APWH timeline

By ailamary
  • Period: 100 to 1400

    Silk Road

    The silk roads are important to world history because they allowed trade from China to Europe. The Silk Roads were named after the famous product, silk, which showed wealth and high status. The Silk Roads provided transportation through camel caravans, where the merchants would travel by camel. The Caravans stopped at the caravanserai, inns or guesthouses for the merchants, where they could rest, trade, and take care of their animals. Much culture was shared and learned at these stopping points.
  • Period: 250 to 900

    Maya civilization

    The Maya Civilization is important to world history because they had many impressive intellectual and artistic systems. The Mayas were known for their impressive temples and other buildings that were filled with artistic works. They were also known for their writing systems, which had pictographs along with phonic elements. They created complex math in addition to all that.
  • Period: 330 to 1449

    Constantinople

    Constantinople is important to world history because it was the capital of the Byzantine empire. Constantinople had much of the political authority of the Byzantine Empire tightly centralized. Constantinople also had a very beneficial location, as it was close to both the Mediterranean and Black seas. This allowed for both navel and merchant ships to be active from that territorial base, allowing for a good military location and a place for trading.
  • Period: 400 to

    Caesaropapism

    Caesaropapism is important to world history because it defined the rules of an emperor in the Byzantine Empire. Caesaropapism is when the emperor is not only in charge of the state, but also the church. The church was treated like a government department by the emperor. The church and the empire were supposed to be united and make decisions together.
  • Period: 500 to 1499

    Arabian camel

    Arabian camels are important to world history because they allowed for transportation across the Sand Roads. These camels were so beneficial because they could go a whole 10 days without drinking water, allowing for easier travels for their Merchants. These merchants desired gold above all else, and the camels allowed them to look for it more easily. They traded their desert goods for the resources produced in the Mediterranean.
  • Period: 600 to

    West African Civilization

    The West African civilizations are important to world history because they created an urban and commercial culture. All of these states were monarchies, meaning that they were only ruled by one person. They were all known for becoming rich off of trade. They had many unique goods that brought them wealth, such as the Kano state, which became known for its gorgeous dyed cotton textiles.
  • Period: 670 to 1025

    Srivijaya

    Srivijaya is important to world history because it is an extraordinary example of the connection between commerce, state building, and religious change from trade. Srivijaya emerged because of competition to attract as amount of traders and travelers as possible. Srivijaya’s many desirable reasources attracted people to fund everything needed to create a civilization. They also made use of Indian political ideas and Buddhist powers within their society.
  • Period: 700 to 1199

    Ghana

    Ghana is important to world history because it was one of the rich West African civilizations that were involved in trade. Ghana society was along the trans-Saharan trade route, and traded their desert goods for other items that were wanted or needed. An Arab traveler described the ruler of Ghana as “the wealthiest king on the face of the earth because of its treasures and stocks of gold.” This shows just how rich Ghana was. Ghana held a reputation for being very wealthy.
  • Period: 700 to 1400

    Swahili civilization

    The Swahili civilization is important to world history because they participated in trading in the Indian Ocean. The Swahili civilization had many city-states within it. They participated in long-distance trade. Even though they were separated, they still participated within the larger Indian Ocean world. Many merchants from other places were welcomed and given a place to stay in Swahili. Islam was introduced to Swahili through trade too, which led them to become a mainly Islamic area.
  • Period: 711 to 1492

    al-Andalus

    al-Andalus is important to world history because it allowed many religions to mix. In al-Andalus, Christians, Jews, and Muslims all worked together and lived in the same place. Many of these religions also adapted some of the traditions from others, such as not eating pork or Women wearing veils. However, 75% of the population was still Muslim which caused the other religions, even the Arabized ones, were treated as second-class citizens. Eventually, this led to the persecution of Christians.
  • Period: 750 to 1285

    Abbasid Caliphate

    The Abbasid Caliphate is important to world history because the Turks entered their land. The Abbasid Caliphate is an Arab Dynasty that had once ruled the Islamic world. They built the new capital of Baghdad, which used to flourish. Many of the local rulers took control of their own areas while still having loyalty to the Caliph in Baghdad. When the Turks first entered these political fragments, they were slave soldiers. However, they increasingly took political and military power themselves.
  • Period: 800 to 900

    Kievan Rus

    Kievan Rus is important to world history because it was a very diverse community. Kievan Rus was named after the city Kiev. It was a a society of all kinds of people that was loosely led by various princes. As Rus grew, prince Vladimir of Kiev began searching for a religion that would unify all of the people in his region.
  • Period: 830 to 1260

    House of Wisdom

    The House of Wisdom is important to world history because many important religious texts were analyzed and translated. Abbasid caliph al-Mamun began the House of Wisdom because he had a passion for foreign language learning and wanted to have an academic research center for it. The Greek text inspired a group of Muslim thinkers known as Mutazalites to argue that “reason, rather than revolution, was the best way to the truth”.
  • Period: 860 to 1130

    Chaco Phenomenon

    The Chaco Phenomenon is important to world history because it contained many unique aspects. In Chaco, 5 major pueblos were established, which linked 150 smaller settlements. They also created a very sophisticated system of roads, but didn’t have forms of transportation to use it on. This leaves historians to wonder if the roads had some sort of cultural meaning, like leading to the underworld.
  • Period: 960 to 1279

    Song Dynasty

    The Song Dynasty is important to world history because it was the “golden age” of art and literature. Education was a huge part of Chinese culture during this time, and so in order to obtain political power, they had to pass a series of exams. This was a system that was revived from when it was first established during the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E- 220 C.E).These exams were much more accessible to wealthy families, but sometimes someone would “sponsor” a smart man from a commoner background
  • Period: 960 to 1279

    Foot Binding

    Foot Binding is important to world history because it clearly shows the patriarchy in action in Chinese society. Foot binding is when it was a beauty standard for girls to tightly wrap their feet, breaking bones and causing much pain, to show their small size. This was a practice used to keep women in their “inner corners” and outside of the rest of society with the men.
  • Period: 960 to 1279

    China’s economic revolution

    China’s economic revolution is important to world history because it made China the richest country in the world. China’s population jumped from about 50 million in the 9th century to 120 million by the 13th century, making them the most populous country on earth. They adopted a fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice from Vietnam known as Champa rice. This allowed them to create a huge amount of agricultural production.
  • Period: 960 to 1279

    Hangzhou

    Hangzhou is important to world history because it brought industrial production to a new all-time high. Hangzhou was the capital of the Song Dynasty and was home to about 1 million people. Likewise, there were many workers and innovation soared. Many tools for the government, printing for books, and large amounts of coal were all some of the resources that Hangzhou produced.
  • Period: 1000 to 1100

    Seljuk Turkic Empire

    The Seljuk Turkic Empire is important to world history because it spread Islam to entirely new regions. Many Turks began converting to Islam after they entered Baghdad. Their rulers even abandoned the Turkic name for a ruler (kaghan) and started using the Islamic one (sultan). This eventually led to the Turks being a major sustainer of Islam.
  • Period: 1000 to

    Roman Catholic Church/Eastern Orthodox Church

    The Roman Catholic Church/ Eastern Orthodox Church are important to world history because they were two constantly competing churches. Both of these churches believed in Christianity, but they believed that Christianity should be practiced in different ways. The Roman Catholic Church believed that the Pope was the ultimate authority, while the Eastern Orthodox Church very sharply rejected the Roman Pope. Instead, their ruler of the church was the patriarch.
  • Period: 1000 to 1500

    American web

    The American web is important to world history because it shows how information and ideas got spread when there wasn’t much contact between regions. Many of the American civilizations were too far apart to reach each other. However,4 of the civilizations (Cahokia, Chaco canyon, Mesoamerica, and the Incas) showed clear connections between them. For example, Cahokia was found with items from all over America such as shells from the Atlantic and buffalo hides from the Great Plains.
  • Period: 1092 to 1200

    Crusades

    The Crusades are important to world history because they defined the hatred of the Roman Catholic church for the Muslims. The cursades were a series of wars faught between the Cathlolic church and the Muslims. The Roman Catholic Church beleived that these wars were undertaken as God’s command and were authorized by the Pope, Christ’s representative on Earth. The Crusaders were requiered to say a vow and were in retuned freed from any confessed sins.
  • Period: 1100 to 1400

    Trans-Saharan slave trade

    The Trans-Saharan slave trade is important to world history because slaves began to get traded and sold along the trans- Saharan trade route. In Mali early on, most slaves were women. However, as West African societies developed, men became slaves too. This began the development of the trans- Saharan slave trade. Around 5,500 slaves per year were take along the trade route and were sold to wealthy families in Islamic North Africa.
  • Period: 1100 to 1500

    Timbuktu

    Timbuktu is important to world history because intellectual ability was very important to their people. Timbuktu was known for its large number of Islamic scholars and teachers. Many Islamic books were brought to this state and they are sold for more money than any other product being sold in the area. Merchants became rich off of the items, especially books, that they sold.
  • Period: 1100 to 1199

    Angkor Wat

    The Angkor Wat is important to world history because it was a very large agricultural representation of Buddhism. The Angkor Wat was the largest religious structure in the world at its time. It expressed the Hindu understanding of the cosmos centered on mount Meru, the home of the gods. It was later used by Buddhists as well, with little sense of contradiction.
  • Period: 1162 to 1229

    Temujin (Chinggis Khan)

    Chinggus Khan is important to world history because he ruled and unified the Mongol Empire. Chinggus Khan did not have a very good beginning to his life. His father was murdered and his family dropped into one of the lowest social classes. However, this changed as he began a tribe, which became bigger and bigger until he ruled all of the Mongol Empire. His original name was Temujin, but when he became the ruler of the Mongol Empire it was changed to Chinggus Khan.
  • Period: 1200 to 1445

    Sand Roads

    The Sand Roads are important to world history because they allowed more trade from North and West Africa to the Mediterranean. The Sand Roads allowed for goods that were created in the Sahara desert and other parts of Africa to be traded for European goods in the Mediterranean. The agricultural regions of sub-Saharan Africa are divided into two parts: the savannah grasslands that produced grain crops, and the forest areas further south that produced root and tree crops.
  • Period: 1200 to

    Little Ice Age

    The little ice age is important to world history because the world got colder and impacted global life in many ways. The little ice age was a time of cold temperatures throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Scientists argue about what the cause of this might have been, but recently, they have linked it to the Great Dying in the Americas. The little ice age affected agriculture across the globe, as the cooling of the weather was not beneficial at all for growing crops.
  • Period: 1209 to 1259

    Mongol World War

    The Mongol World War is important to world history because it started the violence of the Mongol Empire. Attacks that lasted for half a century of military campaigns, massive killings, and empire-building were all some of the actions that the Mongols took. During this time, Chinggus Khan and his sons and grandsons after him established an empire that contained China, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Middle East, and parts of Eastern Europe.
  • Period: 1217 to 1257

    Hulegu

    Hulegu is important to world history because he was the first il-Khan of Persia. Hulegu slaughtered more people than had ever been slaughtered before in Persia. He even says himself that over 200,000 people were killed. Mongol rule in Persia put the Persians into some really unfortunate living situations, like forcing them to pay a high tax 20 or 30 times in a single year.
  • Period: 1235 to

    Mali

    Mali is important to world history because they ruled the trade of metals and other strategic goods. The patriarchy was clearly shown in Mali, as all rulers, merchants, and other public officers were always male. Women were seen as dangerous and they were not to be trusted. Traveler Ibn Battuta was shocked at the intimacy of the Mali men and women, while still showing devotion to Islam. Mansa Musa, known as the richest man to ever live, was from Mali. He went on a long adventure (important).
  • Period: 1240 to 1502

    Khanate of the Golden Horde

    The Khanate of the Golden Horde was the term that the Russians used for the Mongol conquering of Russia. The Mongols did not occupy Russia as they did to Persia and China. They did not put Mongol political leaders in Russia because they did not think that it had much to offer and they would only send in any military forces if necessary. However, the Mongols still heavily taxed Russia and turned tens of thousand of Russians into slavery. Keiv resisted the Mongols and therefore were destroyed.
  • Period: 1249 to 1499

    Sea Roads

  • Period: 1250 to 1350

    Great Zimbabwe

    The Great Zimbabwe is important to world history because they were connected to the growing trading of gold. Great Zimbabwe quickly became very wealthy and powerful in the trading world, and were able to obtain the labor and resources to create a huge wall that was 16 feet thick and 32 feet tall. These walls allowed great protection of the city, and allowed them to safely continue trading.
  • Period: 1250 to 1500

    Indian Ocean Commercial Network (European enterance)

    The Indian Ocean Commercial Network was a shock to the Europeans after they were so cut out from trading before the 15th century. Vasco de Gama was a Portuguese man who brought his successors to the Indian Ocean trading site. They soon realized that their European goods were not desired, but their ships and military were stronger than anyone else's there. They created bases along the Indian Ocean where they would conquer people and steal in-demand products. Their ships were called caravels.
  • Period: 1271 to 1294

    Khubilai Khan

    Khubilai Khan is important to world history because he inherited the Yuan Dynasty after the death of Chinggus Khan. While ruling China, he combined some of the previous Chinese culture with his own Mongol culture. For example, he ordered a set of Chinese style ancestral tables in order to honor his Mongol ancestors. He also brought back some of the Confucianist ideas as he improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, and brought back literary and artistic values.
  • Period: 1271 to 1368

    Yuan Dynasty (China)

    The Yuan Dynasty is important to world history because it was the Chinese empire that emerged after the Mongol empire had ruled China. During this time, the emperor, Khubilai Khan, brought back some of the original Chinese ideas. Even with those returning, his Mongol ruling style was still harsh. Marco Polo, a traveler, reported that some of the Chinese residents were treated just like slaves. The Mongols didn't convert to a Chinese religion or accept all aspects of pre-Mongol Chinese culture.
  • Period: 1300 to

    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire is important to world history because they brought long term political unity to the Islamic Middle east and North Africa. The Ottoman Empire expanded and conquered a huge amount of territory, along with acquiring military and political power. One of their goals was to unify all of the Islamic world.
  • Period: 1300 to 1400

    Aztec Empire

    The Aztec Empire is important to world history because they had unique traditions that were major parts of their culture. The Aztecs were known for their frequent human sacrifices to the gods. Their slaves were commonly the people used in these sacrifices. Many of the slaves that were sacrificed were captured in war.
  • Period: 1346 to 1353

    Black Death (plague)

    The Black Death is important to world history because it was a deadly disease that killed thousands of people. The plague was originally caused by a bacteria called Yersinia pestis that spread throughout the trade routes of the Mongol Empire. When someone caught this disease, they typically only lived a few more days before dying. Many people turned to religion at this time, while other decided to live freely since they were probably going to die anyways.
  • Period: 1350 to 1500

    Renaissance

    The Renaissance is important to world history because many people looked at the works of the past in order to inspire the future. Many Europeans looked at ancient Greek or Roman art for inspiration. During this time, art was super popular, and many European artists used old art to get ideas, however, the artists of this time really focused on making the human body as natural looking as possible.
  • Period: 1368 to

    Ming Dynasty

    The Ming Dynasty is important to world history because China became more like how it was before Mongol rule. During the Ming Dynasty, things like Confucianism and gender rules returned to a fuller extent to China. Emperor Yongle, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, sponsored a huge encyclopedia with ideas from over 2000 scholars. This encyclopedia was meant to summarize all of the known history and important teachings.
  • Period: 1380 to

    Devshirme

    Devshirme is important to world history because it was a process in which the Ottomans sent many Christain boys to work for the state. The Ottomans removed these boys from their families and forced them to learn Turkish. While being away from their own culture for so long, they typicaly converted to Islam. It was common for the boys that were taken to be trained for military services in elite Janissary units.
  • Period: 1400 to 1500

    Inca Empire

    The Inca Empire is important to world history because they gave their conquered people some choice in who they worshiped and what they did. The Inca Empire was a huge empire that went along almost the entire side of the Andes mountains. They had a system where about once a month every household would have to do work for the state. They also documented birth, death, and marriage information on the quipus, knotted cords that worked as an accounting device.
  • Period: 1400 to 1499

    Pochteca

    The Pochtecas are important to world history because they were mertchents that went to trade far away, sometimes outside their empires. These merchants were typically very wealthy and went on these expeditions mostly for their own entertainment, but sometimes for business or as an order from the state. Their wealth allowed them to become very highly-ranked in society.
  • Period: 1400 to

    Columbian Exchange

    The Columbian exchange is important to world history because many new crops and ideas spread to and from the Americas. The invasion of the Americas spread information and plants globally, leading to many new developments and new ideas. This made particularly Western Europeans rich, as they had the most contact with the Americas. It also led to Western Europe becoming more powerful, as before they had lacked in most technological areas.
  • Period: 1400 to 1500

    Hernan Cortes

    Aztec Empire Hernan Cortes is important to world history because he was the leader of the Spanish invasion of the Aztec Empire. When Hernan Cortes came into the Aztec empire, many of the Aztecs willingly joined his side. In the final attack on the Aztec Empire, Cortes had about 1000 Spanish soldiers and many times that amount of previous Aztecs. After that attack, tens of thousands of the Aztecs joined Cortes’ forces.
  • Period: 1400 to

    Yasak

    The yasak is important to world history because it was a form of tribute demanded by the Russians from their conquered people. This tribute was often paid in cash or some other kind of good. In Siberia, fur was a common item that was requested for tribute because of the Little Ice Age that was occurring. The Russians also put pressure on their conquered people to convert to Christianity. Tax breaks, exemptions from tribute, and promised land or cash were all bribes to get people to convert.
  • Period: 1400 to

    Russian Empire

    The Russian Empire is important to world history because it became the world's largest state. The Russian empire came to life, beginning in Moscow, after 2 centuries of Mongol rule. The Russians were mostly hunting, gathering, and herding people. They had conquered about 220,000 people and spoke over 100 languages during the 17th century. The Russians were known for trading the pelts of fur-bearing animals, which were high in demand, especially since the small ice age was going on.
  • Period: 1400 to

    "Silver drain"

    The Silver Drain is important to world history because silver got shipped from all over Europe to China. Loads of silver were found across the world, specifically Latin America, leading to a high demand for Silver and other precious metals. Many times silver was used to pay for the Chinese luxury goods that the Europeans desired. China also changed its tax system. Now, instead of paying random items for a tax, silver was collected.
  • Period: 1400 to

    Piece of Eight

    The Piece of Eight is important to world history because it was the Spanish silver coin that became the universal piece of money used by most main civilizations. This coin was fitting in society because Silver was very high in demand at that time. It circulated all over, but especially in China. A Portuguese merchant said, "Silver wanders throughout all the world... before flocking to China, where it remains as if at its natural center."
  • Period: 1405 to 1433

    Zheng He

    Zheng He is important to world history because he was the captain of the major voyages containing over 300 ships and about 27,000 people. The point of Zheng He’s adventures was to enroll more people into the Chinese tribune system, which was a system where they performed rituals in order to receive gifts, titles, and trading opportunities from the Chinese emperor, Yongle. However, these expeditions came to an abrupt stop in 1433, possibly because of the death of Emperor Yongle.
  • Period: 1450 to

    Hangul/Chu nom

    Hangul/Chu nom are important to world history because they were created to provide some independence from China. China was forcing the ideas of Confucianism on Vietnam and Korea. In return, both countries decided to create their own writing system to show their independence that was a combination of Chinese symbols and phonetic symbols. Korea created Hangul, a phonetic alphabet, and Vietnam created Chu nom, a “Southern script”.
  • Period: 1472 to 1529

    Wang Yangmin

    Wang Yangming is important to World History because he believed that people could achieve a spiritual life without some of the traditional Confucian parts. He believed that you didn't always need literature or education if you had inspection and contemplation. Some people thought that this was a good idea because it meant that anyone could participate in religious practices, while others thought that this would bring too much individualism to one person.
  • Period: 1473 to 1543

    Copernicus

    Copernicus is important to World History because he gave a new scientific perspective that many people disagreed with. Copernicus was the first to argue that the sun was in the center of the universe, instead of the earth. This idea began the Scientific revolution, as many scientists built on his ideas, and created their own.
  • Period: 1498 to 1547

    Mirabai

    Mirabai is important to World History because she was a famous poet during the Bhakti movement who broke the rules of the Caste System. The Bhakti Movement was when Hindus would choose one god to associate themselves with. She was a high caste woman who left her family in order to be with a lower class man. She would break social norms by doing things such as washing his feet and would climb the walls at night in order to see him.
  • Period: 1500 to

    Mestizos/Mulattoes

    Mestizos/Mulattoes are important to world history because they were the term for mixing of the races between the natives and the invaders. Mestizos were the product of a Spanish man and Indian women. Most of the time, the Mestizos were looked down upon because they were not created within “proper marriage”. The Mulattoes were the product of a European man with an African woman. They were also treated unfairly in society. Sadly, in many cases, these people were the result of sexual assault.
  • Period: 1500 to 1550

    The “Great Dying”

    The great dying is important to world history because about 90% of the Native American people died. When the Europeans entered the Americas, they brought with them many diseases such as small pox, measles, and malaria. The Americans, who had never been in contact with these diseases or any of the animals that spread them, had no immunity. This led to a horrific decline in population.
  • Period: 1500 to

    Mercantilism

    Mercantilism is important to world history because it was the economic theory on many of the European colonial strategies were based on. Mercantilism strongly supported the export of their own civilizations goods and the obtaining as many prestigious metals as possible. The colonies would provided a closed market, and if they were lucky, got very rich off of those precious metals like silver and gold.
  • Period: 1500 to

    "Soft gold"

    Soft Gold is important to world history because it was the name for the furs that were so high in demand at this time. Since Russia is an overall cold place that was especially cooler because of the Little Ice Age, furs were extremely high in demand to keep people warm. Here in Russia, the silver and fur trade crossed, making Russia wealthy. It was so demanded that a tax was imposed on all able-bodied men ages 18-50 that was paid in furs.
  • Period: 1500 to

    African diaspora

    The African Diaspora is important to world history because Africans got spread around the world. This began some of the ideas of racism that are still around today. The European societies that used slavery usually were enriched by the labor that they forced on the Africans. However, it also introduced some of African culture to the Americas. Some of the cultures that was spread was religious ideas, food, and some other traditions.
  • Period: 1500 to

    Trading Post Empire

    The Trading Post Empire is important to world history because the Portuguese aimed to control commerce rather than people or land. They tried to impose a pass, called the cartaz, and pay up to 6-10% of their cargo to pass through the area. They eventually began charging money to transport goods since nobody was interested in buying their products. However, many other European civilizations were not happy with the Portuguese dominance of trade and tried to overrule them.
  • Period: 1500 to

    Transatlantic Slave System

    The Transatlantic Slave System is important to world history because Africans were taken from their country and transported to the Americas to work as slaves. About 12.5 million people were taken, and about 1.8 million died in transit or in the process of being captured. These slaves were treated terribly along their journey, with beatings, imprisonment, separation from families, and more.
  • Period: 1501 to

    Safavid Empire

    The Safavid empire is important to world history because they forcibly made the Shia version of Islam the official ideology of the state. Over time, more and more people in Persia liked the idea of the Shia form of religion. However, the Safavid’s neighbor, the ottoman empire, took the Sunni form of Islam. This caused a lot of political and religious tensions. Even today, the Shia and Sunni forms of Islam are still hostile towards each other.
  • Period: 1516 to

    Benin/Dahomey

    Benin/Dahomey is important to world history because they reacted to the slave trade differently. Benin successfully avoided the slave trade, even passing laws that male slaves were not to be taken. Dahomey, however, began to depend on the slave trade to make more money. They did this because, like many other African states, they wanted gunpowder weapons to avoid being conquered by another group.
  • Period: 1517 to

    Protestant Reformation

    The Protestant Reformation is important to World History because it shattered the unity of the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther was the head of the Protestant Reformation. He created a document called the Ninety-Five Theses, in which he publicly stated his problems with the church. His disapproval of the Church led to some questioning about the religion, and the Pope's authority. This also led to people interpreting the scripture for themselves, rather than for the priests to do it for them.
  • Period: 1526 to

    Mughal Empire

    The Mughal Empire was a rare period of political unity in South Asia. Some of the people in this empire were Muslim, about 20%, and the rest were Hindus. Mughal India also induced their famous emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb. These two people ruled the empire very different, causing a lot of controversy. Akbar was known for being very tolerant and he made sure to respect Hindus even though he was a Muslim. Aurangzeb was the opposite and tried to create an Islamic supremacy.
  • Period: 1545 to

    Catholic Counter-Reformation

    The Catholic Counter-Reformation is important to World History because the Catholics changed some practices following the Protestant Reformation. One thing that they changed was the authority of the Pope. Now, the Pope is carefully watched by his bishops in order to make sure that he doesn't do anything unholy or obtain too much power. They also thought that your personal relationship with Jesus was very important, leading many priests to commit to the church's renewal.
  • Period: 1545 to

    Potosí

    The Potosí is important to world history because it held the world's largest silver mine. Potosí was a city in Bolivia that was widely known for its access to silver. It was Latin America's largest city, with people pouring in with the desire to obtain silver. Many slaves were forced to work in the mines, producing even more silver that would make Bolivia wealthy. It also offered opportunities for women, as they opened some small businesses that earned their families a little bit of money.
  • Period: 1549 to

    Jesuits in China

    The Jesuits in China tried to spread Christianity by converting the elites. One way that they did this was by trying to blend in with Chinese society. They learned Chinese, wore Chinese clothing, and learned more about Confucianism. They did this because they didn't want it to be obvious that their main goal was to convert them, instead, it made it look like they were trying to exchange cultures and traditions. They tried to exemplify the similarities between Christianity and Confucianism.
  • Period: 1556 to

    Akbar/Aurangzeb

    Akbar/Aurangzeb were 2 emperors of the Mughal Empire. Akbar was a Muslim ruler, however went to great efforts to include the Hindu majority. He also was very tolerant of all religions and included them in his intellectual works. He even loosened some of the Hindu laws on women, one being that they couldn’t remerry after being widowed. Aurangzeb, who ruled after Akbar, was not tolerant of religions at all. He even went to great lengths to try and make an Islamic supremacy over the Empire.
  • Period: 1560 to 1569

    Taki Onqoy

    The Taki Onqoy is important to World History because traveling dancers and teachers brought new ideas to the Andes. These dancers and teachers spread the information that they thought an "alliance of Andean deities" would overtake the Christian God. They thought that these deities would give the Europeans the same diseases that they brought to the native people, and restore their culture.
  • Period: 1571 to

    Manila

    Manila is important to world history because it was the capital of the colonial Philippines. Manila became a popular and flourishing city had had a population of over 40,000. About half of that population was Chinese. The Chinese became an essential part of the Spanish colony, however, they intimidated the Spanish with their economic importance and refusal to convert. Eventually, the Spanish killed about 20,000 people, almost the entire Chinese population.
  • Period: to

    Qing expansion

    The Qing expansion was when the Qing Dynasty undertook an 80-year military mission in order to bring huge regions under their control. Even though the Mongols had gotten rid of traces of Confucianism, it was brought back along with the bureaucratic techniques that were used to rule China centuries before. There was tension at first between the rising Russian empire and China, but this was eventually resolved with the “treaty of Nerchinsk”, which marked the boundary between Russia and Japan.
  • Period: to

    Peninsulares/Creoles

    Peninsulares/Creoles are important to world history because they define the types of Spanish people during their conquest of the Americas. The Creoles were the people who were born in America, and the Peninsulares were the people born in Spain. The Creoles did not like the idea of the Peninsulares being superior. The Peninsulares felt threatened by the people in the Americas who were practicing less prestigious jobs.
  • Period: to

    Kaozheng

    Kaozheng is important to World History because it was a Chinese movement about research based on evidence. This emphasized the importance of literature in Chinese culture. It was also recognized for the recovery and analysis by the Chinese of ancient works, which sometimes led to critiquing Neo-Confucianism. It applied more to the study of the past than the natural world at that time.
  • Period: to

    Banda Islands

    The Banda Islands are important to world history because they grew a lot of spices that were in demand. One spice that the Banda Islands were particularly known for was Nutmeg. The Dutch East India companies created a monopoly over the spices in the Banda Islands, forcing them to only sell their goods to the Dutch. When they refused, the Dutch killed or enslaved almost the empire's population of 15,000 people and then replaced them with Dutch planters and slave labor.
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    British/Dutch East India companies

    The Dutch monopolized the trade of spices from the small islands that grew them, so that they could only sell their crops to the Dutch. If they refused, the Dutch would burn all the crops, so the civilization had no income from trade. The British developed 3 trading ports in India. One on the West Coast, Bombay, and two on the East Coast, Calcutta and Madras. They bribed and paid the Mughal Empire, who ruled over India then. Both of them began to carry bulk goods rather than just luxury goods.
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    Maroon Societies/Palmares

    The Maroon Societies/Plameres are important to world history because slaves who escaped captivity usually went to these locations. Plameres is an example of a Marron society that some of the slaves went to. It was located in Brazil and contained at least 10,000 people. Most of the people were Africans, but some others were Native Americans or mestizos.
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    Tokugawa Japan

    Tokugawa Japan is important to APWH because it created 2 centuries of internal peace within the country. Daimyo, rival feudal lords, each ruled over a part of the country for themselves, but they also had a house in the Capital of Japan. This was so that they did not fight and cause a war. It worked, but it did not unify the country. It was like each Daimyo ruled over their own state but was not connected to the others.
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    Settler Colonies

    The settler colonies are important to world history because they were colonies that primarily housed the European settlers. In these colonies, it was extremely rare to find someone of the Native lands. Many of the people there were small independent farmers that farmed their own land. That being said, there wasn’t the need for slaves even though many of the native people were forced into slavery in other areas.
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    Newton

    Newton is important to World History because he formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics. He understood that the events of things on earth followed the same gravitational elements as the orbiting planets. His discovery led people to understand that the movement of anything had science behind it.
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    General Crisis

    The general crisis was when many regions reached a near record of cold because of the Little Ice Age. The drop in temperature slowed crop production and caused stress that even led to war and sickness in some civilizations. This crisis led to the fall of the Ming Dynasty, uprisings and reduced harvests in Europe, and even the southern hemisphere reached colder temperatures and more rainfall. Even the Americas were impacted by this, as the Aztecs had an increase in mosquitos that spread viruses.
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    European Enlightenment

    European Enlightenment is important to World History because many new scientific discoveries were made. Two of the enlightenment thinkers were Copernicus and Newton. They both made new discoveries about the world that changed many people's perspectives. The enlightenment thought process was influenced by the spreading global awareness. The central idea of enlightenment was the idea of progress.
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    Voltaire

    Voltaire is important to World History because he did not like how traditional religions worked. Voltaire was a deist, like many other Enlightenment thinkers. They believed that a deity had created the world rather than a personal God. He talks about how if there are so many people on earth, why would God only like one tiny group of them? He challenged the way that many people thought religion worked with that statement and changed the minds of many.
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    Steam Engine

    The Steam Engine is important to world history because it was the great breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine powered the factories that were creating all the mass-produced goods. Without the steam engine, the industrial revolution would not be possible. The Steam Engine was especially important to Britain because it allowed them to begin the Industrial revolution and obtain the money and power that they otherwise would not have been able to achieve.
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    Wahhabi Islam

    Wahhabi Islam is important to World History because it changed the lives of the women. While Wahhabi Islam was previously known for its sharp restrictions on Women, al-Wahhab, an Islamic Scholar, advocated for the rights of women. He argued that they should not have to fully cover head-to-toe, participate in commerce, to be able to get a divorce, and even allow the mixing of unrelated men and women for medical and business purposes.
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    British Textile Industry

    The British textile industry is important to world history because a lot of fabric was produced. In 1850, Britain consumed a height of 68.4 million tons of cotton in the 1800's. The textiles that were created were mass-produced, which was important to Britain because they were able to sell all of the goods that they made very quickly, giving them more exports than imports. This led to other countries creating their own mass-produced goods to keep up with the competition.
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    Toussaint Louverture

    Toussaint Louverture is important to world history because he led the Haitian revolution. The slaves in Haiti were fighting back against their white slave owners because they wanted to have equal rights in society. He was a former slave himself and led many enslaved people to fight back and win their rights. This was the only successful slave rebellion ever. He even led them to defeat Napoleon's attempt to regain control.
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    Caudillo

    The Caudillos are important to world history because they violently fought over political issues. In Latin America, the Caudillos were people who took control, often using violence. These military strongmen would take over if there was instability in the area, making themselves government officials. Often, the Caudillos became a dictator in the area, which upset the original people in many cases.
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    Dependent Development

    Dependent development was what happened to Latin America instead of an industrial revolution like many other countries. Their economic growth was highly dependent on European and American decisions. This gave Europe and America lots of power over the smaller countries. Larger countries would invest in goods or businesses created by Latin American people, making rich people who owned the plantations a lot of money. The poor people making the goods did not see the money they made for the rich.
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    Robespierre

    Robespierre is important to world history because he led the French Revolution during "the terror." This period was called the terror because so many people lost their lives because they resisted the revolution and Robespierre's rule. He was known for using a device called the "guillotine," which was supposedly a fast, pain-free way to kill people. Eventually, he was arrested and put into the device that he was known for attempting to lead France into a dictatorship.
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    Laboring classes

    The laboring classes suffered the most from the Industrial Revolution. The laboring classes consisted of many manual jobs, such as miners, construction workers, or factory workers. Around 70% of the population fit into this category. The new need for factory workers pushed many poor people into working there. They had harsh working conditions and even child labor which made working there unpleasant. These jobs had insane hours and very low pay for the hard work that the workers put into it.
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    Napoleon Bonaparte

    Napoleon Bonaparte took over power during the French Revolution. He spread a lot of France's power over conquest. He believed in equal rights, the right to a trial, religious freedom, and promotion by merit. He spread his beliefs to other nearby civilizations. Many countries accepted his beliefs and even expanded them, but some, like Russia and Britain, resisted his ideas which led to the end of the empire and French Revolution. However, some of its ideas continued to spread even after its fall.
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    Tupac Amaru

    Tupac Amaru is important to world history because he led a rebellion of Native Americans in Peru. He claimed that he was a direct ancestor of the last Incan emperor. He reminded the whites that they were at the top of the social pyramid and that the people below them were treated much worse and suffered a lot more than they experienced. He did this mainly to the people who had oppressed people of color in the past. He led a rebellion because of this.
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    Commissioner Lin Zexu

    Commissioner Lin Zexu is important to APWH because he led the campaign against opium use. The British were very unhappy with this decision because selling opium to the Chinese got them a lot of money. The attempted banning of opium led to the opium wars, which eventually hurt China in many ways including economic and political.
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    Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

    The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen is important to world history because they made it clear about the rights that the French people wanted to have. This document stated that "Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights." It specifically did not say women because this document did not advocate for women's rights at all, which blatantly shows the patriarchy in French society. This document also became the preamble of the French constitution.
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    Haitian Revolution

    The Haitian Revolution 1791was the only successful slave rebellion ever. It was led by Toussaint Louverture, a former slave. This revolution was a series of uprisings among the slaves against their owners that began partially because of the influence of the French Revolution. Many slave owners were killed during this event. It allowed enslaved people to become equal to all other people in society. It also allowed for the first-ever person of color to be a government official.
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    Vindication of the Rights of Women

    The Vindication of the Rights of Women is important to world history because it was one of the earliest expressions of Feminism. It was written by Mary Wollstonecraft who had many newer ideas about gender rules. She argued that the education system at that time forced women to be incapable of succeeding like a man could. It was sparked by the French Revolution. During this time many women started to speak up about how they were being treated unfairly.
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    French Revolution

    The French Revolution is important to world history because it was an attempt to resist the monarchy. This revolution was driven by the conflicts within French society, such as unfair taxing by the government. At this time, France was very poor, and they made their poorest people pay most of the taxes, which made many people very unhappy. People became so poor that many could not even afford to eat.
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    Nationalism

    Nationalism is when the people of a region feel proud of their nation and are loyal to it. The rise of nationalism helped Latin America during its revolutions because they realized that if they put their differences aside and all fought together against the Spanish, then they could earn their country its freedom from European rule. During the American revolution, the Americans experienced nationalism because they fought to make their own country and rights and they were proud and loyal to it.
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    Latin American Revolutions

    The Latin American Revolutions was when the people of Latin America held a series of revolutions to break free from the European role. Many European countries began to conquer the Americas for more power or resources. This was unfair to the Natives because their land was being taken. One example of a revolution in Latin America was the Haitian Revolution. This was when Haiti revolted against France because France declared all men were created with equal rights and they wanted those rights too.
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    Maternal Feminism

    Maternal Feminism is important to world history because it was an early form of feminism. This argued that a woman was given her rights because she was taking care of a child. It allowed women to participate in social and political life outside of her household. This was occurring while there were a lot of arguments about women's rights and feminism. Other forms of feminism were found elsewhere, however maternal feminism was mostly popular in France.
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    Ideology of Domesticity

    The Ideology of Domesticity is important to world history because it defined the desirable factors of a woman in European society. From a man's perspective, the ideal woman was someone who would stay at home and take care of the children, cook, clean, while overall listening to the man and following his instructions. This was not an ideal way for a woman to live, but they didn't get much choice. This is part of why women began to speak out against the patriarchy and attempt to make things fair.
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    Middle Class Society/Lower-Middle Class Society

    Middle class/lower middle class society is important to world history because they were two classes that held much of the British population. Many women in middle class societies were housewives, while in the lower middle class women had more opportunities to work. Many of them worked as clerks or front-desk people if they were offered a position in order to bring in more money to the family. Neither of these classes were considered in poverty, but they weren't considered rich either.
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    “The Sick Man of Europe”

    “The Sick Man of Europe” is important to APWH because the power of the Ottoman Empire decreased. For centuries, the Ottoman Empire had been a very powerful empire that had lots of economic and political strength. The Ottoman Empire was now known as “The Sick Man of Europe” by the Western people because it could no longer compete with Europe.
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    Social Darwinism

    Social Darwinism is important to APWH because it translated scientific ideas into racism. Europeans used Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution and how only the superior traits survived to try and prove that people of color were less capable. It suggested that because Europeans had more power, the rest of the races were not as important and therefor did not have the qualities of someone who could have equal rights or be in charge.
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    Scientific Racism

    Scientific Racism was when Europeans made new (fake) data proving that all other races were inferior and tried to justify racism using science. They even tried to use the scientific method to prove that the skulls of a white person were bigger, showing that they were more advanced. Some biologists ranked humans like varieties of plants, with white people being on the top and people of color being on the bottom. These ideas tricked many people, but were clearly untrue.
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    Cultivation System

    The Cultivation System is important to APWH because it was a system of forced labor. The people of the Netherlands East Indies (modern-day Indonesia which was a Dutch-owned property at the time) were forced to cultivate at least 20% of their land in cash crops to the state. They were sold to government contractors at low prices, and the government contractors sold the products for much more money bringing in a larger profit.
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    African Identity

    African Identity is important to APWH because the people of Africa renewed their self-confidence. After European colonization, the people of Africa were unified by the common experience of being colonized. They created an identity of their people that was attempted to be like that of the Western culture. It defines not only the person but also the community of the African people.
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    Civilizing Mission

    The Civilizing Mission is important to APWH because Europeans forced Christianity on other cultures. They justified this because they said that the superior race should have the right to decide what is best for society. They basically hid all of the culture of the people around them and forced them into a modern European way of life.
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    Informal Empire

    The Informal Empires are important to APWH because places that were originally ruled by Western powers were given their own government. This was when many of the “middle powers” became dependent on Europe. Many of them stopped paying tribute to China because they were no longer a very powerful, rich country but a country that blended in with all of the other ones and did not hold tons of power like it used to.
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    Communication Revolution

    The Communication Revolution is important to APWH because people were now able to communicate from extremely far distances. Cell phones, computers, and radios. Radios have spread most widely, with over 75% of households holding a radio in 2012. With the internet, over half of the world's population was connected by 2017 because of social media and web browsers.
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    Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion

    The Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion is important to world history because it was a move towards independence in Mexico. This rebellion was led by two priests, Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos. It was started because of the desire for land and because of the high food prices. These rebellions argued against the Peninsulas, who many people at this time thought sided with the Spanish. Hidalgo was captured by the Spanish, so Morelos continued spreading their ideas and fighting for Mexico's independence.
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    Karl Marx

    Karl Marx is important to world history because he had many strong opinions against industrialization. Karl Marx was a German man who spent most of his life in England. He saw the British Industrial Revolution firsthand and concluded that this way of life would eventually lead to the workers rebelling and overthrowing the system. Marx was against the capitalist system and thought communism was the right form of government. He inspired socialist revolutions all over the world.
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    Abolitionist Movement

    The Abolitionist Movement is important to world history because it pressured governments into ending slavery. In Britain, there were many protests against slavery such as boycotting sugar farming or sending petitions to parliament. Once Britain ended slavery, many other countries began to follow. This also led to Britain intercepting illegal slave ships and releasing their people.
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    Great Jamaica Revolt

    The Great Jamaica Revolt is important to world history because many slaves attacked the Jamaican plantations. Over 60,000 slaves attacked hundreds of plantations. Even though it was technically unsuccessful, it helped lead Britain to abolish slavery. These revolts led the people of Britain to think about how slavery was morally wrong and unnecessary.
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    Edward Blyden

    Edward Blyden is important to APWH because he had an alternative approach towards African Identity. He accepted that each race was different but argued that each group had its own importance and contribution to society. He said that the African people and the European people lived in very different conditions, but they both benefited society in different ways.
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    Tanzimat

    Tanzimat was the term used to describe the reform measures that were taken by the people of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire was no longer able to keep up with European countries. Many new changes were made, including many new factories, new transportation services, new law sources, and new education centers were all examples of new additions to the Ottoman Empire while they tried to keep up with Europe. One of the biggest changes was that Non-Muslims were given equal rights.
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    Opium Wars

    Britain tried to sell Opium in China because it brought them a lot of income, but China banned it because it was bad for their people. The British got mad and declared war on China to try and sell it again. The first opium war began when China caught Britain trying to sneak opium into the country. This led to the “unequal treaties” which diminished China’s independence. When Britain won the second opium war, anyone was allowed to come into China to trade or spread ideas like Christianity.
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    Unequal treaties

    The Unequal Treaties are important to APWH because they were a series of treaties that were not fair between the British and Chinese. The treaties began because of the Opium Wars, wars that were fought between China and Britain about the use and selling of Opium in China. Britain won the first war, so treaties were made that allowed trading ports for Europeans in China, which China did not agree with. These treaties stripped much of China’s independence from other European countries.
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    Latin America Export Boom

    The Latin America Export Boom was when the amount of goods that were sold abroad increased by a factor of 10. Latin America needed to export more goods to keep up economically. Some of the goods that were sold from Latin America included copper from Chile, Tin from Bolivia, bird droppings from Peru, and even some crops that thrived in the Latin American regions. The exports often went to Europe or America for those countries to sell because of dependent development.
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    Cash-Crop Production

    Cash crop production is important to APWH because small farmers benefited. Cash crops are the crops that were grown by farmers and sold for money instead of the farmers using them for themselves. This led to their benefit because they were now able to own land, build good houses, and buy imported goods. This system was used all over the world once it became well-known.
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    Young Ottomans

    The Young Ottomans are important to APWH because they were lower-level officials who thought that a reform in the Ottoman Empire was important. They liked the European idea that there should be a group of people who could veto the ideas of the Sultan if needed. They thought that this was the only way to be able to compete against Europe. They also thought that using European technological and scientific knowledge would further boost their power and status.
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    Taiping Uprising

    The Taiping Uprising was a large peasant rebellion that overtook the Qing Dynasty for a short period. The leaders were mostly Christian and rejected most of the other religious ideas flowing around China. Its leading figure was Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the brother of Jesus who was sent to “cleanse the world of demons and establish a ‘heavenly kingdom of great peace.’” The revolutions leaders wanted to industrialize China more than before, but not entirely disregarding old traditions.
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    Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858

    The Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 was when the Europeans had added fat from cows and pigs into India. They found this a threat because the people of Hinduism do not like cows and the people of Islam do not like pigs and they both think that the animal is unholy. They thought the Europeans were trying to convert them to Christianity and other Western beliefs. Many people who felt victimized by the Europeans joined to rebel against them. It was a widespread rebellion, but overall unsuccessful.
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    Self-strengthening

    Self-strengthening is important to APWH because China’s officials tried to re-unify the country. This was when China began to take some of the European ideas, while still keeping most of the traditional Chinese traditions. It was small steps to industrialize, but never the full act. It happened mostly because the leaders of the country were trying not to let the other industrialized states get ahead too much and leave China behind.
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    Swami Vivekananda

    Swami Vivekananda is important to APWH because he was one of the century's most religious figures. He revived Hinduism, striving to separate the Hindu East from the Christian West. Hinduism was revived in "an effort to provide for India a religion wholly equivalent to Christianity." He helped bring Hinduism back into India, and it has stayed there ever since. He is seen as a very important person in the Hindu religion.
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    Meiji Restoration

    The Meiji Restoration is important to APWH because it was how the Japanese tried to restore Japan. They decided that they should restore power to their young emperor, Meiji, which means Enlightened rule. They thought that he was closely linked to a train of descendants that the Japanese led to a sun goddess. They thought that by using the knowledge of the West, they would improve and restore Japan.
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    Mohandas Gandhi

    Mohandas Gandhi is important to APWH because he led the Indian National Congress, which freed India from Britain. He rejected a lot of the new modern technologies and sciences, but he was very inclusive and wanted equal rights for all his people, regardless of religion or gender. However, the Muslims in India were still worried about losing their rights since they were the minority, so India was freed from Britain but also split into another country, Muslim Pakistan.
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    Young Turks

    The Young Turks are important to APWH because they advocated for a full change to make the Ottoman Empire more like the Western civilizations. The Young Turks were mostly wealthy Ottomans who wanted to fully transition to a European lifestyle, leaving behind old traditions and many Islamic ideas. This was beneficial for women, as they made new laws that allowed them to go to school and got rid of such strict clothing standards.
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    Lenin

    Lenin is important to APWH because he led the communist power in Russia. Lenin was inspired by the socialist ideas of Karl Marx, but he believed that the change to communism would be more violent and more secretive. He actually disagreed with almost everything that Karl Marx said, except for the end goal of socialism. His party's main message was to end the war, give land to the peasants, and let workers have more control over the factories. He won communism for Russia, turning it into the USSR.
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    Scramble for Africa

    During the Scramble for Africa, Europeans split up parts of Africa between themselves. They eventually partitioned the entire continent into different European powers. The European leaders were surprised about the competitiveness to get power over these territories, and how quickly they were able to do so. They conquered huge territories that they knew very little about. They often used violence against the people because they thought that anyone of another race was not as important as they were
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    Sultan Abd al-Hamid II

    Sultan Abd al-Hamid II was important to APWH because he accepted some of the ideas of the Young Ottomans. He accepted a constitution and elected a parliament after hearing their requests for reform. However, this did not last very long as when they were at war with Russia he suspended the reforms and transitioned back into an older, more traditional Ottoman style of ruling.
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    Stalin

    Stalin is important to APWH because he led the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union (or USSR) took over Russia when the Bolsheviks won the war, officially making it a communist party. He tried to modernize and industrialize the USSR to achieve some of the communist values of selflessness and collectivism.
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    Boxer Uprising

    The Boxer Uprising is important to APWH because many Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed. The Boxer uprising was after the failed “self-strengthening” in China after they were defeated by the Japanese military. The “boxers” killed many Europeans and Chinese Christians to try and defeat the government. Western powers and Japan came to Beijing and crushed the rebellion, making China pay a large punishment.
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    Progressives

    Progressives are important to world history because they pushed for many reform in the US. They protested to let people know they had some ideas that they thought would improve everyday life. Some of their ideas were waging and hours legislation, better sanitation, antitrust laws, and greater government intervention in the economy. This was one of the more successful of the political uprisings.
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    Labour Party

    The Labor Party is important to world history because it advocated for a peaceful democratic transition to socialism. It became a very large group of people who wanted a change to the workplace and its harsh conditions. The Labor Party was also sometimes known as a "social democracy." it became a political party that had a very large following in Europe, advocating for worker's rights and an end to the capitalist system.
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    Congo Free State

    In the Congo Free State, the villagers were often forced to collect rubber since bicycles were a popular item at the time and rubber was a very desired product. Rubber was also used in the factories, which made it even more desirable. The Government sometimes permitted those private companies to force the people to collect the rubber. Violence was often used against these people, and they often were injured or killed because collecting rubber was a very dangerous job.
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    Ho Chi Minh

    Ho Chi Minh is important to APWH because he led the communist movement in Vietnam. He had very socialist ideas and was filled with Vietnamese nationalism, which made him the perfect leader to run this movement. He fought off foreign inhalers and then established a communist colony, eventually throughout the whole country. His ideas in Vietnam spread to surrounding countries, where communism later also took place.
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    Mao Zedong

    Mao Zedong is important to APWH because he led the Chinese Revolution of 1949. After China had been ruled by the Guomindang, Mao Zedong led the rebellion to bring communism to China. He fought Japan and won, which was a very surprising victory since Japan had recently become very powerful. This win awarded Mao Zedong rule over China, the most populated country.
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    Socialism in the United States

    Socialism in the United States is important to world history because it was a small political movement. Socialism in the United States did not have the same popularity that it did in Europe. While in Europe it was a large political movement, in the US it was quite small. In the 1912 presidential election, one socialist candidate got 6% of the vote, which about as far as socialism spread. The idea of socialism just wasn't appealing to the Americans, especially the ideas from Marx.
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    Africanization of Christianity

    Africanization of Christianity is important to APWH because Africans incorporated their old traditions into modern Christianity. Some people kept believing in their old gods, but they thought that they were instead evil and that they wanted to ruin them. Many people established their churches that were owned by Africans rather than missionaries. This way they were able to keep some of their old culture while still adjusting to the Western traditions.
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    Idea of "Tribe"

    The Idea of "Tribe" is important to APWH because Africans defined themselves into distinct "tribes." These tribes consisted of people who shared many of the same beliefs and spoke the same language. This was not originally the case, but when the Europeans colonized, they were split up more. They later had to put what "tribe" they were in on job applications and other important information.
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    Collectivization of agriculture

    The Collectivization of agriculture is important to APWH because they forced peasants into large-scale collective farms. They did this because it would be easier to use the modern farming machines, however, many people did not want to leave their old family farms. Some of the people who worked on these collective farms were either killed or died of starvation or poor nutrition.
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    Fascism

    Fascism is important to APWH because it was a political ideology that strived to revitalize the nation. Often, they believed that violence should be used against the enemy. This ideology was used in Germany during WWII when the Nazi party gained a lot of popularity and believed in severe hatred of Jewish people. This was supposed to be a contrast to communism, but they had more in common than its leaders would like to admit.
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    Age of Fossil Fuels

    The Age of Fossil Fuels was when the use of oil and coal for energy skyrocketed. During the 20th century coal production went up by 700%. Oil was a source of energy in the second half of that century. Now, around 2000 types of fossil fuels are the source of 80% of the world's energy. It also provides an oil-driven engine, which most of the transportation devices today need to work. Fossil Fuels also lead to climate change, when the earth gets warmer because of pollution in our atmosphere.
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    Labor migration

    The Labor migration was when people had to move to find a job. Many people moved from their poorer countries to the bigger, more successful ones to try and get a better life. This often meant that they had to find work in these countries, which was typically very challenging but necessary to escape the poverty in their own countries. It consisted of dangerous traveling, much of which was illegal. The immigrants had to adapt to some of the country's cultural and social norms to fit in there
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    Green Revolution

    The Green Revolution is important to APWH because new technologies were created that allowed the world to have exponential population growth. The world population has quadrupled since 1900 because of the ability to make enough food for more children. By 2014, only 8 people died for every 1000 born per year. The use of tractors and other machines made farming much easier and more efficient. Fertilizers made the food grow quicker, allowing for more food to be produced in less time.
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    Religious fundamentalism

    Religious fundamentalism is important to APWH because it is the idea that different religions can not work and live together in the same area. This began when some US Christians were mad about some of the modern developments of the country. They thought that they should remain the "superior" religion in the area. They also felt threatened by Darwin's ideas about revolution and modern science.
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    Russian Revolution of 1905

    The Russian Revolution made many important changes to Russian society and was the first-ever successful socialist revolution. It allowed a constitution, legalized trade unions and political parties, and began the election of the national assembly. It also led to an increase in industrialization, which led to about 40% of the industrial workforce going on strike. Lenin, who had some political power, led the revolution and shared his socialist ideas. Many of his ideas went against Marxism.
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    Russo-Japanese War

    The Russo-Japanese War is important to APWH because it was when Japan became the first Asian state to defeat a powerful European country. The war started because Japan and Russia were fighting over power in Korea and Manchuria. The war lasted 10 years with Japan coming out as the winner. They gained control over those countries and obtained a larger influence on other places around the world.
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    Deng Xiaoping

    Deng Xiaoping is important to APWH because he led China after Mao Zedong died. He got rid of collectivized agriculture, which means that people got moved from working on one big farm to owning them separately again. He encouraged private businesses, which was something that Mao disagreed with. He also opened China up to the world economy and encouraged foreign trade again.
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    Muslim League

    The Muslim League is important to APWH because it created Pakistan. Its leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that Muslims should have a separate form of politics. He called this Pakistan, which means the land of the pure. He was scared that the Muslims would lose their voice in the Hindi-dominated India. He thought that the Muslims and Hindus should have a completely different society. When India was freed from Britain, Muslim Pakistan separated from India.
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    Mexican Revolution

    During the Mexican Revolution, Many of the people in Mexico put aside their social classes and worked together to make a change. The middle-class reformers worked with the peasants and workers to overthrow Porfirio Diaz, the dictator. 1 million (10% of the population)lives were lost in this revolution. Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata were key to the success of the revolution, leading political movements that inspired others to join the fight against the dictator.
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    Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912

    The Chinese Revolution of 1911-1912 is important to APWH because many old Chinese traditions came to an end. During the Chinese Revolution, the old examination system and the national parliament were taken away in China. 1911 ended the Qing Dynasty, meaning it was the last year of imperial ruling. This was a big change because it was the first time in centuries that China did not have an Emperor, and there was some conflicts about who should take over.
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    Total war

    The Total War was when the entire population had to help in some way with a war. During WWI, many citizens felt very nationalist and would do anything to make sure the country won the war. The propaganda tried to enrage citizens by making up facts, making them want to win even more. Because so many men signed up for the war, women were left to work in the factories. The government also drafted citizens to fight in the wars if they needed more people, mostly young adult males.
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    Russian Revolution

    The Russian Revolution gave communists power in Russia. Lenin, the leader of the revolution, agreed with Marx that they wanted communism, but he wanted to achieve it differently. This revolution ended the Romanov dynasty which had ruled Russia for over three centuries. They used violence to achieve the goal of the revolution. This led to Russia turning into the USSR and becoming "communist". They could not completely achieve communism because they had a government.
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    Treaty of Versailles

    The Treaty of Versailles is important to APWH because it officially ended World War I. This treaty made Germany lose its colonial empire and 15% of its European territory. Germany had to pay the winning countries and had its military under supervision. However, this also particularly led to WWII because Adolf Hitler decided that he wanted revenge, leading to a Second World War. It began when Germany invaded Poland, which was definitely against their treaty.
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    Nazi Party

    The Nazi Party is important to APWH because they committed fascist actions against Jewish people. Hitler was in control of the Nazi party. Once he achieved political power, he made sure that Nazis were in control over Germany. This ended other political parties, anyone who objected was arrested, and they gained control over the publicity about what was happening.
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    Great Depression

    The Great Depression is important to APWH because it suggested that European capitalism was failing. It began because of the stock market crash in the US. The world began to struggle economically. Many people became unemployed and money was a struggle for the majority of the world. They were producing much more products than what could be sold, so there was much less need for trade or natural resources that they collected from other countries.
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    Revolutionary Right

    The Revolutionary Right is important to APWH because it was an extreme form of Nationalism in Japan. This was prominent in the younger generations, who noticed the drop in exports as the Great Depression hit Japan. This made many people want to go back to the "traditional" Japanese way. This was a movement that was extremely loyal to the emperor and was enthusiastic about foreign trade, which is why they were scared when they noticed the drop in exports.
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    Mikhail Gorbachev

    Mikhail Gorbachev is important to APWH because he tried to fix all of the country's problems. He created the perestroika, when permitted small-scale private businesses, and allowed for projects that were not so strictly state-mandated. He also ended the Cold War, as he made budget cuts to the military and made agreements with the US. Overall, he reversed many of Stalin's aggressive communist rules.
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    Holocaust

    The Holocaust is important to APWH because it was a devastating mass genocide against Jews. The Nazis did not like Jewish people and ended up sending millions to concentration camps with around 6 million of them dying. This led to Jewish people desperately fleeing Europe, many of whom went to Israel. This upset the Muslims in the area because both religions saw Israel as the "Holy Land."
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    Informal Economy

    The government did not control economic activities. This was important because many people who were not wealthy were not taxed under this economy. Oftentimes, immigrants were the people who participated in the informal economy. In the US, there was an estimated 2 billion dollars worth of unreported income in 2012, showing how prominent this is. More than 60% of the middle-class people in Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and Mexico are a part of the informal economy, many of them owning small businesses.
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    Bretton Woods System

    The Bretton Woods System is important to APWH because it deals with major financial dealings within the largest capitalist countries. The Bretton Woods system advocated for relatively free trade, relating currency to the US dollar, and high levels of capital investment. This helped globalize the economy because it allowed free trade, so products could be bought all over the world without being taxed, making the products less expensive.
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    Cold War

    The Cold War is important to APWH because it was a tension between the USSR and the US after the World Wars. These countries were now the most powerful militarily, but they had very different views. There were attempts at keeping the peace, such as the creation of NATO and the Warsaw Project, both of which were alliances intended to keep the countries from fighting and causing another war.
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    Indian National Congress

    The Indian National Congress is important to APWH because it freed India from British rule. Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the movement, rejected much of industrialized society but was very inclusive. However, there was tension between the Muslim population and the Hindus, where the Muslims were worried about their voices being suppressed since they were the minority. This led to freedom from Britain, but also 2 new countries, India and Pakistan.
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    Isaeli-Palestinian Conflict

    The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is important to APWH because its problems have affected the whole world. Both countries have been at war with each other for decades because they both think that the land of Israel is the "holy land." They have brought countries such as Syria, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, US, and Russia have all been drawn into this war.
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    Marshall Plan

    The Marshall Plan is important to APWH because it helped Europe recover after the World Wars. They spent around 12 billion dollars (for their time, now would be around 121 billion) in Europe for an attempted recovery. This rapidly improved Western civilizations, with their economics, population, and living conditions getting much better.
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    Chinese Revolution of 1949

    The Chinese Revolution of 1949 is important to APWH because it made China a communist state. After the Chinese imperial system collapsed in 1911, China first took a nationalist point of view politically. This party was called the Guomindang. The revolution's leader, Mao Zedong, unexpectedly beat the Guomindang, winning communism for China.
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    North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

    NATO is important to APWH because it helped defend the US and other countries from the USSR. This brought the US and other Western European countries together as an alliance. The alliance kept them safe from the USSR, as it showed that if they messed with any of the countries, they would have plenty more coming back to attack. This created a large American influence in Western Europe.
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    Great Leap Forward

    The Great Leap Forward is important to APWH because China tried to mobilize its population. They did this because they wanted to adapt to many communist ideals very quickly. They wanted to move towards a society with more social equality and collective living. They also remodeled their industrialization, as they tried more small-scale than Europe. This ended in a catastrophe, almost 30 million people died because of the disruption of marketing networks and bad weather.
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    Globalization of Democracy

    The Globalization of Democracy is important to APWH because popular ideas are now known all over the world. One cause of this was the spread of the ideas of democracy and human rights. Countries from all around the world were not switching to a democratic government and giving their people more equal rights. Most of these ideas came from Western Europe. This was mainly because of new technologies that allowed the whole world to be connected easier.
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    Asian Tigers

    Asian Tigers is important to APWH they were Asian countries who had a large increase in their exports, leading to large-scale economic growth. They industrialized later, but it still allowed them to grow. Fossil fuels like coal and oil allowed their factories to run. Unfortunately, many of these countries did not have labor laws, leading to child labor and overwork. Many larger companies placed their factories in countries without labor laws so that they didn't have to pay their workers as much.
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    Economic Globalization

    Economic Globalization is important to APWH because it overall improved living conditions for most people and spread industrialization. However, it was very difficult for many previously colonized civilizations to earn enough money to keep up with the rapid population growth. In the 1990s, the ratio of the wealthiest country's money to the poorest country's money was 6:1, but now it is 42:1.
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    Warsaw Pact

    The Warsaw Pact is important to APWH because it countered NATO. The Warsaw Project was the USSR's response to the creation of NATO. It was made up of the USSR and many Eastern communist countries. This gave the USSR a lot of influence in Eastern Europe. This essentially did the same thing as NATO, it protected the USSR and the other Eastern European countries from attack by the US.
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    Cultural Revolution

    The Cultural Revolution is important to APWH because it battled the capitalist ideas in China. Some changes made were an attempt at bringing healthcare and education to the countryside. They also tried to have rural industrialization under local rule rather than centered. Mao did not have great success with these ideas and was not able to overcome the social inequalities.
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    Second-Wave Feminism

    Second-Wave Feminism is important to APWH because feminism movements began again. After many rights were changed for women and they were allowed to vote, the feminist movements began to settle down. But, when Simone de Beauvoir wrote the book The Second Sex, many of them began again because many women realized that the battle for equal treatment was not over. Many women demanded equal rights and spoke out against their unfair treatment from the many years prior.
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    Cuban Missile Crisis

    The Cuban Missile Crisis is important to APWH because peace was kept between the USSR and the US. Russia wanted to keep communism in Cuba, and the US did not like to have such a close communist neighbor. The USSR secretly placed missiles in Cuba, and when the US found out, they agreed with the USSR that they would not invade Cuba if they promised to remove the missiles. This was dangerous because the war between these countries would be deadly if the new nuclear weapons were used.
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    Feminism in the Global South

    Feminism in the Global South is important to APWH because black women faced different issues than white women and began to speak up about it. This movement advocated against racist, sexist, homophobic, or other disrespectful behaviors. They often resisted some of the Western Women's movement ideas because they stood for many different things. Around 27,000 women provided support for one another through support groups that helped them through whatever troubles they were facing.
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    Iranian Revolution

    The Iranian Revolution is important to APWH because a radically Islamic government was established. It also started a war with Iraq, was a threat to Israel, and competed with Saudi Arabia for power in the region. They wanted to claim nuclear weapons to become more powerful to the rest of the world, but everyone is trying to keep that from happening because other countries think that they will be irresponsible with those kinds of weapons.
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    One Child Family Policy (China)

    The One Child Family Policy is important to APWH because China limited each family to one kid. They did this because populations were skyrocketing with the new technologies and food production. This law forced many women into different kinds of birth control or even having an abortion in an attempt to keep the population under control.
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    Export-Processing Zones (EPZs)

    Export-Processing Zones are important to APWH because factories were built where it was cheapest to make. Some countries desired to have the most manufacturers. They often did this by weakening labor laws, making it cheaper for the factory to be there. This moved factories from larger countries with more protective labor laws to smaller countries that did not have these same laws. This is the cause of child labor and other unfair working laws that are still around in some countries to this day.
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    North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

    The North American Free Trade Agreement allowed the countries of North America to be involved in free trade with each other. Free trade allows these countries to exchange goods without many restrictions. This made many farmers in Mexico mad because it made it harder for them to make money because the system favored the wealthy. This was because the government let all the wealthy people buy up the commercial land, making it harder for the family farmers and small businesses to try to make money.
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    World Trade Organization (WTO)

    The World Trade Organization regulates trade for global commerce. 149 nations are a part of this group, and they advocate mainly for free trade. The organization protects free trade. This has gotten a lot of media, with thousands of people protesting. They protest this because free trade usually involves harsh working conditions for the people in poorer countries that do not have labor laws, and many people think that buying from large companies that do this is inhumane.
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    Syrian Civil War

    The Syrian Civil War is important to APWH because many refugees fled the country. By mid-2016, Syria had over 12 million refugees looking for homes in other countries. It also made the conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia larger because it created a cultural competition, both with the Persian/Arab conflict and the Shia/Sunni conflict.
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    Paris Climate Agreement

    The Paris Climate Agreement is important to APWH because it was an agreement between countries to reduce the usage of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are destroying our earth, and many leaders are making moves to fix it. With 195 countries and 700 cities, this agreement will help save our planet. This helped avoid a 2-degree Celsius global temperature increase and provided an example for people who wanted to make some of their own personal attempts to save our environment.