-
Period: to
Imperialism
C: What is the new frontier?
W: The expansion of US power into other countries/US capturing of foreign territories (Mainly done by Teddy!)
E: US shows or "flexes" on everyone how they are a powerhouse -
French In Mexico
Cause: Civil War
What: Napoleon III had taken advantage of U.S. involvement and send French troops to Mexico - Seward evoked Monroe Doctrine to evict them out of U.S.
Effect: French the territory and U.S. had gained control once again -
Purchase of Alaska
Cause: Russia gained control of Alaska but found it to be an economic burden b/c of the threat of a British takeover
What: Seward's lobbying got him Alaska for $7.2 million
Effect: Gold was found in Alaska and boosted the gold standard, more territory for the U.S. to expand their power -
Blaine and the Pan-American Conference
Cause: Efforts to establish closer ties between the US and its southern neighbors
What: Representative from different nations of the Western hemisphere created a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade and other issues
Effect: It continues today as a part of the Organization of American States (1948) -
Expansionist in Hawaii
C: Manifest Destiny, we are white = better, cure the other races
W: US missionaries and entrepreneurs settled on Hawaii and overthrew Hawaiian Monarch, Queen Liliukokalani.
E: Teddy opposed imperialism and blocked Republican efforts to annex Hawaii -
Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctorine
Cause: Boundary dispute between Venezula and the British colony of Guiana.1895-1896; Pres. Cleveland and Sec. of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain settle the dispute.
What: US decided the United States was able able to interfere because of the Monroe Docterine
Effect: In order to keep US alliance, Britain agreed to US demands. Latin America nations appreciated US efforts to protect them from EURO domination. MARKED A TURNINPOINT IS US-BRITISH DISPUTES.1895 on,both countries=friends -
Period: to
Cuban Revolt
Cause: Sabotage and laying waste to Cuban plantations
What: Cuba and Philippine Islands revolted against Spain; Spain sent General "The Butcher" Weyler and over 100,000 troops and forced the Cubans and others into concentration camps like the ones in Nazi Germany.
Effect: Tens of thousands died because of starvation and disease which gave "The Butcher" his title in American Press. -
Yellow Press
Cause: The interesting Cuba revolt brought focus off of the depression/problems America was facing internally
What: Pulitzer and Hearst wrote over exaggerated and false statements about Spanish atrocities in Cuba
Effect: US citizens believed them and urged McKinley and Congress to intervene in Cuba for humanitarian reasons and to stop the atrocities and suffering -
De Lome Letter
Cause: Spanish Minister to the US, Dupuy de Lome criticized President McKinley.
What: This letter/statement was printed on the front of Hearst's Journal (newspaper) and distributed.
Effect: Many saw it as an official insult of the Spanish against the US national honor and it caused outrage. -
Hawaii is a US territory/Annexed!
C: The outbreak of war in the Philippines gave Congress and McKinley the pretext to the annexation of Hawaii
W: 1898; Hawaii is a territory
E: reinforced expansionist ideas and imperialism, US becoming a foreign threat, insured ideas of US is superior and we need to conquer. -
Sinking of the Maine (Boat)
Cause: Accident in the kitchen set off an explosion of the Maine
What: The US battleship, the Maine, was sitting in the harbor at Havana, Cuba, when it exploded. YELLOW PRESS ACCUSED SPAIN OF DOING THIS ON PURPOSE
Effect: Caused more tension from the US citizens because of these "direct attacks" and they wanted action -
McKinley's War Message
C: The sinking of the Maine, US press and Congress demanding for war
W: McKinley yielded to public pressure and came up with four reasons for the US to intervene
1. "Put an end to the barbarities, etc." in Cuba
2. Protect lives&property of US citizens living in Cuba
3. End "very serious injury to economy and trade of our people"
4. End the "constant menace to our peace" arising from Cuba
E: Congress instantly made the Teller Amendment and sent the US to war with Spain -
Teller Amendment
C: McKinley's war message, angry US citizens, sinking of the Maine, Yellow Press
W: Stated that US had no intention of taking political control over Cuba and once peace was restored, the Cuba people would control their government
E: CHAOS AND WAR! -
Period: to
Spanish American War
Cause: 1890s, american public opinion = jingoism; intense form of nationalism w/aggressive foreign policy. Cuban revolt, yellow press, de lome letter, sinking of maine, and mckinley's war message caused the war. -
Philippines Battle; Manila Bay
C: Roosevelt wanted to show off naval power, strategic value of Spain's territories in Pacific
W: Commodore Dewey fleet fired on Manila Bay
E: US troops captured the city of Manila on August 13 -
Battle of San Juan Hill
C: US citizens anger, McKinley's message, to win the war
W: Teddy and his roughriders charge up to San Juan Hill and defeat the Spanish army. (African Americans helped!)
E: Closes the gap of the war, african americans more respected in military, us moral boost for win -
Santiago Bay
C: US angry citizens, McKinley's war message, to defeat the Spanish
W: US Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet
E: US NAVY IS AMAZING! Spain realized that without a navy they could not win and asked for peace in early Aug. 1898 -
Capturing of Manila; S-A War
W: US captures the capitol
E: End of war/Spain surrenders; leads to treaty of peace for formal ending -
Treaty of Peace
C: US defeating Spain
W: (1) Recognition of Cuban independence (2) US acquisition of two Spanish islands - Puerto Rico & Guam (3) US acquisition of the Philippines in return for payment to Spain of $20 million
E: Some American's accepted, many were not prepared for taking over the Philippines (DOUBT/TENSION IN US) -
Open Door Policy in China
C: Hay was alarmed that China was falling under control of various outside powers, to prevent US from losing trade with China - Russia, Japan, etc. had SPHERES OF INFLUENCE in China - could dominate trade and commerce and their section of China
W: Hay dispatched note, Open Door, which all nations had equal trading privileges in China.
E: European powers were further impressed by US involvement in global politics -
Philippine Question - T.o.P & Philippine Annexation
C: Treaty of Peace = a divide among Imperialist
W: Took it to vote in Congress; Treaty approved 57-27
E: People in Philippines = outraged; caused guerilla warfare against US and Philippines which lasted until 1902 -
Election of 1900
C: need for new pres, growing national economic prosperity
W: McKinley elected for a second term
E: McKinley/republican pres for another 4 years -
Hay's Second Round of Notes
C: feared the expeditionary force in China might attempt to occupy the country and destroy its independence.
W: (1) preserve China's territorial integrity (2) safeguard "equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire."
E: Set administrations for future presidents, Open Door would influence US relations with Japan -
Boxer Rebellion
C: nationalism and xenophobia (hatred and fear of foreigners) were on the rise in China
W: Secret society of Chinese nationalists, Society of Harmonious Fists, or Boxers - attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries; US troops used international force and crushed the rebellion
E: Countries forced China to pay a huge sum in indemnities - further weakened the imperial regime. -
Cuba and the Platt Amendment
C: The Teller Amendment's rules
W: (1) to never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence. (2) to permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order (3) allow US to maintain naval bases in Cuba
E: Made Cuba and US a protectorate; Cuba's foreign policy would be subject to US oversight and control -
Roosevelt is Pres.
C: McKinley is assassinated by an anarchist
W: Teddy is Pres
E: Era of the Common Man/Aggressive Foreign Policy -
Big Stick Policy
W: "Speak softly and carry a Big Stick." - Teddy
- Press termed the big stick as his aggressive foreign policy
- Teddy attempted to build the representation of the US as a world power.
E: Imperialists applauded his every move; critics disliked breaking the tradition of involvement in global politics. -
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901
C: S-A war caused American empire to stretch from Puerto Rico to Philippines - desired a canal for TRADE; needed to negotiate w/Britain to cancel an earlier treaty of 1850 -treaty was US-British control over canals
W: Gave US solo control over the building of canals in South America
E: US could start building the Panama Canal -
Insular Cases
C: Concern over the constitutional rights if the Philippine people: Did the provisions of the constitution apply to whatever territories fell under US control?
W: SCOTUS ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions of the US and had the power to decided for themselves
E: Win for imperialists, Philippines and somewhat free -
Period: to
Building the Canal
C: Wanting to help aid trade - needed to find a way from Puerto Rico to Philippines
W: Build a canal to have a short cut.
E: Easier trade; quicker and more effective; US could now trade with almost all its territories -
Revolution in Panama
C: Teddy eager for building of Panama Canal
W: Teddy organized revolt for Panamas independence in 1903. Had US navy for backup and won; created the Hay-Bunanu-Varilla Treaty of 1903
E: Hay-Bunanu-Varilla treaty of 1903, more US control/US flexing on South America -
Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty of 1903
C: To end the revolt in Panama
W: Granted US all rights over the 51-mile-long and 10-mile-wide Canal Zone to keep US protection.
E: US could build the canal, US flexing -
Roosevelt Corollary
C: European powers wanting to interfere in Santo Domigo (D.R) to force them to pay debts - VIOLATION OF MONROE DOCTRINE
W: US would send gunboats to a Latin American country if they failed to pay their debts; US would occupy country's major ports to manage collection of customms taxes until Euro. debts were satisfied
E: Poor US relations with entire region of Latin America, used to justify sending troops to Haiti, Honduras, DR, and Nicaragua. -
Russo-Japanese War/Teddy's Agreement
C: Imperialist rivalry between Russia and Japan
W: Teddy made both meet at a diplomatic conference at Portsmouth, NH in 1905.
E: Agreement - but still tension between US and Japan; J believed that Teddy scammed them compared to Russia -
Gentlemen's Agreement
C: San Fran's law of segregated schools for Japanese students and white/native US students (NATIVIST IDEALS)
W: Teddy settled it by stopping the segregation in those schools
E: Better relations with Japan but also tension cause San Fran's laws :/ -
Great White Fleet | 1907-1909
C: demonstrate US naval power beech
W: Teddy sent US battleships around the world to flex on other countries (Mainly Japan)
E: everybody scared cause US is flexing on hoes -
Root-Takahira Amendment
C: Gentlemens agreement (San Fran laws), Great White Fleet (flexin on Japan)
W: Sec of State Elihu Root & Japan's Ambassador Takahira pledged mutual respect for each other's Pacific possessions and support for Open Door Policy in China
E: yo US and Japan are chill -
Election of 1909
c: need for a new president
w: taft elected
e: attempt to keep roosevelt policy afloat -
Dollar Diplomacy - Conflict in Nicaragua
c: protect US investments
w: US intervened with Nicaragua's financial affairs
e: imperialism in Nicaragua - securing idea of imperialism/US dominance in Latin American companies -
Dollar Diplomacy in China - Railroads
c: belief that private US financial investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there and promote US business interests. (CONFLICT = ANTI-IMPERIALISM); US bankers to be included n GB, French, and German plan to invest in Chinese railroads
w: secured US participation in an agreement in 1911
e: US excluded in Manchuria (anti-imperialism), Russia and Japan treated Manchuria as joint sphere of influence (excluded potential US power in China - effected US economy and rela) -
Lodge Corollary
c: feared that japan's gov. might be secretly scheming to get Mexican land
w: Lodge proposed Lodge Corollary - Non-Euro powers would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere.
e: Opposed by Taft, Angered Latin American countries and offended Japan -
Election of 1912
C: need for new president
W: Wilson elected with New Freedom (Moral approach to foreign affairs. (opposed imperialism and big stick/dollar diplomacy)
e: Spread of democracy -
Panama Canal Repeal
C: get rid of big stick policy
W: Repealed an act that granted US ships an exemption from paying standard canal tolls charged other nations
E: Angered American nationalists, pleased British who strongly objected US exemption. -
Francis Ferdinand Assassinated
C: Serbian nationalism against Austrian Hungary
W: Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand is killed
E: A-H issues ultimatum threatening war to Serbia -
Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia
C: Killing of their Archduke
W: A-H gov. sends Serbia an ultimatum declaring war
E: 4 days later they invade the country -
Period: to
WWI
C: MAIN; militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism
E: -
Russia Joins WWI
C: ally to Serbia
W: Russia joins on the side of Serbia
E: orders army to mobilize against Austria -
Germany joins WWI
C: Russia joining on the side of Serbia
W: Germany joins with Austria b/c they are an ally
E: Tensions rise -
Germany Declares War on France
C: France is an ally to Russia
W: Germany begins an invasion into Belgium b/c it is the quickest to Paris
E: Tensions rise -
Great Britain Joins WWI
C: Germany declaring war on France and marching to Belgium to get to France
W: Britain declares war against Germany b/c they are allies to France
E: Tensions rise/war has begun -
Jones Act of 1916 - Philippines
C: to correct big stick policy and dollar diplomacy
W: Granted full territorial status to that country, guaranteed B.O.R. and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens, promised independence for Philippines soon as stable gov. was established
E: Respect from Philippines, better relationship -
Jones Act for Puerto Rico
C: undo the big stick policy by Roosevelt
W: Granted US citizenship to all inhabitants and provided for limited self-government
E: Puerto Rico is in good standings with US
