-
Period: 10,000 BCE to 800 BCE
Ch. 3- Early Fertile Crescent People
Thousands of years ago, the hunter-gatherers settle to be farmers, creating the first civilization!!!!!!!
Important people groups:
Sumerians
Akkadians
Babylonians
Hittites
Kassites
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Phoenicians -
3500 BCE
3.1, Mesopotamia, Food Surplus!
Food surplus allowed division of labor, which caused the first cities to develop. City-states were created. A city-state is a combination of a rural and an urban area. -
3100 BCE
4.1, Ancient Egypt, The First Pharaoh
Menes unified Egypt and became the first pharaoh. He wore a double crown to show he is king of upper and lower Egypt. -
Period: 3100 BCE to 350
Ch. 4- Egypt and Kush
Ancient Egypt: 3100 BC to 2700 BC
Old Kingdom: 2700 BC to 2200 BC
Middle Kingdom: 2050 BC to 1750 BC
New Kingdom: 1550 BC to 1050 BC -
2700 BCE
4.2, The Old Kingdom, Mummification
The Egyptians developed a system for preserving their dead called mummification. -
2500 BCE
4.2, Old Kingdom, The Pyramids
The pyramids were tombs for the pharaohs. They are triangle-shaped. The Great Pyramid was built by Khufu. -
2334 BCE
3.2, Mesopotamia, The Akkadian Empire
The people of Sumer who lived in city-states were always arguing with each other. So Sargon and the Akkadians came and conquered them. Sargon managed to conquer most of the Fertile Crescent, uniting its people under his rule and creating the first empire. -
Period: 2300 BCE to 500
Ch. 5- Ancient India
Many civilizations rose and fell in India.
It was where the civilizations of Harappa, the Aryan civilization, and the Mauryan and Gupta empires where located. -
Period: 2200 BCE to 200
Ch. 6- Ancient China
In ancient China, there were many great dynasties such as the Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han. -
2000 BCE
5.1, India, Harappan civilization
In ancient India, the Harappans developed a civilization known as the Harappan civilization. They had a central government and well-planned cities with straight streets that intersected at right angles. They use carved stamps called seals when trading goods. -
Period: 2000 BCE to 429 BCE
Ch. 8- Ancient Greece
On a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea, a new civilization arose. Greece was home to many poets, and developed many myths, fables, and epics. -
Period: 2000 BCE to
Ch. 7- The Hebrews and Judaism
The Hebrews were a group of people who followed God. They had a set of laws given to them by God. Later, they were given their own kingdom. -
1800 BCE
3.3, Sumer, The First Writing
Sumerians developed the first writing system, called cuneiform. Following the creation of cuneiform, the Sumerians created epics, or long poems telling stories about ancient heroes. -
1500 BCE
6.1, China, The Shang Dynasy
The Shang dynasty was the second Chinese dynasty. They developed a writing system. -
1200 BCE
4.4, Egypt, The Temple of Karnak
The Temple of Karnak was created by Ramses the Great. Egyptians believed it was home to the gods. -
1200 BCE
4.3, The New Kingdom, Ramses the Great
Ramses the Great was Egypt's last great pharaoh. He built many monuments including the Temple of Karnak. -
1200 BCE
7.1, Egypt, The Exodus
The Jews lived in slavery to the Egyptians for many years. They prayed that God would free them, and eventually, God sent Moses. Moses was a Hebrew baby who grew up a prince. He encountered a burning bush, and God told him to tell Pharaoh to free the Jews. After ten plagues, Pharaoh did, and this event is known as the exodus. -
1100 BCE
6.2, China, The Mandate of Heaven
The mandate of heaven is what gave kings the power to rule. If something bad happened during that king's rule, he didn't have the mandate of heaven anymore. Another king would be found. -
1000 BCE
5.2, Arayan India, The caste system
The Aryans created the caste system. It determined your occupation based on your birth and wealth. The highest caste were the Brahmins, who were the priests. Then were the Kshatriyas, who were kings and warriors. The Vasyas were farmers, merchants, and craftsmen, and the Sudras were the lowest caste, the servants. The untouchables were considered so low they were without a caste. -
Period: 1000 BCE to 1537
Ch. 16- The Early Americas
Across the Atlantic Ocean, there was an expanse of land that the rest of the world didn’t even know existed: the New World. But for hundreds of years, the New World had its own people living there. Here are three who each had their own civilizations:
The Maya (1000 BC to the c. 900 AD)
The Aztecs (1325 to 1521)
The Incas (c.1400 to 1537) -
900 BCE
8.1, Greece, The Classical Age
The Classical Age in Greece was when Ancient Greece was at its height of achievement. They had city-states, acropolises, and agoras. -
800 BCE
3.4, Phoenicia, The first alphabet
Along the Mediterranean Sea, the Phoenicians developed a trading society. Since they had no ruler of their own, they were ruled by other kingdoms. They also developed purple fabric, grew cedar trees, and created the first alphabet. -
800 BCE
8.3, Greece, Homer
Homer was an author of epic poetry. We do not know much about him, only his works. These include the Odyssey and the Iliad. He wrote about the Trojan War. -
753 BCE
10.1, the Italian Peninsula, Rome is Founded
Legend says Rome was founded by twin brothers named Romulus and Remus, who were raised by wolves. When they built their city, they had an argument over what it should be called. Romulus then killed his brother and named the city after himself. -
Period: 753 BCE to 120 BCE
Ch. 10- The Roman Republic
On the Italian peninsula, a city called Rome was founded. At first it was a monarchy, but then the Romans changed the government to a republic. -
751 BCE
4.5, Kush, The conquest of Egypt
Kush grew stronger and Egypt grew weaker. A Kushite King named Kashta attacked, and Kush conquered Egypt. -
563 BCE
5.3, India, The Buddha
A wealthy prince named Siddhartha Gautama left his home to learn how to stop suffering. He received enlightenment under a tree and became the Buddha. He taught the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. -
Period: 559 BCE to 323 BCE
Ch. 9- The Greek World
Greece developed many city-states and a complex culture. Two city-states in particular, Athens and Sparta, became very powerful. -
551 BCE
6.2, China, Confucius
Confucius was a Chinese scholar who believed that the way to have peace was through education and moral values. -
546 BCE
8.2, Athens, Tyranny
In Athens, they were ruled by an oligarchy, a few aristocrats who had all the power. But one man, Peisistratus, overthrew the oligarchy and became the first tyrant, or a strong leader who has power. -
540 BCE
9.1, Persia, Cyrus the Great
Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Persian Empire. The people he conquered were allowed to keep their own customs, however. Cyrus has a very effective army, consisting of the Immortals, 10,000 of his best soldiers, and a cavalry, or warriors mounted on horses, among other things. -
500 BCE
13.1, West Africa, African People Use Iron
The people of West Africa discovered how to use iron to make tools. -
Period: 500 BCE to
Ch. 13- Early African Civilizations
In West Africa, there were three famous civilizations: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. -
450 BCE
10.2, Rome, the Twelve Tables
At first, only the patricians knew Rome’s laws and I forced them. But the Plebeians wanted to know what the laws were so they could avoid breaking them. So the officials of Rome wrote down a set of laws on 12 bronze tablets called the Twelve Tables. -
431 BCE
9.2, Greece, the Peloponnesian War
Athens became more and more powerful. They started controlling other city-states through the Delian League. Eventually, Sparta and its allies grew tired of this. They fought Athens in a long war for power. In the end, Sparta won. -
400 BCE
9.4, Athens, the Parthenon
The Parthenon is a temple in Athens. It was built to honor Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom. The Parthenon is an example of the Greeks’ great architectural achievements, such as columns. -
334 BCE
9.3, Greece, Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great conquered much of Asia and Europe. He was the son of King Phillip II and built his empire at a very young age. He also never lost a battle. A part of his army was a phalanx, which is a formation of soldiers with long spears. -
270 BCE
5.4, The Mauryan Empire, Ashoka
Ashoka was the emperor of the Mauryan empire when it was at its height. He fought many battles and conquered much of India. During the Battle of Kalinga, he saw much suffering and converted to Buddhism. He created many Buddhist monuments all over India. -
221 BCE
6.3, China, Burning books
In China, a new Legalistic emperor, Shi Huangdi, came into power. He ordered scholars to burn the books that did not agree with his opinions. -
206 BCE
6.4, China, Liu Bang Creates a New Dynasty
Liu Bang was a pheasant who became an emperor. He started the Han Dynasty, which lasted for 400 years. He was able to do this through the mandate of heaven. -
202 BCE
10.3, Carthage, the Battle of Zama
In a city called Carthage in North Africa, a leader called Hannibal rose to power. Hannibal hated Rome, and he led an attack against Rome by going over the Alps and into Rome from the north. His army contained war elephants. Then a Roman leader named Scipio led an attack on Carthage itself, and defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama. -
Period: 70 BCE to 1453
Ch. 11- Rome and Christianity
As Rome turned from a republic into an empire, a new religion called Christianity was born. It would be both persecuted and favored by the government of Rome. -
27 BCE
11.1, Rome, the First Roman Emperor
After Julius Caesar died, Octavian seized power. He fought Marc Antony, and soon became the emperor of Rome. The senate called him ‘Augustus’, meaning ‘Revered One’. -
1 BCE
11.2, Bethelehem, the Birth of Jesus
A virgin named Mary was visited by an angel, who said she would have a baby. Later, a census came to pass, and she and Joseph went to Bethlehem. While they were there, the baby was born in a stable. He was laid in a manger, and named Jesus. -
30
11.2, Jerusalem, the Death of Jesus
Jesus preached about the Kingdom of God to the people of Israel. The religious leaders looked upon him as their enemy, and got him arrested. He was nailed to a cross to die, but rose from the dead three days later. -
66
7.3, Jerusalem, The First Revolt
The Jews in Jerusalem revolted against Roman rule. Near the end of the revolt, the Jews secured themselves in a fortress cslled Masada. Eventually, they lost. During the revolt, the Second Temple was destroyed, and many were Jews killed. -
160
4.5, Kush, Queen Shanakhdakheto
She was the first queen of Kush. Kush had several women rulers, queens were more important than in Egypt. -
200
6.5, China and Rome, The Silk Road
The Silk Road was a trade route from Rome to China. The Chinese traded silk, jade, and spices with Rome and the Romans traded amber, gold, and wool with China. -
300
11.2, Rome, Constantine Makes Christianity Rome’s Religion
Constantine was an emperor who became a Christian. He stopped the persecution of Christians, and made Christianity Rome’s official religion. -
300
13.4, West Africa, Griots
The griots were storytellers who preserved the history of West Africa. They did this by sharing stories to other griots, and this is called oral history. They also shared proverbs and sayings. They shared the oral history because they had no written language. -
300
13.2, Ghana, Silent Bartering
People trading salt and gold came up with a clever way to keep each other from knowing where the mines were: Silent bartering. At night, people would leave their salt in an arranged spot and someone with gold would come, take the salt, and leave gold behind. -
320
5.4, The Gupta Empire, Promotion of Hinduism
When the Gupta Empire came to power, they promoted Hinduism as India's main religion. -
476
11.3, Rome, the Fall of Rome
Rome began to weaken, from both outside attacks and unrest on the inside. TheGoths managed to attack and destroy the city of Rome itself. Diocletian decided that Rome had too much land to protect, so he split it into the Eastern and Western Roman Empires. The Western Empire, however, soon fell invaders. -
500
17.1, Europe, Topography
Topography is the shape and elevation of land in a region. (Definition from textbook) -
Period: 500 to 1066
Ch. 17- The Early Middle Ages
After the fall of Rome, the people of Europe entered the Middle Ages, also called the Dark Ages because so little progress was made. -
550
15.1, Japan, The Yamato’s first emperor
A clan called the Yamato clan became very powerful. Eventually, they named their leaders as emperors of Japan. -
Period: 550 to
Ch. 15- Japan
On a mountainous island across the ocean from China and Korea, a unique culture flourished. It received influence from those to countries, but was also somewhat isolated from them. -
570
12.1, Mecca, Muhammad is born
In a city called Mecca on the Arabian Peninsula, Muhammad was born. He would later start a world religion known as Islam. -
Period: 570 to
Ch. 12- The Islamic World
Islam was a new religion started in the city of Mecca by a man named Muhammad. Later, three empires rose from Islam, the Ottoman Empire , the Safavid Empire, and the Mughal Empire. -
589
14.1, China, China is Reunified
After the long Period of Disunion, a man named Yang Jian unified China and founded the Sui dynasty. -
Period: 589 to
Ch. 14- China
After the Period of Disunion, China had five more dynasties: The Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties. -
632
12.2, Mecca and Medina, the Qur’an
The Qur’an is the Islamic holy book. It is a collection of Muhammad’s words and teachings, put together after his death. -
700
17.2, Europe, Charlemagne becomes king
Charlemagne was the leader of the Franks. He helped them build an empire, and put an emphasis on education. -
900
16.1, Mesoamerica, The Maya disappear
The Maya were a powerful civilization located on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mesoamerica. But one of the most interesting things about them is no one knows what happened to them; they simply disappeared. -
970
14.2, China, Population Growth
During the Song Dynasty, the Chinese invented fast-ripening rice. Because of the food surplus, the population grew. -
1000
14.3, China, Confucianism Becomes Part of the Government
During the Song Dynasty, Confucianism became a major part of the government. -
1000
15.2, Heian, The Tale of Genji
Heian was the capital of Japan at the time, where the emperor and nobles of the court lived. They indulged in much beauty.During that time, Lady Murasaki Shikibu wrote what is considered the world’s first full-length novel, the Tale of Genji. -
1000
17.4, Europe and Japan, Religious art
Japanese religion was a mix of Shinto, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Their art was mostly scenes of nature. Europeans were mostly Christian, and their art reflected their beliefs. -
Period: 1000 to 1492
Ch. 18- The Later Middle Ages
Later on in the Middle Ages, great changes took place in Europe. -
1066
17.3, Europe, William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror was a French noble who conquered England and made himself its king. He started what soon became feudalism. -
1073
18.1, Europe, The king is excommunicated
Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV had a disagreement over who would choose the bishops. The pope excommunicated the king. Then, the king stood barefoot in the snow outside the pope’s castle for three days, begging for forgiveness. Eventually, he was forgiven, but it proved the pope had more power than the king. -
1099
18.2, Europe and the Middle East, the First Crusade
The European army left Europe to travel to the Holy Land, or Palestine, to take it from the Muslims. First came several peasants, who were killed before they even reached Palestine. Later, the better trained knights and nobles won Jerusalem. -
1192
15.3, Japan, Rule of the shoguns
A shogun is a powerful general. In Japan, the emperor lost power and simply became a figurehead, while really it was the shogun who ruled. -
1274
18.3, France, Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas was a philosopher. He taught that logic and rational thought supported Christian beliefs, and that religion and science worked together. -
1279
14.4, Europe and Asia, the World’s Biggest Empire
Genghis Khan started the Mongol Empire, later continued by his grandson Kublai Khan. The Mongol Empire stretched from China to Eastern Europe, the biggest empire in history. -
Period: 1300 to 1562
Ch. 19- The Renaissance and Reformation
The Renaissance (Or rebirth) was when people began to trade and invest in art, invention, and education. This led to changes in society and a reformation of the church. -
1324
13.3, Mali, Manas Musa
Mansa Musa was the king of Mali, and he was very extremely rich. He was also a devout Muslim, and he took a pilgrimage to Mecca. On the way, he spent so much money it disrupted economies! He also was into knowledge and education, building many schools and mosques once he got home. -
1325
16.2, Lake Texcoco, Tenochtitlan
The Aztecs built a large empire through warfare. Their capital city was an architectural wonder, built on a marshy island in the middle of a lake, and later expanding into the lake itself. The city was called Tenochtitlan. It was connected to the mainland by causeways, and they farmed on it using Chinampas, which are basically floating gardens. -
1347
18.4, England, the Black Death
The Black Death came from fleas, carried by rats brought from the trade with Asia. It killed about one third of Europe’s population. -
1400
16.3, the Andes mountains, Pachacuti’s empire
A leader named Pachacuti started the expansion of the Inca empire, which later became huge. He created a strong central rule and organized the economy. -
1434
19.1, Florence, the Medici Bank
When Cosimo de’ Medici came to power in the city of Florence, he started investing in art and education. This led to the beginning of art and education being valued in Italian cities. -
1456
19.2, Germany, the first printed Bible
After Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press, he used it to print a Bible. This first printed Bible was in Latin, but later Bibles were translated to other languages. -
1492
18.5, Spain, the capture of Granada
In Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella finally drove out the Muslim Moors with the capture of a city known as Granada. -
1492
20.2, the New World, Christopher Columbus’s discovery!
Christopher Columbus was the first to discover the New World, because his theory was that the Esrth was round, and he could sail from Europe to reach Asia by sea. However, he reached the West Indies instead. During his lifetime, he never realized he wasn’t in Asia. -
1500
20.3, The Old World and the New World, the Columbian Exchange
Since the New World has many different plants and animals that the Europeans had never seen before, they started trading between the two worlds. Europeans brought over goods from the Old World and brought back foods from the New World. -
1517
19.3, Wittenberg, Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
Martin Luther wanted a change in the Catholic Church. He created a list of 95 Theses, which were complaints he had about the way the church was doing things. Because of the printing press, this list spread quickly, eventually leading to the Reformation, when the Protestants split from the Catholics. -
1526
12.3, India, the Mughal Empire is established
A man named Babur led the Mughals, who were Turkish Muslims, from Central Asia into India . Here he founded an empire, known as the Mughal Empire. -
Period: 1540 to 1500
Ch. 20- Science and Exploration
With the Renaissance came people who were willing to question and rethink the old systems of knowledge regarding science. They made many great discoveries regarding the way our world works. Also, explorers began to sail, and try to find new ways to the East in order to trade. This led to the discovery of the New World. -
1543
20.1, Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to create a system for the planets with the sun, not the earth, in the center. However, he kept the orbits circular like Aristotle, a Greek philisopher, had originally done. -
12.4, Muslim Empires, Medical Encyclopedia
An Islamic doctor named Avicenna wrote a medical encyclopedia. It was one of the most famous medical books of the his time and for some time afterwards. -
Period: to
Ch. 21- Enlightenment and Revolution
As many events led people to question their common beliefs, it led to an enlightenment of thinking. From this came new ideas for government, which inspired many revolutions during this time period. -
21.2, England, John Locke
John Locke was British. He wrote about new ideas for government, and the three rights people should have: Life, liberty, and property. These were called the natural rights. He wrote The Two Treatises on Government, and thought that a government should be a contract. -
21.1, England, Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft was a woman writer who argued fo women’s rights. She was an enlightenment writer. -
12.3, France, the French Revolution
The French commoners were angry with their king, Louis XVI, because he and his nobles lived in luxury while they starved. They revolted, and war broke out. Eventually, they executed King Louis XVI and started a new government. When that failed, eventually France became a democracy. -
7.2, Judea, The Dead Sea Scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls were written by the Jews several thousand years ago. They were commentaries and prayers about the Jewish beliefs. They were discovered in 1947. -
Ch. 3, Modern Day, Hammurabi's Code
Hammurabi's Code was the first system of laws. Today, we also have laws. While our laws are not so severe as in ancient times, they share similarities with Hammurabi's Code. -
Ch. 4, Modern Day, Papyrus
The Egyptians were the first to make a paper like material. We still use paper today, inspired by the Egyptian invention. -
Ch. 5, Modern day, Inaculation
Inaculation is the act of injecting someone with a certain disease to help your body combat it. People still have injections today. -
Ch. 8, Modern Day, Democracy
Democracy is a form of government first created in Athens by Cleisthenes. Democracy means 'Rule by the people'. Democracy allows citizens to vote, and not just one person has power. Many countries today are democracies. They are different from Athens because Athens is a direct democracy where everyone actively votes, and most modern day democracies are representative democracies where you elect someone to vote for you. -
Ch. 10, Modern Day, the Roman Government
Rome’s government helped it be an ancient power. It had checks and balances so one leader could not have all the power. Today, many countries have similar forms of government, including the US, which has a tripartite government just like Rome. -
Ch. 11, Modern Day, Christianity
Christianity started in Roman times, and is a world wide religion today. -
Ch. 6, Modern day, Silk
Silk is still produced today. It is an important Chinese export. -
Ch. 7, Modern Day, Passover
The Jews still celebrate Passover today. Passover is a remembrance of the tenth plague and the Exodus. -
Ch. 9, Modern Day, Euclid
Euclid was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria. He made many discoveries in the field of geometry. There is a branch of geometry today called Euclidean geometry. -
Ch. 12, Modern Day, Arabic Numerals
The Muslims invented the numbers we use today. That’s why they are called ‘Arabic Numerals’. -
Ch. 13, Modern Day, African Music
Some of today’s music came from West African roots, such as blues and jazz. -
Ch. 14, Modern Day, Paper Money
The Chinese were the first to invent and use paper money, which is the standard form of currency today. It is useful because it is more portable. -
Ch. 15, Modern Day, the Bushido code
The Bushido rules are still influencing Japan today. Many people agree with its values, especially Honda or, loyalty, and discipline. -
Ch. 16, Modern Day, The Calendar
The Maya created a very accurate calendar with 365 days, which is the number of days on our calendar today. -
Ch. 17, Modern Day, the Spread of Christianity
Since the spread of Christianity during the Middle Ages, Christianity is still a main religion of Europe. -
Ch. 18, Modern Day, the Magna Carta
In England, the nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. This document protected the rights of his people and stated that the king must follow his own laws. Today, the ruler of England must still follow these policies. -
Ch. 19, Modern Day, William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was a playwright who wrote many famous plays. He even invented some words and phrases of English, still used today. -
Ch. 20, Modern Day, Isaac Newton’s laws
Isaac Newton discovered and researched many laws of physics, the most famous being gravity. These laws are still used and studied today. -
Ch. 21, Modern Day, The Declaration of Independence
In 1776, the U.S. agreed to the Declaration of Independence, stating that they were free of England. After the revolutionary war, they became their own country, and still are today. The Declaration is an important document in the development of democracy.