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Stephen Edelston Toulmin (March 25, 1922 – December 4, 2009) (Britannica, n.d.)
In 1958, Toulmin authored ‘The Uses of Argument’ which went on to become the start of the Toulmin Method of Argument. (Britannica, n.d.) The Toulmin Method challenged the three-part logical model of argument because he had become increasingly frustrated with its inability to explain everyday arguments. (Toulmin Model of Argument, n.d.) The first triad of his model is made up of the claim, ground, and warrant. (Toulmin Model of Argument, n.d.) Continued in assignment submission box... -
Werner Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) (Britannica, n.d.)
Heisenberg’s work in the mid 1950s to early 1960s can be considered one of the origins of quantum mathematics as it introduced half-integer quantum numbers which were at odds with Bohr’s theory. (Britannica, n.d.) This was an effect of his work on the Zeeman effect, which in physics is the splitting of spectral lines into multiple components from a light source into different frequencies along the magnetic field. (Britannica, n.d.) Continued in assignment submission box... -
Paul Oppenheim (June 17, 1885 – June 22, 1977) (Revolvy, n.d.)
Oppenheim started his scientific career as a chemist where he could do a great many things with just a few elements. Bringing this view to philosophy saw him as a visionary of philosophical structure. (Rescher, 1996) Continued in assignment submission box..... -
Carl Gustav Hempel (1905-1997) (IEP, n.d.)
The scientific mind that drove the three-man team which included Oppenheim and Helmer. (Rescher, 1996) In 1965, Hempel published an essay on “Studies in the Logic of Explanation” in the journal Philosophy of Science along with Oppenheim. (IEP, n.d.) This paper proposed the deductive-nomological model to provide a logical structure to both explanation and predictive scientific reasoning. (IEP, n.d.) Continued in assignment submission box.... -
Works Cited
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