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Chinese Exclusions
Congress excludes Chinese women from entering the country to preserve the health of white citizens by barring Chinese prostitutes (Foner, p.670). Rumors spread that Chinese immigrants were diluting the American culture with their prostitution, gambling, and drug abuse.
According to an USAToday, Chinese immigrants make up the largest single group of arrivals and contribute to the diversity of our country (Lee,2015). -
Decline of Black Politics
Black voting nor black officeholding came to an end in 1877. Blacks still cased ballots in large numbers, although Democrats solidified their control of state and local affairs by redrawing district lines and substituting appointive for elective officials in counties with black majorities (Foner, p.662)
An article on the Avenue states today, census show that African Americans showed the sharpest decline in voter turnout in 7.1 percent since 2012 (Frey, 2017). -
Kansas Exodus
40,000 to 60,000 African-Americans migrated to Kansas, seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity.
According to suburbanstats.org there are 167,684 African American's in Kansas that now have political equality, freedom from violence, access to education and economic opportunity. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Congress abrogated the Burlingame Treaty ratified during Reconstruction and temporarily excluded all immigrants from China from entering the country. Congress renewed the restriction ten years later and made it permanent.
According to the Chinese Immigrants in the United States, currently, the Chinese immigration population is highly concentrated in California (31%) and New York (20%) (Batalova, Zong, 2017). -
Civil Rights Cases
The Supreme Court invalidated the Civil rights act of 1875 that prohibited racial discrimination by hotels, theaters, railroads, and other public facilities (Foner, p. 664).
The fair housing act became law in 1968 that prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and religion (History.com,n.d). As a result, regardless of race, anyone can be under the same public facility. -
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Lynching
Black individuals that chose to challenge the system or refused to accept the demeaning behavior that was a daily features of southern life, faced overwhelming political and legal power but also threat of violent reprisal. More than fifty persons, the vast majority of black men were lynched in the South (Foner, p.666).
According to the Huffpost, since 2012, there has been 1 killing every 36 hours that were done by police, security guards and self appointed agents of justice (Leonard,2012). -
No public education for Chinese Children
Between 1871 and 1885, San Francisco denied public education for Chinese children. In 1885, the California Supreme court, in Tape v. Harley ordered the city to admit Chinese students to public schools. However, the law authorized segregated education and the city established a school for Chinese (Foner, p.672).
In the 2015-16 school year, close to 329,000 Chinese were enrolled in US higher education institutions, nearly 1/3 of the 1 mil. foreign students study in the US (Batalova,Zong, 2017). -
Chinese-operated businesses
In Yick wo v. Hopkins, the court unanimously ordered San Francisco to grant licenses to Chinese-operated laundries, which the city government refused to do. As a result, denying a person the opportunity to earn a living is intolerable in any country where freedom prevails (Foner, p. 672).
According to CNBC, top iconic American companies are owned by Chinese businessmen such as AMC, Smithfield foods, Legendary Entertainment Group, Riot Games, etc.. (Morris, 2011). -
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Black Voting Eliminated
Every southern state enacted laws or constitutional provisions meant to eliminate the black vote. In 1891, the Senate defeated a proposal for federal protection of black voting rights in the south.
According to the U.S. Census Beurea there are 17.8 million African-American individuals that voted in the 2012 presidential election. -
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Law of Segregation
Laws and local customs requiring the separation of races had numerous precedents. Southern schools and many other institutions had been segregated during Reconstruction.
Today, segregation no longer exists in schools or institutions. Everyone can obtain an education regardless of race. -
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington delivered a speech in Atlanta advocating a new strategy for racial progress in which he declares that Blacks remain in the South, turn away from agitation for civil and political rights, adjust to segregation, and seek, with white cooperation, to improve their economic condition (Foner, p.674).
Today, African-American's fight for what they believe in through democracy & peaceful protests. Unlawful arrests create an uproar in the media,but people stand together to fight back. -
The National Association of Colored Women
Brought together local and regional women's clubs to press for both women's rights and racial uplift (Foner, p. 662).
According to Women of Color in Congress, since Hawaii Representative Patsy Mink’s election in 1964, 67 women of color have served in the U.S. Congress (history.house.gov,n.d). -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for black and whites (Foner, p.664). As a result, railroad companies followed and required a separate car for black passengers.
Today, anybody with different ethnic backgrounds can go to schools, stores, movies, facilities, equally.
