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Period: 800 BCE to
Beginning of Exploration
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753 BCE
Rome
Rome is considered to be one of the must successful imperial powers to be known. Rome was mainly great in their military, political, and social institutions. The people that were conquered were incorporated them into its social and political system. People that were allied or subjects that became Roman were granted Roman citizenship and could access things like the seats in the Senate and the imperial throne. The last Roman emperor was overthrown by Barbarians what led to the Fall of Rome. -
500
Dark Ages
The Dark Ages is period of demographic, cultural, and economic decline that occurred in Western Europe. The Catholic Church became a hierarchy with the pope as the head of Western Europe. The Church served as the government and gave spiritual guidance. During this age the military technology increased in battles and siege warfare. Due to Feudalism, the lord would provide soldiers and taxes to the king and granting land to the soldiers than to the peasants. The Center of life was the manor. -
1096
The Crusades
The Crusades were a serious of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims to secure the holy sites. Templars is a group consisted of knights who protected Christian pilgrims while traveling to the Holy Land from brigands and Saracen pirates. Cultures started to interact with each other during this time. Muslims learned new military tactics and Christians learn about new things in medicine, science, and mathematics. The Crusades traded with the Europeans by exposing more goods to them. -
1300
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period of rebirth of European cultural, artistic, political and economic. During this period Johannas Gutenberg invented the printing press which increased literacy levels and people started to question the world. The main point of the printing press was to spread large amount of information quickly. Realism was an element that was used in art during this period. What realism was that in paintings the art will look more realistic without any supernatural elements. -
1347
The Black Death
The Black Death was caused by an disease called Plague. Rat fleas carried this disease and was found on regular passengers on merchant ships spreading through the European population, killing about 30-60% of the population. Due to the Great Famine, the population suffered malnutrition leading to a weak immune system which made the more vulnerable to the disease. With the loss of population many surviving peasants were able to take advantage of this and the wages increased and had access to land. -
1492
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was the trade of new plants, diseases, animals, and plants from between Europe and America. The Columbian Exchange was happened in the Atlantic Ocean. A positive effect of the exchange was potatoes and corn being introduced to the old world and a negative effect was the transmission of diseases from Africa populations that were turned to slaves. Animals that were exchanged were horse, and cattle and some plants were wheat and maize and the main diseases was smallpox. -
1501
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade is a multilateral system of trading in which the country pays for its imports from one country and buy its exports from another. This refers to the shipping goods to Britain to West Africa in exchange for slaves, and shipped to the West Indies and exchanged for sugar,rum, and other commodities. European ships brought manufactured goods to Africa in exchange for slaves to the Americas to work as slaves in the plantations. 12.5 million slaves were transported to the New World. -
1517
Reformation
The Reformation was a schism of Western Christianity that was started by Martin Luther who wrote the 95 thesis. The pope at the time, Pope Leo X, made Rome a center of European culture and to have significant political power, he raised the papacy. Due to Martin Luther writing of the 95 These, he was excommunicated by the Pope, and was later declared as a outlaw and a heretic. The 95 theses was posted to the door of many churches and consisted of complaints and indulgences of the Catholic Church. -
Development of Colonial Differences by Region
The 3 major colonies regions were New England, Chesapeake, Southern Colonies. Roger Williams founded the New England Colonies in search of more freedom and financial opportunities. The Chesapeake colonies was founded by a group of 104 settlers to a peninsula along the James River. The Southern colonies was founded by George Calvert because King Charles I asked him to find the colony of Maryland. Cash crops were founded in these regions such as tobacco, rice, and cotton; led up to slaves needed. -
Colonial Economies
The economics in the colonies differed from colony to colony. In New England focused mainly on fishing, whaling, and shipbuilding. New England traded these items with others and was their most way to make money. Money making in the Mid Atlantic came from fishing, lumbering, shipbuilding, and farming. A main factor in money in the upper south was tobacco. Lower south main way of making money was plantations that grew cotton, tobacco,indigo, and other crops. Main ways of making money was farming. -
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English Colonial Societies
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Caribbean Colonies
The Caribbeans was colonized by the British, French and Dutch.
The first to discover the Caribbean islands was Christopher Columbus on his second voyage. Most islands were covered with sugar cane and had mills that were used to refine the sugar cane. Majority of the Sugar plantations were worked by African slaves, before the abolition of the system. Jamaica was colonized by the British. The importance of Jamaica to Britain was because of its production of sugar and was also a slave society. -
Slavery
Slaves were used in Colonial America for mainly for plantations and labor. The slaves were transported from Africa through the Middle Passage to the New World. The ships with slaves had terrible conditions and many died before they even got to the New World. The Atlantic Slave trade made purpose to to transport enslaved African Americans to the Americas.The Slaves in upper south were treated better than the lower south. In the lower south 2/3 of the population was mainly slaves. -
New England Colonies
The first New England colony was the Plymouth Colony. The colony was founded because of escaping Puritans that wanted religious freedom and seek a better life. The Puritans used a ship called the Mayflower which was the first ship that transported the Puritans from England to America. One Indian named Squanto helped the Puritans survive the harsh environment and taught them how to farm corn. In order to govern themselves they made the Mayflower compact; choose their leaders, make their own laws. -
Issues
Nathaniel Bacon was a colonists of the Virginia colony and was famous as the instigator of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676. The settlers clashed with the Native Americans over land and natural resources. The U.S. government fought the Native Americans for control in a series of conflicts. The indentured servants joined the frontier rebellion which hastened the hardening of racial lines associated with slavery. Dominion of New England was made in order to control over the administration affairs. -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation acts were aimed mainly at the Dutch that required all trade between England and the colonies to be carried in English or colonial vessels. It was also efforts to put the theory of mercantilism into actual practice. These acts resulted in the Anglo-Dutch War. Even though the British benefited from this, resentment started in the colonies leading to be a major factor to the American Revolution. New England benefited from the shipbuilding and shipping industries due to these acts. -
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution was when the king, James II, was replaced by Mary and her husband, which brought a permanent realignment of power. The Glorious Revolution was shown to the people that the right of people to change their form of government if they believed that government no longer protected their rights. Before they were able to be proclaimed as king and queen they had to agree to accept the Bill of Rights. The revolution resulted in limited power of the English monarchy; Middle ages. -
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch trials was a series of people being accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts. The start of the Salem Witch Trials was started by young girls that claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused other women of witchcraft. More than 200 people were accused of doing witchcraft and 20 were executed. After the trials, they were admitted as a mistake and the colony compensated the families of those convicted. The governor ordered an end to the trials; wife being accused. -
Period: to
Colonial America To 1763
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The Enlightenement
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism. The main cause of the Enlightenment movement was the Thirty Years' War. John Locke was an English philosopher that had enormous influence on the development of Epistemology and Political Philosophy. Benjamin Franklin was an Enlightened Scientist was famous for his accomplishments as a printer, author, and politician. Deism was the belief in the existence of a supreme being, know as the creator. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its Thirteen Colonies. John Edwards an early American philosopher and minister that warned sinners that they were going to Hell unless they repented and asked Christ for mercy. George Whitefield was a preacher and public figure who led many revival meetings both in England and the American colonies. Samuel Davies was evangelical Presbyterian pastor and educator whose sermons were filled with vivid language; conversion. -
Seven-Years War / French and Indian War
The French and India War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris 1763. The cause of the war was the French expansion into the Ohio River valley that repeatedly brought the France into conflict with the British colonies. George Washington was a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia and was sent as an ambassador from the British crown. Fort Duquesne was captured by General John Forbes. -
Period: to
The American Industrial Revolution
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Period: to
The Revolutionary War
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Britain's financial situation after the French and Indian War
The British won the French and Indian War, but the cost of the war enlarged Britain's debt. The war cost British $70,000,000, doubling their national debt to $140,000,000. Due to this war, the British decided to tax the colonies in order to pay off their debt, leading to the colonies being angry. The colonies had to pay taxes on tea and pay tax on ever piece of printer paper they used. The acts that were passed by the King and Parliament, was imposed on the colonies without their consent. -
Militias
The militias is an army made out of non professional soldiers, citizens of a nation. The people that are in the militia were usually drunkards, loyalists, royals, and people that were forced in the military for reasons. They were known for being ready at a minute's notice. The colonial militia was considered by the British army as low-quality soldiers. They were created and maintained as a reserve military force. During the Revolutionary War they were to warn the locals about British movements. -
Virtual representation
Virtual representation is the idea that the members of Parliament reserved the right to speak for the interest of all British subjects. Salutary neglect was a policy passed by the prime minster Robert Walpole, to relax the strict regulations that were imposed on American colonies. Salutary Neglect ended because of a huge debt the British had because of the French and Indian War. Militias is an army that consists of the general population that can be called at anytime for military service. -
Enlightenment Ideals on America in the late 18th Century
Even during the constitutional era the age of Enlightenment was still going on. The main ideas of the Enlightenment were that reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, and constitutional government. During this time they educated populace, religion was less important, separation of church & state, and ordinary citizens have more say. The Enlightenment was an influence that led to the creation of the Declaration of Independence. -
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was an incident where British soldiers shot and killed five people in a mob that was attacking them. The cause of this massacre was the British government increasing controls over the colonies and the effect it had on others was that i was time to unite and stand against Britain. Paul Revere devised a system of lanterns to warn the minuteman of a British invasion. Widespread protest and non-importation of British goods in colonial ports led to the repeal the townshend acts. -
Boston Tea Party
The Boston Tea Party was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty that dropped 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbor. This was a protest against the Tea Act and its provisions for taxation of tea. The Tea act that was passed by Parliament grant the British East India Company Tea a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. The Boston Tea Party was led by Samuel Adams. They dressed up as Indians to express to the world that American colonists identified themselves as "Americans". -
Dunmore's Proclamation
Dunore's Proclamation is a historical document that was signed by the 4th Earl of Dunmore that declared martial law and promised freedom for slaves that agreed to fight for the British. The proclamation was issued because the colonists had begun forming armies and attacking British troops. Slaves were not the only ones that benefited, the indentured servants would get the right to bear arms. 5,000 of the slaves served in the Continental Army, and hundreds more decided to serve in the sea. -
Common Sense
Common Sense is a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that advocates that independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. The pamphlet main focus was independence from England and the creation of a democratic republic. It challenged the authority of the British government and royal monarchy and was also the first work to openly ask for independence. The reason why the pamphlet was so effective is because Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood. -
The Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence is a document that explains to the foreign nations why the colonies had chosen to separate themselves from Great Britain. The main points of the document is that all men are created equal and are entitled to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The one to write the Declaration of Independence was Thomas Jefferson. The founding fathers were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and 5 others. July 2nd the document was approved and July 4 it was declared. -
Articles of Confederation
The Article of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 states that served as the first constitution. The main purpose of the Articles was to establish the functions of the national government. Problems of the Articles was that there was no Taxing Power, Inflation; Congress printed paper money to pay war debt from the American Revolution., Relations between debtors & lenders, Tariff Wars, Foreign affairs were a mess, Disrespect from other nations, and Jealousy & quarreling among the states. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Massachusetts Constitution
The Massachusetts Constitution is the fundamental governing document of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It was the first constitution to be created by a convention called for the purpose of a new constitution instead of by a legislative body. This constitution was written by John Adams and served as a model for the United States Constitution. It influenced later revisions of many other state constitutions. The Constitution divided the power among the three branches of government. Amended 120. -
Two competing forms of government
Thomas Jefferson was a Democrat-Republican and Alexander Hamilton was a Federalist that competed within the government. Democrat-Republicans believed that favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution that would restrict the powers of the federal government and favored states' rights. Federalists are the opposite of them and they believed in a centralized national government with strong roots. These two parties competed with each other many times such as presidential elections and etc. -
Shays' Rebellion
Shays' Rebellion is a series of protests by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt.The American Revolutionary War resulted in massive debt. The leader of the rebellion is Daniel Shays, who is also a former captain in the Continental army. This rebellion was a major factor leading into the writing of the new Constitution. The rebellion proved that the Article of Confederation was too weak to create an effective government for the new nation. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance is a government for the Northwest territory that provided a method for admitting new states into the Union from the territory. It was passed to make sure that land in the Northwest territory was settled in a peaceful and orderly way. The States that were added to the union would be guaranteed to be equal to the original thirteen states. The Ordinance also banned slavery in the territory, being the first major act of Congress to abolish slavery. Ohio River; a diving line. -
Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention was a meeting in Philadelphia to address the problems of the weak central government under the Articles of Confederation. Two plans were proposed at the Convention, known as the Virginia Plan which consisted of a strong central government broken into three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, introduced; James Madison, and the New Jersey Plan that called for each state to have one vote in Congress instead of the population, introduced by William Paterson. -
Bills of Rights
George Mason was one of the leading figures that created the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights serves as protection to the citizens from excess government power and their rights. It listed the most important rights to the citizens of a country. It also holds the first 10 amendments in the Constitution. Another purpose the Bill of Rights had was to rally the participation of Anti-Federalists. It also served as a separation of the judicial, executive, and the legislative government branches. -
Election of 1788
The election of 1788 was the first United States presidential election under the new United States Constitution. The winner of this election was George Washington who became the first president of United States after gaining independence from Britain. George Washington won the election due to his military guidance during the war. Of course many would choose him for his contribution to the American Revolution and winning the Revolution itself. People didn't disagree against him being president. -
American Virtue (late 18th Century)
After The Revolutionary War the virtues of America started to change. Republican ideals would start to spread, Unique styles of furniture & architecture, democratic symbolism, No more use of British style, and Greek maybe becoming a new language instead of English. The Americans hated the British that much and decided it was time to change from their life style, and make up one of their own to show independence and separation from Britain by coming up with these virtues of independence. -
Period: to
New Republic
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a protest against the tax on whiskey and was the first tax imposed on an product by the federal government. This rebellion was the first serious challenge to federal authority and the collection of the tax met violent resistance and the rebellion collapsed when George Washington called out the militia. The tax was imposed by Alexander Hamilton to fund the national debt and centralize the country's financial problems because of the outcome of the Revolutionary War. -
Election of 1796
The Election of 1796 was between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams for president. This election was the first to and only one to elect a President and Vice President from opposing tickets. John Adams won the election to become president and Thomas Jefferson became the vice president. Washington farewell address is a address. that urged Americans to avoid excessive political party spirit and geographical distinctions. In the address he also warned against long-term alliances with other nations -
International Conflicts.
The U.S still had international conflict with other nations such as Britain.A treaty between the U.S and Britain was passed to avert war between the two nations.The treaty would eliminate British control of western ports and established America's claim for damages from British ship seizures known as Jay's Treaty.Conflicts that were left unresolved since American Independence. Jay's treaty weakened American trade rights and committed the U.S to paying pre-revolutionary debts to English merchants. -
Southern Society
The Southern Society was different from the North.The southern society was separated into three different classes.Planters were the highest of the class hierarchy.The slaves that they owned were only a few slaves numbering 1-9.Yeoman farmers were the middle class. 75% didn't now own slaves and some relied on planters or they resented the planters.They also formed militias that caught runaway slaves and guarded against slave rebellions.Tenant farmers were the lowest class and had the most slaves. -
Election of 1800
Election of 1800 was the fourth United States presidential election held between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Thomas Jefferson called his election the Revolution of 1800, because it marked the first time that the power in America passed from one party to another. The result of the Election was Jefferson winning the election and getting in a tie with Aaron Burr. Because of this election and the tie that happened between the two running, the 12th Amendment was passed by in the Constitution. -
Free-Black Communities
Free-Black communities was on the rise during the Industrial Revolution. These communities were mainly located in the North where slavery was illegal. Even thought they were free they were not considered a part of the north because they were discriminated by whites. They didn't have as many job opportunities as the whites, and were not treated the same. They lived in small run down places. In the religion part of society black Christianity was not on the same level as white Christianity. -
Changes in Agriculture
During the Industrial Revolution,Agriculture went through many changes and also increased slavery in the south.Many new tools were created for faster farming such as the iron plow, crank churns, and the cotton gin.The iron plow is a tool that is used for preparation for sowing seed or planting to loosen or turn the soil.A crank churn is a device that is used to convert cream to butter.The cotton gin is a machine that separated seeds from cotton and was the tool that was mainly sued in the south. -
Changes in Transportation
Transportation was evolving from horse and boats to new advance types of transportation. Roads were created as a route to lead to one place to another which also improved to allow travel. Transportation along the water was done by steamboats. These steamboats were propelled primarily by steam power. For the steamboats to get from one place to another canals were created for water transportation. Canals consisted of a series of dams and locks that create reservoirs of low speed current flow. -
Slavery
Slavery was big in the United States mainly in the south. The main reason because of there production of cotton by using the cotton gin. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney which separated seeds from the cotton. The upper south was a free slavery society but still did not have as many benefits as the whites did and they didn't support slavery. Besides them the lower south had slavery and supported it. Slaves religion was christian but was not respected as much as white Christianity. -
Period: to
The Age Of Jefferson
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Hamilton vs. Burr
Hamilton vs. Burr was a duel between the two that occurred with Burr being the winner. These two were longstanding political rivals and personal enemies. Burr was the vice president and Hamilton was the former secretary of the treasury. If Hamilton never interfered with the election Burr could of become president. What led up to the duel was that Hamilton prevented Burr from becoming the governor of New York and Burr decided to challenge Hamilton to a duel. Burr charges of murder were dropped. -
Madison Presidency
James Madison was an American statesman and founding father who was the the fourth president of the U.S. He is also know as the Father of the Constitution for his role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The Embargo Act was passed by the United State Congress and prevented American ships from trading in all foreign ports. France also passed a law similar to this. Tecumseh was a Native American who became the leader of a multi-tribal confederacy. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was when banks throughout the country failed, forcing people out of their homes and farms, falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing which triggered widespread unemployment. This event was the first important financial crisis in the United States and had the public loss of confidence in the financial structure. It also ended the economic expansion that followed the War of 1812. The cause of this panic was the Second Bank issuing lax loan policies,which no could pay. -
McCulloch v. Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland is one of the first and most important Supreme Court cases on federal power that the Supreme Court made a decision that Congress has the power to establish a national bank. Maryland tried to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could pass laws not written in the Constitution. The outcome of the case was that Maryland lack power to tax the bank. -
Florida
The Adams-Onis Treaty was made between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the United States and defined the boundary between the United States and New Spain. Spain sold Florida to the United States because they could not keep the United States from taking over the Florida territory. The United States didn't have to pay to for Florida and got it for free. With the United States acquiring Florida, they were able to expand their territory without having any problems with Spain. -
Changes in Communication
Not only was agriculture was evolving communication was to. The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse and others, which goal was to transmit electrical signals over a wire laid between stations for long-distance communication. The telegraph changed society by transforming the workings of government and industry. The Telegraph would be operated by tapping the message out in code, which would be sent to another operator who decoded the code into words and pass the message to the person in need. -
Missouri Crisis
The Missouri Crisis, also known as the Missouri Compromise , was an effort by the Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries which was caused by the request of Missouri to be admission as a slave state. Between the North and South was a line that balance the power of slave and free states. Missouri was accepted as a slave state but states north in the Louisiana Purchase were considered free and the south were considered slave states. The Missouri Compromise was located in 36 30. -
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Cultural Changes
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Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy passed by the United States stating that they oppose European colonialism in the Americas. The main points were that the U.S would not interfere in the war between any European powers, they would recognized and would no interfere with existing colonies and dependencies that are located in the West, the west could not be colonized in the future and any European power to oppress or control any nation in the West would be considered hostile act against the U.S. -
Election of 1824
The election of 1824 was the presidential election between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. The victor of the election was John Quincy Adams. He served as the sixth president of U.S. from 1825 to 1829 and his vice president was John C. Calhoun. After John Quincy Adams term Andrew Jackson became the seventh president and served from 1829 to 1837 with the same VP as John Quincy Adams. Jackson and his supporters denounced the election as the corrupt bargain which took place in Congress. -
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Age of Jackson
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Presidency of John Q. Adams
John Quincy Adams was the sixth United States President that served from 1825 to 1829. During the presidency of John Q. Adams, the Tariff of Abominations was enacted which set a 38% tax on 92% of all imported goods. IT was designed to provide protection for New England manufacturers. The tariff was opposed by supporters of Jackson. The South was mainly hurt by this tariff because they had to paid most of the federal tariffs. The reason for this is because it was cheaper to ship south than north. -
Revivalism
Revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a church society, global effect..Revivalism was mainly focused on renewed religious within a Christian group.This movement also happened in some Protestant churches to revitalize the spiritual ardour of their members and win new adherents.The minister and leader of the Second Great Awakening, Charles Grandison Finney, was the father of modern Revivalism.He was important because of his innovative preaching and service procedure. -
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that arose as a reaction to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time. Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher who led the transcendentalist movement. Henry David Thoreau was also someone who led the movement and was also big on individualism. Nathaniel Hawthorne was know for during this time for his novels such as, "My Kinsman, Major Molineux". Herman Melville was also know for his novels, and poets. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement was a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The movement emphasized the sinfulness of drinking s well as the evil effects it has on people. Due to the support from the church, the movement started to spread rapidly. The Movement was led by Frances Willard. The reason for this movement is because in the period following the American Revolution many Americans started to drink alcohol constantly. Minority abusive drinkers went against the movement. -
Nature
When culture was changing, many cities were changing themselves. Some people in these cities did not enjoy all of the industrial environment that was going on. To enjoy the outside world of nature they decided to create parks. These parks were created to stay away from cities and be with nature. The parks would mainly consist of people that wanted to stay away from cities and was a new way of enjoying nature, even though they were within an industrial environment of pollution and factories. -
Architecture
While culture was changing, the architecture was turning into more of a Greek type of architecture. This was also a product Hellenism and was looked upon as the last phase of development in another type of architecture. The homes were usually painted white with bold details, simple moldings, heavy cornices, gables with pediments, and unadorned friezes. These designs had a huge influence in the United States and started to spread through and become the main type of architecture and furniture. -
Election of 1828
The election of 1828 was the rematch between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Jackson won this election and became the seventh President of the U.S. Andrew Jackson, during the War of 1812, served as a major general. He commanded U.S. forces in a five-month campaign against the Creek Indians. Jackson acted as the commander of the army's southern district and ordered an invasion of Florida. Andrew Jackson was considered a national hero and received a gold medal and thanks from congress. -
Age of the Common Man
Andrew Jackson was the 7th U.S. president and was known as a American soldier and statesman. Before he was elected, his famed came from being a general in the United States army and was a member of both houses of Congress. Davy Crockett was a American folk hero, soldier, and politician. He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives and also served in the Texas Revolution. He was killed during the Battle of the Alamo. He was also revered by the epithet "King of the Wild Frontier". -
Jackson Administration
Andrew Jackson was know as the president on 1829 and ended on 1837. During his administration Jackson hated Native Americans and decided to remove them from the east of the Mississippi River known as the Trail of Tears. The Cherokee nation was forced out of their lands and forced to migrate to an area known as today as Oklahoma. 16,000 Native Americans were forced out of their home with no time to gather their belongings. During this journey 4,000 died due to cold, hunger, famine, and warfare. -
Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival that happened during the 19th century of the U.S. Membership rose rapidly among the Baptist and Methodist congregations that the preachers led the movement. The education during this period started to change. The grades were assigned to students with textbooks and instruction. They had compulsorily attendance, which made the students go to school. They had a backlash of higher taxes and labor issues. New colleges were created. -
Millennialism
Millennialism is a belief that was advanced by Christian denominations that a Paradise will occur on Earth. Some of these people picked a day and was known as judgement day, which is that Christ was coming, and it never happened. Shakers believed in spiritualism and included the notion they received messages from the spirit of god which were expressed during religious revivals. The Mormons believed that the original Christian Church started by Jesus Christ and brought back by Joseph Smith. -
Election of 1836
The election of 1836 was when Democrat Martin Van Buren defeated several Whig Party candidates that were led by William Henry Harrison. Martin Van Buren won the election with over 50% of the vote and Whig William Henry Harrison came in second. Martin was the eighth president and a founder of the Democratic Party. He served as president from 1837 to 1841. The Whig party went against Martin in the election that was formed to oppose Andrew Jackson and the Democrats; stood for protective tariffs. -
Labor Changes
With all he evolving of agriculture and transportation, labor was also changing in its own ways. In Lowell, factories employed workers, most known as mill girls. The mills mainly consisted of women and children from farming backgrounds. The mills were housed in supervised dormitories and were provided with educational and cultural opportunities. The plan was mainly promoted to expand textile manufacturing. Lowell was responsible for the power loom. Majority of the factories in Lowell had this. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny was the expansion of the US throughout the American continents towards the west. During the Manifest Destiny the Oregon trail was going on. The Oregon trail started in Missouri and they traveled and ended in Fort Hall, Idaho. Traveling along the Oregon Trail was not an easy job and many died. During the journey about 15,000 died out of an estimate of 300,000 pioneers. The main causes of these deaths were diseases: poisoning or cholera, wagon accidents, drowning, and gunshots -
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Westward Expansion
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Suffrage
Suffrage was a political franchise to have the right to vote in public, political elections. The first women's rights convention was the Seneca Falls Convention, with almost 200 women that attended the convention. The convention was called to discuss social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman. The result of the convention create a historic document called, the Declaration of Sentiments, which demanded equal social statues and legal rights for women that are the same as man. -
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush started because James W. Marshall found gold at Sutter's Mill and the news of this brought about 300,000 people to California. Many of the people that came to California for the gold rush came from England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, America, China, and Germany. Not only was there a large migration, the Native Americans were forced to work for the miners to. Many people sought the gold for wealth, but not all of them became wealthy because of it, but Sam Brannan did. -
Slavery
Slavery during this time was still going on. During this time a new party was founded and it was called the Free-Soil Party and was a short-lived political party.The main leader was Martin Van Buren,who ran for president, but did not win the election of 1848. The Free-Soil Party main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the new acquired western territory.They spread the awareness of antislavery and advocated internal improvements and urging free government homestead for settlers. -
Slavery
The Fugitive Slave Act of was passed by the U.S Congress as part o the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interest and Northern Free-Soilers. This act was enforced to capture and return fugitive slaves that ran away from the southern states.The act has a nicknamed called the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves. Some northerners opposed the act because it gave commissioners too much power and should have allowed slaves the right to jury trials. -
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Sectionalism
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Sectionalism
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Election of 1852
The election of 1852 was between Franklin Pierce and General Winfield Scott. The winner of the election was Franklin Pierce and he became the seventeenth president of United States. Franklin Pierce was a northern Democrat and is know for joining the temperance movement and work as an attorney. Winfield Scott Is an American army officer that held the rank of general in three wars and was an American military figure between the Revolution and the Civil War and was the Whig candidate for president. -
Republican Party
The Republican Party was founded by Hannibal Hamlin.A group of anti-slavery Whigs decided to begin a meeting that was held in upper mid western states to discuss a new party. This party was formed because they opposed to the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide state of candidates. They also oppose higher tax rates for higher earners, private spending is more efficient than government spending, and individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. -
Nativism
Nativism is the political policy of promoting better rights to certain established inhabitants than to immigrants.The reason for this is because they feared that immigrants that worked for lower wages and would take jobs away from union members.They wanted to limit immigrants so that they could preserve the U.S. for native-born white Protestants.They targeted other groups that may change the way of American culture.Irish Roman Catholics were the main target that Nativists beliefs went to. -
Industrialization vs. Agriculture
There was a big difference between industrialization and agriculture. The North relied on industrialization and the South relied on agriculture. The South main source of profit was cotton which was harvested by a large amount of slaves. The reason for the increase of production was because of the creation of the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin would separate the seeds from the cotton which made it easier. This invention led to South America having the largest imports of cotton in the world. -
Election of 1860
The Election of 1860 was the presidential election of United States between Abraham Lincoln and John C. Breckinridge. Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Democrat John C. Brekinridge and became the nineteenth president of the United States. Abraham Lincoln opposed slavery and the Southern states feared that he would lead to the demise of slavery and they vowed to leave the Union if he won. Abraham Lincoln victory in the election was one of the few causes that led to the American Civil War. -
South
The military leadership of the South consisted of many generals. The leaders of the South also know as the Confederate Army were, Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Ulysess S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman. The main leader of the army was Robert E. Lee during the Civil War. Robert E. Lee used to be in the U.S. Army but left to join the Confederate Army. During this time Jefferson Davis was the president of the Confederate States. Robert E. Lee was the commander and the General was Thomas. -
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America are the states in the South that support slavery.The leader of these states is P.G.T Beauregard. He is the American military officer who was the first prominent general of the states during the American Civil War.He also served in the Mexican-American War as a solider. He resigned from the U.S. Army and was commissioned as a general in the Confederate army. He commanded the forces that bombarded Fort Sumter and assumed command at Shiloh after death of a general. -
North
The North during the Civil War was the industrialized side of the war. They had lots of factories and railroads. The railroads were an important factor in the Civil War. The railroads would transport goods and equipment during the war. The railroads would lead mainly from the east to the west. There were no railroads that led North to South, those were canals. They were also the main transportation of soldiers. With the help of these railroads transportation during the war was so much easier. -
Armies
The Army of Potomac was the principal Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The founder of this army was George B. McClellan. The commander of this army was Ohioan General Irvin, but was replaced by George B. McClellan because Abraham Lincoln replaced him because of the Union defeat at the Battle of first Bull Run. Army suffered a total amount of 35,400 casualties during the American Civil War. The army had many commanders; Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, and George Meade. -
International
The Trent Affair was a diplomatic incident during the American Civil War that threatened a war between the United States and the United Kingdom. The United States Navy illegally captured two Confederate diplomats from the British ship and the United Kingdom protested vigorously. The main figure that captured the two Confederate diplomats was a U.S Navy Officer of the name Charles Wilkes. The United States was accused of violating British neutrality because of this incident that created crisis. -
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The Civil War
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Leaders
Winfield Scott is one of the few generals of the North. He served as a general in the U.S Army longer than any other person in American history. He is ranked by many people as the best American commander of his time. He was also a Whig candidate for president in 1852, but was unsuccessful. He was the foremost American military figure between the Revolution and the Civil war. Scott pushed for a permanent army that adhered to standards of professionalism, after fighting on the Niagara frontier. -
Life for whites Reconstruction South
Different groups started to form during the Reconstruction to make money. Carpetbaggers were people that came from the North and went to the South to profit from the Reconstruction. Scalawags are southerners that collaborated with northern Republicans for a personal profit. This was mainly used by white Southern Democrats who opposed Reconstruction legislation. The Scalawags were trying to gain power in the New Southern state governments as Southern Republicans during the Reconstruction. -
Neutral States
The neutral states of the Civil War were Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware, and Maryland. These states were known as border states because they stayed with the union as slave states, but they still fought against the North to keep their slaves. They stayed with the union because politics and economics of the North had more influence on these states. These states were considered by Abraham Lincoln that they have important loyalty to the Union. They maintained strong cultural ties with the South -
The War
During the Civil war a battle happened in Tennessee known as the Battle of Chattanooga that consisted of the Battle of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, which Union forces were routed to Confederate troops. The victory of this battle was the North. Chattanooga served as a strategic importance as vital railroad junction for the Confederacy which they had lost to the North. Casualties for the Union were 5,824 and for the Confederate was 6,667. The leader of the confederate was Braxton Bragg. -
Slaves
A main reason for the Civil War was slaves. Abraham Lincoln did not support slavery and decided to pass the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation declared that "all persons held as slaves within the rebellious states are, and henceforward shall be free." The Proclamation did not free all slaves in the United States, only the states that were not under Union control. Over 3.5 million slaves were set free from the Confederate states. Border states still kept their slaves. -
Women at Work
Clara Barton was a pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse, teacher, and patent clerk during the American Civil War. She didn't attend nursing school, so she provided self-taught nursing care. She was neither Union or Confederate she helped both on each side. As the founder of the Red Cross she risked he life bringing supplies and support to soldiers in the field during the Civil War. She cared for wounded and sick soldiers on both sides of the Civil War. -
Politics
During the Civil War, in the cities it wasn't as peaceful as what it used to be. Draft riots were occurring in New York City. These riots were violent disturbances in lower Manhattan, working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in ongoing American Civil War. The riots showed the attitudes of many Northerners towards blacks and emancipation of slaves. Many of the working class Northerners were completely against the idea of freeing the slaves. -
Former Slaves
Vagrancy was going on during the time of reconstruction. Vagrancy is the condition of a person who wanders from place to place homeless without any regular employment or income. This made former slaves not able to walk around homeless. If they were caught walking around homeless they were arrested and sold off to labor. This forced former slaves to have to work and find a source of income. Vagrancy was also made to suspect of criminal activity or who were considered undesirable during the time. -
Plans
After the war, Abraham Lincoln went for a plan to rebuild the United States. One of the plans was the 10% plan. This plan was mainly towards the southerns states that they can readmitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union. Another plan they had was the Wade-Davis Bill. This bill required that 50% of a state's white males take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union. These states were required to give blacks the right to vote to join the union. -
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Reconstruction
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Andrew Johnson Administration
Andrew Johnson was admitted as the 17th U.S. President after the death of Abraham Lincoln. He was the V.P. of Abraham Lincoln, but became the president due to death of Abraham Lincoln. Andrew Johnson had his own plan for Reconstruction. He gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South. Andrew Johnson was known as the most racist president and believed that whites are more superior than blacks. -
Assassination
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate and stage actor John Wilkes Booth while attending the play Our American Cousin At Ford's Theatre. Lincoln was shot in the head during the play and didn't die imminently.The next day Abraham Lincoln was proposed dead that morning.This assassination happened because it was part of a larger conspiracy intended by Booth to revive the Confederate cause by eliminating the three most important officials of the United States Government after the Civil War. -
Grant Administration
The Election of 1868 was between Republican Ulysses S. Grant and Democratic Horatio Seymour, with Republican nominee Grant winning the election.Grant had an advantage in the election. He led the the Union Armies to victory in the American Civil War. When he became president, Grant worked to implement Congressional Reconstruction and to remove the vestiges of slavery. He also had two noteworthy Scandals associated with corruption of Grant being president; Back Friday and the Whiskey Ring. -
Propaganda
Propaganda was going on in the New South. Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda. This was used to influence the people of abolishing slavery. With the influence the South started to change and join the Union as one and become the United States. Not only were they becoming one they were also evolving in their agriculture to modern industrialization. This made them catch up to the North and they were able to be equal. -
The New South
The South is considered new because of its economic shift from agriculture to industrial development. The New South was populated by southern landowners, entrepreneurs, and newspaper editors and the abolition of racial slavery across the South. South evolved into more modernization of society and attitudes and be more fully with the United States, rejecting the economy and tradition of the Old South and the slavery-based plantation system. The term came from the leader spokesman Henry W. Grady. -
Election of 1876
The Election of 1876 was between Democratic Samuel J. Tilden and Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. This election was considered one of the most disputed presidential elections in American history. Tilden outpolled Hayes in the popular vote. The Compromise of 1877 was made because of this election. The secret deal ensured that the Republican Party Candidate would become the next president and that the Democrats would regain political power in the southern state governments during Reconstruction. -
Western Frontier
The Frontier of the west was the outer line of European-American settlement. As time passed it started to move westward after the Louisiana purchase. Fur became a worldwide industry dealing with the acquisition and sale of animal fur. The main furs that were sold were boreal, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals. People called trappers were people who hunts and traps animals with humane methods. Professional trappers must hold to certain laws and ethics to protect different species.
