forces of anti slavery and forces of pro slavery met, therefore it became a really iconic event due to the fact that this event was an event that helped shape the United States. -
Slums
A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure, inhabited primarily by impoverished persons. Slums were made due to the cost of time and money in their movement back and forth between rural and urban areas, families gradually migrated to the urban center. As they could not afford to buy house. Others were created because of segregation imposed by the colonist. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was a big belief in the 19th century in which the United States and its settlers were destined to expand across North America. The problem with the belief of manifest destiny is the fact that by accomplishing this goal the white man had the right to destroy anything and anyone who got in the way of achieving Manifest Destiny, because of this many Indians lost their homes and were forced to move. -
Abraham Lincoln (election of 1860)
Abraham Lincoln won the party's presidential nomination. In the November of 1860 election Lincoln faced Douglas once again, who represented the North's heavily divided Democratic party. Many Southerners feared the victory of Abraham Lincoln because they believed he was going to take their slaves away from them. Abraham Lincoln was running for the Republican party, he stood on a platform which stated that slavery would not be spread any farther than it already had. -
Militias
Militias were considered as U.S volunteers served with distinction in the Mexican American War and formed a vast majority of U.S troops in the Civil War. For Example, Minuteman, they were civilian colonist who independently organized to form well prepared militia companies self-trained in weaponry, tactics and military strategies from the American colonial partisan militia during the American War. Explaining this the "Minutemen were among the first to fight in the American Revolution. -
War in the North
The union or the Northern States of the U.S which involved New York, Connecticut, and Illinois and many others, it all happened when most of the southerners did not own slaves and would have fought for the protection of slavery, however they believed that the north had no constitutional right to free slaves held by citizens as many abolition societies in the North and South. Te North fought in order to preserve the union. -
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S Grant was the commanding general of the Army, during the American Civil War Grant led the union army to victory over the confederacy with the supervision of president Abraham Lincoln. President Lincoln entrusted him with the Union Army, at age 46 Grant became the youngest president in US history at that point, he became the United States 18th president. Grant began his military career as a cadet in the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1839. -
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The Civil War
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Robert E Lee
Robert E Lee fought against the union during the civil war, he was the general for the confederate army, he commanded the army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. At Appomattox Virginia Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders all of his troops to the union which ended the Civil War. On April 9 Lee sent a message to Grant announcing his willingness to surrender. Despite his surrender Lee was a brilliant with war waging strategies. -
Battle of Antietam
The battle of Antietam was a battle of the Civil War fought on September 17, 1862 between the Confederate army and the Union army. Despite leading the Union to a victory in this battle General George McClellan was fired not long after the battle because president Lincoln was unhappy McClellan let the defeated Confederates retreat back to Virginia rather than destroying the army completely, the Union Army marched to Antietam from Washington DC to stop Lee's Army of the Potomac. -
Emancipation Proclamation
On January 1, 1863 president Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation as the nation approached its third year bloody civil war. This declared that all slaves within the Confederate states were now free. In addition under this proclamation freedom would only come to the slaves if the Union won the war. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the federal legal status of more than 3.5 million enslaved African American in the designated areas of the South from being a slave to being free. -
Gettysburg Address
This was the speech President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the soldiers National Cemetery in Gettysburg Pennsylvania for the soldiers who fought and died in the battle of Gettysburg. From this address came the famous words "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are create equal. -
40 Acres and a Mule
This was a phrase that spread throughout the South in the aftermath of the Civil War, asserting the right of newly freed slaves to redistributed lands, particularly those plantations confiscated by the U.S troops during the war as compensation for unpaid labor during slavery. As Northern armies moved through the South at the end of the war, blacks began cultivating land abandoned by whites. The mule part comes from Sherman agreeing to loan the freed settlers army mules that they could use. -
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Reconstruction
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The 13th Amendment
This amendment was very important as it abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime. In Congress it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864 by the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865. As this was added to the constitution it changed the basic and most important laws that Govern the United States. the thirteen amendment was the first out of three amendments that would work in the favor of African Americans and as well as help them. -
Appomattox Court House
The Appomattox Court House is mostly famous due to the fact that the General Robert Lee surrendered here to Ulysses S Grant. The resulting Battle of Appomattox Court House which lasted a couple of hours effectively brought the four year Civil War to an end. The most celebrated Confederate army followed a defeat in the final battle of the war in Virginia. The battle of the Appomattox Court House was the climax of a campaign that began eleven days earlier at the Battle of Lewis's Farm. -
The KKK
The Ku Klux Klan or otherwise known as the KKK refers to three distinct movements at different points in the History of the United States. The KKK is a group that was created by racist whites who didn't quite love the fact that the slaves were now free. Once the KKK got out of hands with their murders the The Enforcement Act was put into place which empowered the president suspend the wri of habeas corpus to combat the KKK. -
Carpetbaggers
A carpetbagger was any person from the Northern United States who came to the Southern states after the American Civil Was and was perceived to be exploiting the local populace. The term carpetbaggers refers to the Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War during the reconstruction period. Many carpetbaggers were set to have moved South for their own financial and political gains. The Carpetbaggers looking to make money took advantage of the plight of the Southerners. -
The 14th Amendment
The fourteenth amendment was the second amendment added out of three during the reconstruction period of the United States. The fourteenth amendment to the U.S Constitution ratified in 1868 granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former slaves and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws". The 14th Amendment states that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or communities of Citizens of the U.S. -
Election of 1868
The United States presidential election of 1868 was the 21st quadrennial presidential election, it was held on November 3, 1868. This was the first election of the Reconstruction Era, with Republican nominee Ulysses S Grant running against Democrat Horatio Seymour. With his popularity due to his victories as General of the Union army there was no doubt he was was going to win this election, when elected as the 18th president of the U.S he began working to implement Congressional Reconstruction, -
The 15th Amendment
The 15th amendment added to the constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It was ratified on February 3, 1870 as the third and last of the three amendments to be added to the constitution during the reconstruction period. The 15th amendment was passed by congress on February 26, 1869, this was the last of the three amendments that helped African Americans in the US
